CN102947550B - 一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱及涡轮发动机 - Google Patents

一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱及涡轮发动机 Download PDF

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CN102947550B
CN102947550B CN201180025615.4A CN201180025615A CN102947550B CN 102947550 B CN102947550 B CN 102947550B CN 201180025615 A CN201180025615 A CN 201180025615A CN 102947550 B CN102947550 B CN 102947550B
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吉恩-皮埃尔·伊利·加利维尔
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H1/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H1/02—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H1/04—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion without gears having orbital motion involving only two intermeshing members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/08—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/12—Combinations with mechanical gearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/16—Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/16—Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings
    • F01D25/166—Sliding contact bearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/32—Arrangement, mounting, or driving, of auxiliaries
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/54—Systems consisting of a plurality of bearings with rolling friction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C21/00—Combinations of sliding-contact bearings with ball or roller bearings, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05D2220/76—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/50—Bearings
    • F05D2240/52—Axial thrust bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/50—Bearings
    • F05D2240/53—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/30—Arrangement of components
    • F05D2250/31—Arrangement of components according to the direction of their main axis or their axis of rotation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/30—Arrangement of components
    • F05D2250/31—Arrangement of components according to the direction of their main axis or their axis of rotation
    • F05D2250/313—Arrangement of components according to the direction of their main axis or their axis of rotation the axes being perpendicular to each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/40—Transmission of power
    • F05D2260/403—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components
    • F05D2260/4031—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components as in toothed gearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/65—Gear shifting, change speed gear, gear box
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/19—Gearing
    • Y10T74/19642—Directly cooperating gears

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  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱(61)，用于旋转驱动至少一台旋转设备，包括在轴承(60、62)内被导向转动并支撑与至少一个旋转传动齿轮(56)相啮合的齿轮(78)的传动轴。其中一个轴承是安装在齿轮(78)内和在径向平面上包括齿轮(78)和传动齿轮(56)的抗摩擦轴承(62)，而另一个轴承是用于吸收使传动轴倾斜的各种力的滑动轴承(60)。

Description

一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱及涡轮发动机
技术领域
本发明涉及用于向涡轮发动机内设备提供旋转驱动力的齿轮箱。
背景技术
在涡轮发动机中，各个设备，诸如特别是用于产生液压能，输送燃油，或提供润滑的各种泵，以及产生电力的发电机等，都是通过与涡轮发动机轴相连的齿轮箱驱动旋转。
每台设备都带有与齿轮箱传动轴旋转连接的旋转轴。每个传动轴在其外部带有齿轮，该齿轮与传动齿轮相啮合，该传动齿轮通过齿轮系而与涡轮发动机的压气机轴相连接。
传动轴在其端部在两个滚动轴承中被旋转地导向，所述轴承带有固定的外圈，这些外圈因为固定到齿轮箱的壁上而固定。
为了降低齿轮箱的成本，人们选择使用标准化轴承。结果，所使用的轴承往往都相对于所要求的用途显得尺寸过大。专门适合预期用途的轴承的使用会减少齿轮箱的重量，但是，幅度很小，因为对齿轮箱、各种紧固部件、润滑装置等的尺寸影响不大甚至没有影响。
齿轮箱的壁还带有供安装滚动轴承的突部。齿轮箱的这些部分还得到加强，可使其在工作时传输各种力，从而增加了齿轮箱的重量。此外，每个轴承都要求设有自己的润滑管路，这进一步使得齿轮箱的设计复杂化。
发明内容
本发明的一个特别目的是，提供一种针对现有技术这些问题的解决方案，该方案简单，有效，且成本不高。
为此，本发明提供了一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱，用于向至少一台旋转设备，诸如交流发电机或泵提供旋转驱动力，所述齿轮箱带有传动轴，该传动轴在轴承内被导向旋转，并带有与至少一个旋转驱动齿轮啮合的齿轮，所述齿轮箱的特征在于：其中一个轴承是在包括齿轮和传动齿轮的径向平面中安装在所述齿轮内的滚动轴承，其特征还在于：另一个轴承为用于吸收趋于使传动轴倾斜的各个力的滑动轴承。
根据本发明，传动轴只由一个滚动轴承导向，另一个轴承为滑动轴承，不带有任何滚动部件。在装有齿轮和驱动齿轮的径向平面上，布置滚动轴承可吸收由于齿轮和驱动齿轮之间啮合所致的所有径向载荷。
滑动轴承并不吸收径向力，但却只吸收趋于使传动轴倾斜的力。因此，其尺寸可以大大缩小，从而可以预期优化齿轮箱的重量。
用滑动轴承来取代滚动轴承可以减少齿轮箱内造价高的部件数量。此外，由于滑动轴承负载轻，正如本发明的齿轮箱中的滑动轴承一样，无需设置其自己的滑油输送管路，而且较之滚动轴承更可靠，滑动轴承通过其周围油雾来润滑。
根据本发明的另一个特性，两个轴承安装在传动轴的两端。
有利的是，本发明齿轮箱内传动轴的轴向运动受到两个轴向凸台的限制，其中一个凸台是由滚动轴承外圈后端的环形凸缘构成，另一个凸台是由与滑动轴承的固定圈后端配合动作的传动轴的前环形凸缘构成。
这两个凸台用来限制传动轴由于滚动轴承在其滚道上滑动而产生的轴向运动，从而可确保轴承和齿轮的良好径向对准。
根据本发明的另一个特性，齿轮通过截头圆锥形壁而连接到传动轴上。
有利的是，滑动轴承包括安装在齿轮箱的壁中孔内的圈。
根据本发明的另一个特性，在滑动轴承内被导向旋转的传动轴的端部构成了带沟槽内表面的轮毂，用来容置旋转设备旋转轴的沟槽端部。
滑动轴承采用青铜或复合材料制成。
根据本发明的再一个特性，滚动轴承包括安装在传动轴圆柱形支撑表面上的内圈和由圆柱形尾端件所携带的外圈，所述圆柱形尾端件固定到齿轮箱的壁上。
滚动轴承可以是滚柱型或滚珠型轴承。与滚珠轴承相比，滚柱轴承的优点是可提供更好地吸收由于齿轮啮合所致的径向载荷。
本发明还提供一种涡轮发动机，诸如，涡轮螺旋桨发动机或涡轮喷气发动机，包括上述的齿轮箱。
通过阅读以非限定性示例并参照附图给出的如下描述，可以更好地理解本发明，本发明的其它细节、优点和特性会显现出来，附图如下：
附图说明
·图1为涡轮发动机轴向剖面示意图；
·图2为现有技术齿轮箱局部轴向剖面示意图；
·图3为本发明齿轮箱局部轴向剖面示意图；
·图4为本发明齿轮箱变化的实施方式的轴向剖面示意图。
具体实施方式
首先参照图1，该图示出了涡轮发动机10，其包括，从上游到下游：风扇12；低压压气机14；中间壳体16；高压压气机18；燃烧室20；高压涡轮机21；以及低压涡轮机22。进入涡轮发动机的空气分为初级气流(箭头A)和次级(旁路)气流(箭头B)，初级气流流经低压压气机14和高压压气机18流向燃烧室20，然后流经高压涡轮机21和低压涡轮22，次级气流在压气机14、18，燃烧室20和涡轮机21、22周围流动。
中间壳体16带有径向向外延伸的结构臂24。中间壳体16的其中一个结构臂24包括径向轴26，其内端经由一对锥形齿轮连接到高压压气机18的传动轴28上。径向轴26的径向外端经由另一对锥形齿轮连接到齿轮箱32的进口，齿轮箱带有驱动各个设备的齿轮，诸如，例如油泵、液压泵、燃油泵、启动器，和发电机。
图2示出了现有技术的齿轮箱32的局部。这种齿轮箱32带有前侧壁34和后侧壁36，二者之间有多个传动轴38在延伸，每个传动轴都联接到各自旋转设备40上。
传动轴38在两个滚动轴承内在其端部被导向转动，其中一个滚动轴承42为滚珠轴承，另一个轴承44为滚柱轴承。每个轴承42、44都包括由传动轴38所携带的内圈46和通过螺栓50固定到前侧壁34或后侧壁36上的凸部52上的外圈48。每个轴承42、44经由特定的润滑管路供滑油。
传动轴38带有布置在两个滚动轴承42和44之间并与传动齿轮56相啮合的齿轮54。
一台旋转设备40的壳体通过螺栓或紧固挡圈固定到前侧壁34上。这台设备带有主动轴58，其外表面包括轴向沟槽，该轴向沟槽与传动轴38内的互补轴向沟槽相啮合。
工作时，由于齿轮54和传动齿轮56之间啮合所引起的径向载荷被两个轴承42和44吸取。
然而，这种类型的结构并不令人满意，因为其要求使用两个标准的滚动轴承42和44，这些轴承常常是尺寸过大。
本发明通过用滑动轴承60来取代滚珠轴承，通过将滚柱轴承62偏移至传动齿轮56所占有的径向平面上，提出了一种解决该缺陷以及解决上述问题的方案。
如图3所示，传动轴64带有大体锥形前部66，其端部通过滑动轴承60的圈68来衔接并被导向转动。该圈安装在齿轮箱61的前壁34的孔内，并包括了采用螺栓固定到前壁34上的凸缘70。
传动轴64的后端为圆柱形支撑表面72，其带有滚柱轴承62的内圈74。该轴承的外圈76由固定到齿轮箱61的后壁36上的圆柱形尾端件78的前端所携带。
固定到尾端件78上的外圈76的后端包括向内指向的径向环形凸缘79。传动轴64包括肩部81，圈83的后端就抵靠在该肩部81上，而该圈的前端带有径向环形凸缘85。圈83的尺寸轴向确定，这样，环形凸缘85就与固定圈68的后端相隔一个间隙，该间隙等于滚柱轴承和凸台79之间的间隙。两个环形凸缘79和85构成了轴向凸台，其限定由于滚柱轴承在其滚道上滑动而引起的转子线的移动。为此，这些凸台79和85可使轴承62与齿轮56保持对齐。
凸台85限定传动轴64向后壁36滑动，该凸台的使用是必要的，因为使用了滑动轴承60，而不是滚动轴承，滚动轴承在现有技术中包括构成第二轴向凸台的径向凸缘。
传动轴64所携带的齿轮78经由其外周缘与传动齿轮56相啮合。齿轮和传动齿轮的啮合齿位于穿过滚柱轴承62的径向平面。齿轮78经由圆形对称壁而连接到圆柱形支撑表面72的前端，圆形对称壁带有实际径向的外第一部分82，和截头圆锥形并连接到圆柱形支撑表面72上的内第二部分84。该截头圆锥形壁部分84沿传动轴64提供了可用空间，该空间用来安装与传动齿轮56相对准的滚柱轴承62。
在图4所示的本发明的变化实施方式中，带有外圈76的尾端件86固定到齿轮箱的前壁34上。在这个实施例中，连接到传动轴64后端上的齿轮88带有截头圆锥形的外第一部分90和大体径向的内第二部分92，所述外第一部分带有一组齿，与齿轮56的一组齿相啮合。在这个结构中，齿轮箱的前壁34带有传动轴64和两个轴承60和62，从而可以从前部来进行组装，这样，就比上述组装更简单。传动轴64轴向固定到位，其固定方式与参照图3所述方式相同。
通过本发明的结构，径向载荷可被滚柱轴承62全部吸取，滑动轴承60用来防止传动轴64出现倾斜。与滚珠轴承的尺寸相比，滑动轴承60的径向尺寸可以较小。这种滑动轴承60也比滚珠轴承可靠，而且不一定需要专门的润滑管路。
本发明并不限于使用参照图3和图4所述的滚柱轴承，而且，其还可以用滚珠轴承来取代滚柱轴承。
从图3中，尽管只能看见一台旋转设备40，但显然，本发明可适用于齿轮箱内的所有传动轴。

Claims (11)

1.一种涡轮发动机内的齿轮箱(61)，用来向至少一台旋转设备提供旋转驱动力，所述齿轮箱带有在仅两个轴承(60、62)内被导向转动的传动轴(64)，并带有与至少一个旋转传动齿轮(56)相啮合的齿轮(54)，所述齿轮箱的特征在于：两个轴承中一个轴承是在包括有齿轮(54)和传动齿轮(56)的径向平面中安装在齿轮(54)内的滚动轴承(62)，而且所述两个轴承中另一个轴承是用于吸收趋于使传动轴倾斜的各种力的滑动轴承(60)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：两个轴承(60、62)安装在传动轴(64)的两端。
3.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：滑动轴承(60)包括安装在齿轮箱的壁(34)中孔内的圈(68)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：传动轴(64)的一端在滑动轴承(60)内被导向转动。
5.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：滑动轴承(60)采用青铜或复合材料制成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：滚动轴承(62)包括安装在传动轴(64)上的内圈(74)和由固定到齿轮箱(61)的壁(34、36)上的圆柱形尾端件(78)所携带的外圈(76)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：传动轴(64)的轴向移动受到两个轴向凸台(79、85)的限制，其中一个凸台由外圈(76)后端的环形凸缘构成，而另一个凸台则由与滑动轴承(60)的圈(68)的后端配合动作的传动轴(64)的前环形凸缘构成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：齿轮(54)通过截头圆锥形壁(84、90)连接到传动轴(64)上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：由滑动轴承(60)导向的传动轴(64)的端部构成了带有沟槽内表面的轮毂，用来容置旋转设备的旋转轴(58)的沟槽端。
10.根据权利要求1所述的齿轮箱，其特征在于：滚动轴承为滚柱型或滚珠型轴承。
11.一种涡轮发动机，所述发动机的特征在于：其包括了根据权利要求1至10中任一权利要求所述的齿轮箱(61)。
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