CN102918317A - 液化天然气加燃料系统 - Google Patents

液化天然气加燃料系统 Download PDF

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CN102918317A
CN102918317A CN2011800270823A CN201180027082A CN102918317A CN 102918317 A CN102918317 A CN 102918317A CN 2011800270823 A CN2011800270823 A CN 2011800270823A CN 201180027082 A CN201180027082 A CN 201180027082A CN 102918317 A CN102918317 A CN 102918317A
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R·C·李
P·海施
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Linde GmbH
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Abstract

用于将液化天然气在指定温度和压力下供应至储箱或燃料箱的方法和设备。该方法采用以下步骤:在第一压力下用气态天然气对调整器皿加压;在大于第一压力的第二压力下将液化天然气馈送到与调整器皿处于热传递关系的冷凝器;以及从冷凝器抽出液化天然气。

Description

液化天然气加燃料系统
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年6月3日提交的美国专利申请No.61/351,028的优先权。
技术领域
本发明提供了用于在指定但可调的温度和压力下供应液化天然气的方法和设备。更具体地讲,本发明尤其可用于对车载车辆燃料箱加燃料。
背景技术
液化天然气(LNG)主要由甲烷构成,甲烷按摩尔计占天然气的约85%至99%。可能存在的次要组分包括乙烷、丙烷、二氧化碳、氧和氮。为了说明的目的,将使用纯甲烷的性质来表征LNG。
LNG车辆燃料箱通常需要约6-10巴(表压)(barg)的最小储存压力,以便在没有泵的辅助下将燃料输送到发动机。已经证明难以维持该最小压力,因为在大容量储箱中的LNG具有可能远低于在所需车载燃料箱压力下的饱和温度的温度(即,过冷)。存在用于在固定和大容量低温储存器皿中维持高压的标准压力积聚方法,这与散装液体的过冷程度无关。然而,在通常水平的相对较小且始终移动的车载燃料箱中,经过冷的液体将使标准压力积聚方法无效。这是因为经过冷的液体将不断地接触燃料箱中的蒸气空间以冷凝任何过热的蒸气。
例如,在6.5巴(绝对)(bara)下,饱和温度为约-133°C。然而,来自大容量储箱的液体在低至约-150°C的温度下从大容量公路运输容器加注。这种到加燃料系统的冷源液体是持久的,并且即使升高液体的压力(或者在大容量储箱中,或者通过泵的动作),温度也将相对于所需饱和温度保持过冷。该问题的解决方案通常是使大容量储箱中的液体“饱和”至所需压力和温度。美国专利No.5,682,750是这种解决方案的典型。散装储存液体的一部分从储箱流出,用泵加压,穿过热交换器并在其中汽化,并且重新引入储箱底部,在这里,其将加热并混合内容物。该程序继续,直到实现大容量储箱的所需温度和压力。
储箱“饱和”方法的确存在缺点。它是一种相对昂贵且耗时的技术,该技术需要对大容量低温储箱进行非标准操作。其它严重的问题是,该技术将不灵活性引入加燃料系统操作中,并且增加了过高压力的天然气将从大容量储箱排出的可能性。“饱和”步骤将产生可能仅适合一种车载燃料箱的特定的温度和压力。其它车载燃料箱可能需要不同的温度和压力,或者可能依赖于通过使用车载泵或压缩机自加压。对于后一种情况来说,“饱和”步骤不仅是不必要的,而且对车载燃料箱内部的LNG的密度不利,并且不利于LNG在没有排气的情况下能在车载燃料箱中储存的时间。为了适应某些车载燃料箱需要饱和液体而其它车载燃料箱优选过冷液体的双重要求,某些加油站必须有两个大容量储箱。这种增加的成本和复杂性是必要的,以使得一个大容量储箱如上所述“饱和”,同时另一个尽可能保持过冷。
此外,即使在必须保持高压的车载燃料箱的情况中,通常有利的是首先引入过冷的LNG,以便压缩燃料箱中的现有气体和/或预冷燃料箱。最后,美国专利No.6,354,088尝试通过引入外部热交换器和混合装置而用大容量“饱和”方法来解决难题,该混合装置可以通过预测的控制算法来调节以产生任意温度的LNG。‘088专利的系统也具有许多复杂之处,这使得该系统在加燃料系统的高度瞬变操作期间不能实现稳定控制。
发明内容
在本发明的一个实施例中,公开了一种用于在所选压力和温度下制备液化天然气的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在第一压力下用天然气对包含冷凝器的调整器皿加压;在第二压力下将液化天然气馈送到冷凝器;以及从冷凝器抽出液化天然气。
第二压力高于第一压力。第一压力下的天然气和第二压力下的液化天然气馈送自大容量储存容器。
冷凝器与调整器皿处于热传递关系且存在于调整器皿内。在调整器皿与大容量储箱的蒸气区连通并且冷凝器与大容量储箱的液体区连通时,冷凝器和调整器皿都流动连接到容纳液化天然气的大容量储存容器。调整器皿因此包含天然气和液化天然气两者。当从冷凝器抽出时,液化天然气处于比其最初从大容量储箱馈送到冷凝器时更高的温度。
大容量储箱的最大压力优选地通过将一部分过冷的液化天然气液体引入大容量储箱的蒸气区来保持。可以采用不止一个大容量储箱,并且该不止一个大容量储箱可以在彼此不同的压力下操作。
在备选实施例中,大容量储箱可以保持在也大于第一压力的第三压力下。第一压力通过与处于所述第三压力的大容量储箱流体连通的一系列阀门来保持。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,公开了一种设备,其包括流动连接到冷凝器的大容量储箱,冷凝器与调整器皿处于热传递关系。大容量储箱包含诸如液化天然气的液态冷冻剂。大容量储箱也流动连接到调整器皿,并且冷凝器包含在调整器皿内。
大容量储箱和调整器皿两者与热交换器流体连通。大容量储箱内部的液体部分与冷凝器流体连通,并且大容量储箱内部的气体部分与调整器皿流体连通。
本发明是用于在使用者指定的压力和温度下制备液化天然气的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:在第一压力下用气态天然气对调整器皿加压;在大于第一压力的第二压力下将液化天然气馈送到与调整器皿处于热传递关系的冷凝器;以及从冷凝器抽出液化天然气。
在一个优选的实施例中,调整容流动连接到在第一压力下容纳液化天然气的大容量储箱的蒸气区。调整器皿也流动连接到加热元件。来自大容量储存容器的液化天然气被泵加压至第二压力并进入冷凝器。这导致调整器皿中的一部分蒸气冷凝形成液体。该液体馈送到加热元件,在这里,液体将汽化并馈送到连接调整器皿与大容量储箱的蒸气区的管线。由加热元件产生的气体将替换在调整器皿中冷凝的气体。连接调整器皿与大容量储箱的蒸气区的管线确保调整器皿内的压力将在第一压力下保持基本上不变。
有时候,客户可能希望液化天然气处于与大容量储箱之的过冷液体大致相同的温度。在被泵可选地加压至第二压力之后,来自储箱的液化天然气可能绕过冷凝器并被直接馈送到客户的储箱。
备选地,大容量储箱可以保持在大于第一压力的第三压力下。连接调整器皿与大容量储箱的蒸气区的管线将包含合适的阀门或一系列阀门以在调整器皿内保持第一压力。
大容量储箱的最小压力由本领域的技术人员熟悉的普通压力积聚管路的作用来保持。压力积聚管路可以可选地由阀门装置来控制,在加燃料的至少一部分操作期间,当调整器皿内临时产生过多的蒸气时,该阀门装置定期中断管路的操作。大容量储箱内的最大压力可通过排放蒸气的作用来保持,但优选地通过将第二压力下的过冷液体的至少一部分(通常通过泵的动作)引入大容量储箱的蒸气区来保持。这种过冷的液体将导致大容量储箱的顶部中的蒸气冷凝和储箱压力的减小。通过避免大容量储箱“饱和”过程,本发明增加了过冷液体的可获得性和因此由于过大压力而排放蒸气的必要性。
本发明还提供了一种用于将液化天然气输送到燃料箱的方法,该燃料箱包括与调整器皿流体连通的液化天然气储箱,调整器皿包含冷凝热交换器,其中所述冷凝器与所述储箱和所述燃料箱流体连通。
本发明可用来以热力学方式调整除液化天然气之外的多种挥发性流体,包括选自下列的低温流体:氮、氧、氩、乙烯以及它们的混合物,以及其它挥发性流体。
可以将额外的控制元件、阀门、泵和其它部件添加到系统以补充或代替所示示例。可以包括额外的元件以操作大容量储箱,包括标准的压力积聚、加燃料、排气、加载和类似的操作。
可以在各种压力下使用和操作多个大容量储箱。可以采用用于以热力学方式控制大容量储箱的方法,例如“饱和”方法。
其中燃料直接加到客户的储箱或车辆燃料箱的加燃料装置可以采用多个额外元件以便有效操作。当加燃料操作完成时,可以采用压力和流量控制逻辑来发送信号。可以采用额外的管道以将加燃料开始时可能存在的或在加燃料期间产生的多余气体中的至少一部分导引回大容量储箱。
可以设想用于系统的所有低温元件的合适的热保护。这可以是泡沫或真空保温。另外,可以将泵和/或调整器皿置于包含LNG的另一个器皿内部。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的液化天然气加燃料系统的示意图。
图2是根据本发明的液化天然气加燃料系统的不同的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种用于在指定温度和压力下制备LNG的本质上稳定且快速可调的方法。在图1中详述的一个实施例中,示出了LNG分配系统。大容量储箱A通过附图中未示出的标准储箱压力控制方法而保持在压力P1。压力P1可以随时间推移而一定程度地变化,以便最小化天然气蒸气的不必要排气。典型的大容量储箱压力为约4至12巴(表压)(barg)。液化天然气将通过管线1和泵B离开大容量储箱A。此时处于高于压力P1的压力P2的液化天然气通过管线2穿过阀门V1并进入冷凝器C,冷凝器C与调整器皿C1处于热传递关系。液化天然气将通过管线4在压力P2和高于其进入冷凝器C之前温度的温度下离开冷凝器C。这种离开温度将基本上等于但略冷于天然气在压力P1的饱和温度。
调整器皿C1的内部包含天然气和液化天然气两者。来自管线2的液化天然气将进入冷凝器C,并且冷凝器C中的蒸气将冷凝并形成液体。冷凝液体将通过管线5馈送至加热元件D,在加热元件D中液体将汽化并馈送到管线6,在管线6中汽化的液体将馈送到液化天然气大容量储箱A和调整器皿C1。合适的加热元件包括环境汽化器和本领域熟知的电汽化器或蒸汽汽化器。管线6将确保调整器皿C1中的压力将保持在大致压力P1处。由加热元件D产生的气体将渐渐地代替在调整器皿C1中冷凝的气体。
在客户希望在与大容量储箱A的过冷液体温度大约相同的温度下输送液化天然气的情况中,液化天然气也将通过管线1和泵B离开储箱A。阀门V1将关闭,并且管线2将把液化天然气通过阀门V2和管线3直接馈送到客户的储箱(未示出)中。
在图2中,相同的元件标以与图1相同的标号。在该实施例中,大容量储箱A内部的压力保持在大于P1的第三压力P3下。连接调整器皿C1和大容量储箱A的蒸气区的管线6包含阀门或一系列阀门,以在调整器皿C1内保持第一压力P1。
压力调节阀PRV-1将以保持最小压力P1所需的量从大容量储箱向冷凝容器C1提供蒸气。当由加热器D产生的蒸气不与容器C1中冷凝的蒸气严格匹配时,可能在短时间内出现冷凝容器中的压力显著超出压力P1的情况,在这种情况中,压力调节阀PRV-2将使保持不大于大容量储箱压力P3的最大压力所需量的蒸气从冷凝容器C1返回。用于降低调整器皿C1中的压力的备选方法是可能的。例如,未示出的其它阀门装置也可以将冷凝容器C1中的多余压力的一部分排放到大气,以保持接近P1的最大压力。
虽然已结合本发明的特定实施例描述了本发明,但很明显,本发明的许多其它形式和修改对于本领域的技术人员将显而易见。本发明的所附权利要求通常应理解为涵盖在本发明的真实精神和范围内的所有这样的明显形式和修改。

Claims (26)

1.一种用于在所选压力和温度下制备低温液体的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:在第一压力下用低温气体对包含冷凝器的调整器皿加压;在第二压力下将低温液体馈送到所述冷凝器;以及从所述冷凝器抽出所述低温液体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述低温液体选自:天然气、氮、氧、氩、乙烯以及它们的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述低温液体为天然气。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述低温气体为所述低温液体的汽化形式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二压力高于所述第一压力。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在第一压力下的所述低温气体和在第二压力下的低温液体馈送自大容量储存容器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述冷凝器与所述调整器皿处于热传递关系。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述冷凝器和调整器皿流动连接到容纳所述液化天然气的所述大容量储存容器。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述调整器皿与所述大容量储箱的蒸气区连通。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述冷凝器与所述大容量储箱的液体区连通。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过将过冷液体中的一部分引入所述大容量储箱的蒸气区而将所述大容量储箱中的压力保持在最大压力。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,包括不止一个大容量储箱。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述不止一个大容量储箱在不同压力下操作。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述低温液体在从所述冷凝器抽出时处于较高的温度。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述调整器皿包含低温气体和低温液体两者。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱保持在大于所述第一压力的第三压力下。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一压力通过与所述大容量储箱流体连通的一系列阀门而保持在所述第三压力下。
18.一种包括流动连接到冷凝器的大容量储箱的设备,所述冷凝器与调整器皿处于热传递关系。
19.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱用于包含液态冷冻剂。
20.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其特征在于,所述液态冷冻剂选自:天然气、氮、氧、氩、乙烯以及它们的混合物。
21.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱流动连接到所述调整器皿。
22.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述冷凝器包含在所述调整器皿的内部。
23.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱与热交换器流体连通。
24.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述调整器皿与热交换器流体连通。
25.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱内部的液体部分与所述冷凝器流体连通。
26.根据权利要求18所述的设备,其特征在于,所述大容量储箱内部的气体部分与所述调整器皿流体连通。
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