CN102877648B - Anti-carbonization maintenance film and method for cast-in-situ concrete vertical face - Google Patents
Anti-carbonization maintenance film and method for cast-in-situ concrete vertical face Download PDFInfo
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- CN102877648B CN102877648B CN201210387711.XA CN201210387711A CN102877648B CN 102877648 B CN102877648 B CN 102877648B CN 201210387711 A CN201210387711 A CN 201210387711A CN 102877648 B CN102877648 B CN 102877648B
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Abstract
The invention discloses an anti-carbonization maintenance film for a cast-in-situ concrete vertical face. The anti-carbonization maintenance film comprises a bottom film, a surface film, a macromolecule water absorption material and an adhesive, wherein micro holes are formed in the bottom film; the macromolecule water absorption material is clamped between the bottom film and the surface film and is adhered by the adhesive coated on the opposite faces of the bottom film or the surface film. An anti-carbonization maintenance method for the cast-in-situ concrete vertical face comprises the following steps of: after the cast-in-situ concrete vertical face is preliminarily condensed, spraying water, then adhering the anti-carbonization maintenance film to the cast-in-situ concrete vertical face, sticking all interfaces by adhesive tapes to realize sealing, and maintaining for 14 to 18 days. The adhesive has a rehumidification function and is proper in adhering force, so that the maintenance film is reliably combined with the cast-in-situ concrete vertical face, and a proper humidity and temperature environment is formed between the cast-in-situ concrete vertical face and the maintenance film; therefore, the concrete maintenance quality is improved, and concrete can be effectively prevented from being carbonized; and the anti-carbonization maintenance film is suitable for large-scale application on engineering.
Description
Technical field:
The invention discloses the anti-carbonized maintaining film of a kind of cast-in-situ concrete facade and maintenance process; Belong to cast-in-situ concrete maintenance technology field.
Background technology:
After concreting, why gradually setting and harden, be mainly because the result of cement aquation, hydration needs suitable temperature and humidity condition, therefore in order to ensure that concrete has suitable curing condition, its intensity is constantly increased, must carry out maintenance to concrete.After concreting, as hot climate, air are dried, carry out not in time maintenance, in concrete, moisture can evaporate too fast, form dehydration phenomenon, can make to have formed the fully aquation of cement granules of gelinite, can not be converted into stable crystallization, lack enough adhesion stresss, thereby can occur that sheet or powdery come off at concrete surface.In addition,, in the time that concrete not yet possesses enough intensity, the too early evaporation of moisture also can produce larger shrinkage strain, occurs cup shake, affects concrete durability and globality.So the maintenance of initial stage is extremely important after concreting, after concrete final set, should carry out immediately maintenance, after building, harsh concrete Ying Yu carries out immediately maintenance.
Carbonation of concrete is concrete neutralisation, under the effect because being alkaline calcium hydroxide carbon dioxide in atmosphere in concrete, being transformed into the process of neutral calcium carbonate, is also to make concrete composition, performance change, use a kind of physicochemical change process of function reduction.
The main chemical reactions formula of carbonation of concrete is as follows:
CO
2+H
2O=H
2CO
3
Ca(OH)
2+H
2CO
3=CaCO
3+2H
2O
3CaO·SiO
2+3CO
2+γH
2O=3CaCO
3+SiO.γH
2O
2CaO·SiO
2+2CO
2+γH
2O=2CaCO
3+SiO.γH
2O
The harm of carbonation of concrete is the degree of safety that reduces building.First show that carbonization easily makes the reinforcing bar generation corrosion in concrete; reinforcing bar has formed fine and close oxide film (passivating film) under high-alkali environment in concrete; reinforcing bar is played a protective role; due to carbonization; concrete neutral and alkali reduces; oxide film is destroyed, and causes corrosion of steel bar, reduces concrete strength.Next is that carbonization has aggravated concrete contraction, shrinks result the lighter and may cause distress in concrete, and severe one will cause structural damage.
Carbonation of concrete has obtained technician and has paid much attention to, and prevents that carbonization from especially preventing that early stage carbonization is great for durability and the security sense of concrete structure.
Concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film is a kind of concrete novel conserving material, there is water saving, moisturizing, insulation, effectively suppress the specific function that other concrete maintenance material such as concrete microcrack and early stage carbonization does not possess, its structure normally clamps macromolecule water absorbent material between counterdie, facial mask, by the bonding composite membrane forming of bonding adhesive, wherein, on counterdie, be evenly equipped with micropore.Its core technology is the quick water suction of applying macromolecule water absorbent material, the characteristic that slowly discharges moisture, and product waters water one time in the time of concrete curing, does not need to rewater within the whole concrete curing cycle.After launch products, use in a large number in flat concrete maintenance fields such as highway concrete basic unit, rigid pavement, airports, obtained huge economic benefit and social benefit.The patentee with regard to the application of concrete curing membrane structure part utility model patent, be respectively 01257450.3 " water-preserving curing film for concrete ", 200320114090.4 " concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance films ", 201020137057.3 " a kind of Combined type concrete water saving moist curing membrane ".
Above-mentioned concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film is mainly applicable to be less than with horizontal plane angle the cast-in-situ concrete plane of 60 degree, as highway concrete basic unit, rigid pavement, airport etc.; Due to the defect that binder performance exists, concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film is also inapplicable for the maintenance of vertical cast-in-situ concrete facade.This be mainly due to:
1, as taking acrylic monomer as main binding composition, adding peroxide is auxiliary agent, adds other auxiliary material simultaneously, and synthetic adhesive has a bonding force strong, and time prepared by concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film, between counterdie, facial mask, adhesive strength is good; But in the time of curing film maintenance construction, adhesive is lost rewetting function, causes the macromolecule water absorbent material water absorbing capacity being installed between counterdie, facial mask significantly to decline; Have a strong impact on concrete curing quality, even cause maintenance failure.
2, as taking polyvinyl alcohol, modified starch as main stamps adhered agent, though there is rewetting function, but its bonding force is too little under moisture state again, can not effective bonding counterdie and facial mask, after macromolecule water absorbent material full of water weight increases, slippage between counterdie and facial mask, causes concrete vertical face maintenance failure.
Therefore, research and develop a kind of curing film that is adapted to the anti-carbonization of cast-in-situ concrete facade and be undoubtedly that this area urgently wishes.
Summary of the invention:
The object of the invention is to overcome the deficiency of prior art and provide a kind of rational in infrastructure, easy to operate, under wet condition again and there is the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and the maintenance process of suitable bonding force between contact surface.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, comprises counterdie, facial mask, macromolecule water absorbent material, adhesive, on described bed die, has micropore; Between described counterdie and facial mask, clamp macromolecule water absorbent material, the adhesive by brushing on counterdie or facial mask opposite face is bonding, and described adhesive, comprises following component, by mass percentage composition:
Polyvinyl formal 5 ~ 10%,
Modified rosin 10 ~ 20%,
Cornstarch 1 ~ 5%,
Acrylic acid 20 ~ 30%,
Acrylamide 30 ~ 40%, surplus is water.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, described adhesive is pressed the amount brushing of 0.1 ~ 50 gram/cm on counterdie or facial mask opposite face.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, described counterdie is selected from the film that at least one raw material in polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene is made, and its thickness is that 0.06～0.15 ㎜, width are 1～4m, hot strength >=10MPa.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, the micropore arranging on bed die is uniformly distributed, and aperture is 0.1 ~ 5mm, and pore size distribution density is 30 ~ 100/square metre.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, described facial mask is selected from the film that at least one raw material in polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene is made, and its thickness is that 0.06～0.15 ㎜, width are 1～4m, hot strength >=12MPa.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, described macromolecule water absorbent material is selected from a kind of or any two kinds of 0.5 ~ 10: 1 mixtures that obtain in mass ratio in starch, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, polyacrylic acid.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, in described adhesive, polyvinyl formal is produced by Shanghai Zhi Xin Chemical Co., Ltd., and model is: technical grade, polyvinyl formal content is more than or equal to 99%; Modified rosin is that softening point 70-90 DEG C, the rosin of acid number >=166mg/g are processed modification through saponification; Cornstarch is industry one cornstarch of acidity≤18; Described acrylamide is to be more than or equal to 98.5% crystal containing acrylamide mass percent.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, described rosin saponification is treated to rosin and alkali-metal hydroxide generation saponification, and reaction is carried out under 80-90 DEG C of normal pressure, to obtain hydrophilically modified rosin.
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, the preparation method of adhesive sketch under: get each component by the component proportion of design and mix, then, be heated to 90 ~ 95 DEG C, stir, cooling.
The anti-carbonized maintaining method of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, after the initial set of cast-in-situ concrete facade, by anti-cast-in-situ concrete facade carbonized maintaining film from cast-in-situ concrete facade bottom, progressively upwards paste on cast-in-situ concrete facade, when stickup, between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade, spray water, injection flow rate is by every square metre of cast-in-situ concrete facade spray 0.5-2 kilogram; After stickup completes, interface between interface between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade is adopted to adhesive tape adhesive seal, make to form sealed environment, curing time 14-18 days between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade.Because macromolecular material has quick water suction, slowly discharges the characteristic of moisture, make to remain that concrete hydrating reacts required damp condition in the concrete curing cycle, the contact channels of the isolated Carbon Dioxide in Air of high humidity environment and concrete component simultaneously, thus effectively prevent carbonation of concrete.
Mechanism of the present invention sketch under:
The anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade of the present invention, owing to adopting the adhesive of said components formula, on the one hand, has used the good acrylic acid of bond properties in recipe ingredient, can guarantee good cohesive; On the other hand, polyvinyl formal, modified rosin, cornstarch and acrylamide are water-soluble binder composition, there is bond properties moderate, meet easily moistening feature again of the water capacity, can reach by the optimization of formula the object that bond properties is good, do not affect curing film core material water absorbing properties.Guaranteeing that macromolecular material absorbs water fast, slowly discharges under the prerequisite of water properties, improve bonding force, make water suction after macromolecular material not because of Action of Gravity Field landing, between cast-in-situ concrete facade and curing film, manufacture a suitable humiture environment, make the sour gas such as carbon dioxide contact concentration with concrete and reduce, thereby reach the object that prevents the early stage carbonization of concrete.Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect:
Advantage of the present invention is:
1, adhesive has rewetting function, bonding force is moderate, can ensure humiture environment suitable between cast-in-situ concrete facade and curing film, improves concrete curing quality.
2, water saving, moisturizing, be conducive to normally carrying out of concrete hydrating reaction, thereby guarantee concrete strength normal growth, produces without microcrack;
3, effectively preventing carbonation of concrete, is the method that the most effectively prevents so far the carbonization of pouring concrete facade.
Detailed description of the invention
In the embodiment of the present invention, the modification of rosin is by rosin heating to 85 DEG C fusing, get and account for the alcohol that the NaOH volumetric concentration of rosin quality 0.15% is 75% and dissolve, stir while NaOH alcoholic solution is added in rosin melt, realize the modification of rosin.
Embodiment 1
34 kilograms of mixing of 30 kilograms of acrylamides, water that 1 kilogram of industry one cornstarch, 20 kilograms, acrylic acid, the content that to get 5 kilograms of polyvinyl formals, 10 kilograms of modified rosins, acidity be 16 is 99%, be heated to 90 ~ 95 DEG C, stir, obtain satisfactory adhesive.The each constituent mass percentage of the present embodiment is in table 1:
Table 1
| Composition | Weight (kg) |
| Polyvinyl formal | 5 |
| Modified rosin | 10 |
| Cornstarch | 1 |
| Acrylic acid | 20 |
| Acrylamide | 30 |
Adhesive prepared by the present embodiment by 100 grams/m of brushings on counterdie or facial mask, between counterdie, facial mask, clamp that methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid is mixed to get in mass ratio at 2: 1 super-strong moisture absorbing macromolecular material, by counterdie and facial mask compacting, dry, prepare concrete vertical face curing film.
In the time of bridge pier concrete vertical face curing film maintenance construction, first water once on bridge pier surface, then the concrete vertical face curing film of being prepared by the present embodiment starts progressively upwards to stick on bridge pier surface bottom from bridge pier, when stickup, between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and bridge pier surface, spray water, injection flow rate is by every square metre of bridge pier facade spray 0.5 ~ 2 kg of water; Paste completely, stick with glue band by the interface adhesive seal between the interface between concrete vertical face curing film and concrete vertical face curing film and bridge pier, between bridge pier surface and concrete vertical face curing film, form sealed environment.The adhesive of preparing due to the present embodiment has rewetting function, and therefore, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide Mixture absorb the moisture on bridge pier surface in a large number, and in film, relative humidity reaches more than 90% after testing; Because adhesive has good adhesive property after rewetting, within whole 28 days curing times, there is not slip phenomenon in counterdie and facial mask, day by day detect relative humidity in film, all, more than 95%, concrete curing does not rewater in the cycle, can ensure required damp condition in the concrete curing phase.After maintenance finishes, check that concrete surface cracking resistance grade is I level.
Embodiment 2
14 kilograms of mixing of 30 kilograms of acrylamides, water that 1 kilogram of industry one cornstarch, 20 kilograms, acrylic acid, the content that to get 15 kilograms of polyvinyl formals, 20 kilograms of modified rosins, acidity be 17 is 98.8%, be heated to 90 ~ 95 DEG C, stir, obtain satisfactory adhesive.The each constituent mass percentage of the present embodiment is in table 2:
Table 2
| Composition | Weight (kg) |
| Polyvinyl formal | 15 |
| Modified rosin | 20 |
| Cornstarch | 1 |
| Acrylic acid | 20 |
| Acrylamide | 30 |
Adhesive prepared by the present embodiment on counterdie or facial mask, clamps starch as super-strong moisture absorbing macromolecular material by 2500 grams/m of brushings between counterdie, facial mask, by counterdie and facial mask compacting, dry, prepares concrete vertical face curing film.
In the time of concrete vertical face curing film maintenance construction, water once at concrete surface, then the concrete vertical face curing film of being prepared by the present embodiment starts progressively upwards to stick on concrete vertical face from concrete vertical face bottom, when stickup, between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and concrete vertical face, spray water, injection flow rate is by every square metre of concrete vertical face 0.5 ~ 2 kg of water; Paste complete, stick with glue band by the interface adhesive seal between the interface between concrete vertical face curing film and concrete vertical face curing film and concrete vertical face, between concrete vertical face and concrete vertical face curing film, form sealed environment.In the concrete curing cycle, do not need to rewater, can ensure required damp condition in the concrete curing phase, detect day by day relative humidity in film, be all greater than 90%, effectively suppress microcrack, after maintenance finishes, check that concrete surface cracking resistance grade is I level.
Embodiment 3
27.5 kilograms of mixing of 30 kilograms of acrylamides, water that 2.5 kilograms of industry one cornstarch, 20 kilograms, acrylic acid, the content that to get 10 kilograms of polyvinyl formals, 10 kilograms of modified rosins, acidity be 17.2 is 99.5%, be heated to 90 ~ 95 DEG C, stir, obtain satisfactory adhesive.The each constituent mass percentage of the present embodiment is in table 3:
Table 3
| Composition | Weight (%) |
| Polyvinyl formal | 10 |
| Modified rosin | 10 |
| Cornstarch | 2.5 |
| Acrylic acid | 20 |
| Acrylamide | 30 |
Adhesive prepared by the present embodiment by 5000 grams/m of brushings on counterdie or facial mask, between counterdie, facial mask, clamp polyacrylamide and polyacrylic acid in mass ratio 0.5: 1 preparation mixture as super-strong moisture absorbing macromolecular material, by counterdie and facial mask compacting, dry, prepare concrete vertical face curing film.
In the time of concrete vertical face curing film maintenance construction, water once at concrete surface, then the concrete vertical face curing film of being prepared by the present embodiment starts progressively upwards to stick on concrete vertical face from concrete vertical face bottom, when stickup, between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and concrete vertical face, spray water, injection flow rate is by every square metre of concrete vertical face 0.5 ~ 2 kg of water; Paste complete, stick with glue band by the interface adhesive seal between the interface between concrete vertical face curing film and concrete vertical face curing film and concrete vertical face, between concrete vertical face and concrete vertical face curing film, form sealed environment.In the concrete curing cycle, do not need to rewater, can ensure required damp condition in the concrete curing phase, detect day by day relative humidity in film, be all greater than 90%, effectively suppress microcrack, after maintenance finishes, check that concrete surface cracking resistance grade is I level.
The concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film that the adhesive that table 4 is prepared for the concrete water-saving moist keeping maintenance film made with acrylic acid, epoxy resin, three kinds of adhesives of vinyl acetate and the embodiment of the present invention 1,2,3 is made, concrete anticracking level data after the interior relative humidity of film, maintenance when maintenance.
Table 4 main binder performance evaluation
Note: adopt dull and stereotyped split test to evaluate concrete crack resistance, crack resistance is divided into five grades, I level is best, and V level is the poorest.
Measured result from above embodiment and comparative example:
(1) adopt adhesive of the present invention, improved concrete curing film quality, the concrete curing film water supply volume of producing is 1/(50～100 by gunnysack, geotextiles), with 1/10 (watering cooling) of plastic sheeting for farm use.At insufficient water sources area particularly suitable.
(2) owing to not needing watering, greatly save sprinkling truck mechanical one-shift, reduced oil consumption.Rolling is laid in flakes, and speed is fast, and personnel are few, and in transportation, volume is little, lightweight, saves on transport costs.And can clean construction, and promote engineering overall image, ensure concrete quality.
(3) apply this technology produce concrete curing film there is good maintenance effect, can significantly improve intensity and the anti-carbonization ability of concrete shear force wall and post, effectively prevent concrete surface produce crack.
(4) curing film can meet the facade curing requirements of concrete structure in construction project, particularly can meet the curing requirements of framework+shear wall structure form.
Claims (8)
1. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade, comprises counterdie, facial mask, macromolecule water absorbent material, adhesive, on described bed die, has micropore; It is characterized in that: between described counterdie and facial mask, clamp macromolecule water absorbent material, the adhesive by brushing on counterdie or facial mask opposite face is bonding, and described adhesive, comprises following component, by mass percentage composition:
Polyvinyl formal 5 ~ 10%,
Modified rosin 10 ~ 20%,
Cornstarch 1 ~ 5%,
Acrylic acid 20 ~ 30%,
Acrylamide 30 ~ 40%, surplus is water,
The preparation method of adhesive gets each component by the component proportion of design to mix, and then, is heated to 90 ~ 95 DEG C, stirs, cooling;
Described modified rosin is that softening point 70-90 DEG C, the rosin of acid number >=166mg/g are processed modification through saponification; Rosin saponification is treated to rosin and alkali-metal hydroxide generation saponification, and reaction is carried out under 80-90 DEG C of normal pressure, to obtain hydrophilically modified rosin.
2. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described adhesive by the amount brushing of 0.1 ~ 50 gram/cm on counterdie or facial mask opposite face.
3. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described counterdie is selected from the film that at least one raw material in polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene is made, its thickness is that 0.06～0.15 ㎜, width are 1～4m, hot strength >=10MPa.
4. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 3, is characterized in that: the micropore arranging on counterdie is uniformly distributed, and aperture is 0.1 ~ 5mm, and pore size distribution density is 30 ~ 100/square metre.
5. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described facial mask is selected from the film that at least one raw material in polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene is made, its thickness is that 0.06～0.15 ㎜, width are 1～4m, hot strength >=12 MPa.
6. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described macromolecule water absorbent material is selected from the one in starch, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, polyacrylic acid; Or
Described macromolecule water absorbent material is selected from any two kinds of 0.5 ~ 10: 1 mixtures that obtain in mass ratio in starch, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, polyacrylic acid.
7. the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: in described adhesive, polyvinyl formal is produced by Shanghai Zhi Xin Chemical Co., Ltd., and model is: technical grade, and polyvinyl formal content is more than or equal to 99%; Cornstarch is industry one cornstarch of acidity≤18; Described acrylamide is to be more than or equal to 98.5% crystal containing acrylamide mass percent.
8. the anti-carbonized maintaining method of cast-in-situ concrete facade, it is characterized in that: after the initial set of cast-in-situ concrete facade, by anti-cast-in-situ concrete facade carbonized maintaining film from cast-in-situ concrete facade bottom, progressively upwards paste on cast-in-situ concrete facade, when stickup, between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade, spray water, injection flow rate is by every square metre of cast-in-situ concrete facade spray 0.5-2 kilogram; After stickup completes, interface between interface between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade is adopted to adhesive tape adhesive seal, make to form sealed environment, curing time 14-18 days between the anti-carbonized maintaining film of cast-in-situ concrete facade and cast-in-situ concrete facade.
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| CN104405415B (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2016-03-16 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | For the heat and moisture preserving method of large-scale tunnel bottom board concrete |
| CN105856402B (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-07-05 | 李鲁源 | A kind of concrete curing method |
| CN106747646A (en) * | 2016-12-24 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙水能量新材料有限公司 | A kind of compound moisturizing and curing membrane of the easy demoulding of anti-stick |
| CN109605868B (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2020-11-06 | 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司铁道建筑研究所 | Concrete efficient heat-preservation and moisture-preservation composite curing film with photo-thermal conversion effect |
| JP7248537B2 (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2023-03-29 | 株式会社奥村組 | Concrete surface repair part curing structure and curing sheet |
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| US4808324A (en) * | 1986-04-04 | 1989-02-28 | Lonza Ltd. | Lubricant system for sheet and section rolling mills |
| CN1041965A (en) * | 1988-10-21 | 1990-05-09 | 薜志纯 | Improving acrylic resin binding agent |
| DE4215177A1 (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1993-11-11 | Ebert Gerd | Sewing thread with improved adhesion and water tightness - has coating for precursor material which increases in vol. on activation |
| CN2509220Y (en) * | 2001-12-03 | 2002-09-04 | 长沙圣华科技发展有限公司 | Concrete water retaining curing membrane |
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