CN102857095B - 采用llc变换器的功率变换器和操作功率变换器的方法 - Google Patents

采用llc变换器的功率变换器和操作功率变换器的方法 Download PDF

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CN102857095B
CN102857095B CN201210146207.0A CN201210146207A CN102857095B CN 102857095 B CN102857095 B CN 102857095B CN 201210146207 A CN201210146207 A CN 201210146207A CN 102857095 B CN102857095 B CN 102857095B
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llc converter
frequency
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power inverter
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R·雷迪
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Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
    • H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及采用LLC变换器的功率变换器的优化。功率变换器包括连接成接收输入信号和提供中间DC电压的输入级，和具有连接成接收中间DC电压和提供DC输出电压的LLC变换器的输出级。另外，功率变换器包括连接到输入级和输出级，以根据对中间DC电压的控制，调整DC输出电压和设定LLC变换器的目标工作参数的控制单元。还提供操作功率变换器的方法。

Description

采用LLC变换器的功率变换器和操作功率变换器的方法
技术领域
本申请一般涉及功率变换，更具体地说，涉及功率变换器和操作功率变换器的方法。 
背景技术
电感-电感-电容(LLC)功率变换器是功率变换系统的日益重要部分。与其它功率变换器相比，LLC功率变换器具有许多优点。这些优点可以包括当在初级开关上在空载和满载之间循环时的零电压切换，以及提供较低的电磁发射。LLC功率变换器还可以在比其它多种形式的功率变换器更高的开关频率下工作，这又能够降低某些LLC功率变换器组件的大小。不过，当采用LLC功率变换器时，也会出现缺陷，这包括LLC变换器的振荡回路元件的组件容限因单元而异，从而形成不同的串联谐振增益曲线，和变换器输出电压的对应差别。另外，因单元而异的LLC变换器的输入电压也形成DC输出电压差异。在这些方面的改进会有利于该领域。 
发明内容
本公开的实施例提供功率变换器和操作功率变换器的方法。在一个实施例中，功率变换器包括连接成接收输入信号和提供中间DC电压的输入级，以及具有连接成接收中间DC电压和提供DC输出电压的LLC变换器的输出级。另外，功率变换器包括连接到输入级和输出级以根据对中间DC电压的控制，调整DC输出电压和设定LLC变换器的目标工作参数的控制单元。 
在另一方面，操作功率变换器的方法包括接收输入信号和提供中间DC电压，以及从具有耦接到中间DC电压的输入端的LLC变换器 产生DC输出电压。所述方法还包括根据对中间DC电压的控制，调整DC输出电压和设定LLC变换器的目标工作参数。 
上面概述了本公开的优选特征和备选特征，以致本领域的技术人员可更好地理解本公开的以下详细说明。下面将说明本公开的、构成本公开的权利要求的主题的另外特征。本领域的技术人员会认识到，他们能够容易地把公开的构想和具体实施例用作设计或修改实现本公开的相同目的的其它结构的基础。 
附图说明
现在参考结合附图进行的以下说明，其中： 
图1图解说明按照本公开的原理构成的功率变换器的方框图； 
图2图解说明按照本公开的原理构成的另一个功率变换器的方框图； 
图3图解说明可以和图1或2的功率变换器一起使用的控制单元的实施例的扩展方框图； 
图4图解说明与可以用在按照本公开的原理构成的输出级中的LLC变换器对应的归一化增益曲线； 
图5图解说明表示与图1和2的输入级对应的中间DC电压的分布的直方图的例子；以及 
图6图解说明按照本公开的原理进行的操作功率变换器的方法的实施例的流程图。 
具体实施方式
本公开的实施例采用提供功率变换器输入级和输出级的总体闭环控制的控制单元，以便于几个操作问题的改进。这些操作问题包括LLC变换器的振荡回路元件的组件容限因单元而异，这会形成不同的串联谐振增益曲线，和影响DC输出电压。另外，如果不被抵消的话，因单元而异的中间DC电压会形成DC输出电压的差异。 
图1图解说明按照本公开的原理构成的功率变换器100的方框 图。功率变换器100包括输入级105、输出级115和控制单元125。 
输入级105包括具有典型输入端107a、107b的升压或升降压功率变换器，所述输入端107a、107b连接到根据需要可以是DC电压、单相AC电压或者3相AC电压的输入电压Vin。输入级105还包括具有连接成提供中间DC电压Vint的2个电平108、109的输出端。升压或升降压功率变换器是PFC(功率因数校正)结构，PFC结构具有常规的电压控制器和电流控制器，其中常规的电流控制器进一步耦接到控制单元125。 
输出级115包括电感-电感-电容(LLC)变换器，LLC变换器具有耦接到中间DC电压Vint的输入端，和提供DC输出电压Vout并接纳输出负载(未具体示出)的LLC输出端120a、120b。LLC变换器可以是具有耦接到控制单元125的常规控制开关的半桥或全桥LLC变换器。 
控制单元125包括输出级控制模块130和输入级控制模块140。输出级控制模块130连接到DC输出电压Vout，以提供对应于DC输出电压Vout的输入(即，测量的Vout)。输出级控制模块130还采用第一基准(基准1)提供用于LLC变换器的输出级控制信号，和给输入级控制模块140的LLC工作参数(例如工作频率或周期)。用于LLC变换器的输出级控制信号可以按照常规方式被施加到LLC变换器的输入控制开关和变压器控制开关。 
输入级控制模块140采用第二和第三基准(基准2和基准3)，以及LLC工作参数和与测量的中间DC电压Vint对应的输入(测量的Vint)，提供给输入级105的升压或升降压功率变换器的输入级控制信号。用于升压或升降压功率变换器的输入级控制信号可被施加到其常规电流控制器。 
图2图解说明按照本公开的原理构成的另一个功率变换器200的方框图。功率变换器200包括输入级205、输出级215和控制单元225。 
在本实施例中，输入级205是3相3电平升压PFC功率变换器并且包括连接到3相AC输入电压Va、Vb、Vc的3个输入端207a、 207b和207c。输入级205还包括具有连接成提供第一和第二中间DC电压Vint1、Vint2的3个电平208、209、210的输出端，如图所示。输入级205采用常规的电流和电压控制器，其中常规的电流控制器进一步耦接到控制单元225。 
输出级215包括具有耦接到第一和第二中间DC电压Vint1、Vint2的第一和第二串联连接输入端217a、217b和221a，221b的第一和第二交错LLC变换器216、220，如图所示。第一和第二并联连接输出端218a、222a和218b、222b提供DC输出电压Vout和接纳输出负载。第一和第二交错LLC变换器216、220可以是具有耦接到控制单元225的常规控制开关的半桥或全桥LLC变换器。 
控制单元225与控制单元125的操作相似，并且包括输出级控制模块230和输入级控制模块240。输出级控制模块230连接到DC输出电压Vout，以提供与DC输出电压Vout(即，测量的Vout)对应的输入，如前所述。输出级控制模块230还采用第一基准(基准1)提供用于第一和第二LLC变换器216、220的输出级控制信号，和给输入级控制模块240的LLC工作参数(例如，工作频率或周期)。用于交错LLC变换器的输出级控制信号可以按照常规方式被施加到LLC变换器的输入控制开关和变压器控制开关。 
输入级控制模块240采用第二和第三基准(基准2和基准3)，以及LLC工作参数和与第一和第二中间DC电压Vint1、Vint2(即，测量的Vint，Vint2)对应的输入，提供给输入级205的3相3电平升压功率变换器的输入级控制信号。用于3电平升压变换器的输入级控制信号可被施加到其常规电流控制器。 
图3图解说明可以和图1或2的功率变换器一起使用的控制单元300的实施例的扩展方框图。控制单元300包括输出级控制模块305和输入级控制模块315。 
输出级控制模块305的目的是调整与输出级需要的指令DC输出电压值对应的DC输出电压Vout。在图解说明的实施例中，指令DC输出电压由第一基准(基准1)以基准电压Vref的形式提供。求和元件 307比较测量的DC输出电压Vout和指令DC输出电压Vout，以向输出级控制器309提供输出级误差信号。输出级控制器309可以是PI(比例积分)控制器并且提供与输出级误差信号成比例的输出控制器数字输出信号。 
调制器311从输出级控制器309接收数字输出信号，并根据输出级误差信号，向供给DC输出电压Vout的LLC输出级提供输出级控制信号。输出级控制信号可以采用PFM(脉冲频率调制)或PWM(脉冲宽度调制)，PFM或PWM允许输出级控制模块305把输出级误差信号驱动到大体为0，并且把DC输出电压Vout保持为用基准电压Vref选择的值。 
通常，输入级控制模块315控制和调整来自对应输入级的作为输入电压施加于输出级的中间DC电压Vint。它可调整单个中间DC电压(例如，图1的中间DC电压Vint)，或者它可调整两个以上的中间DC电压(例如，图2的第一和第二中间DC电压Vint1、Vint2)。 
在图解所示的实施例中，输出级控制器309向滤波器317提供LLC输出级工作频率或周期的表示，滤波器317再向求和元件319的一个输入端提供该信号的滤波后表示。LLC输出级的目标谐振频率或周期作为基准2被提供给求和元件319的另一个输入端，求和元件319再向优化控制器321提供第一输入级误差信号。滤波后表示及其对应的基准2信号可以对应于所述频率或周期的一部分，以提高测量分辨率。 
优化控制器321也可以是提供与第一输入级误差信号成比例的优化控制器数字输出信号的PI控制器。限幅器323约束优化控制器数字输出信号允许的调整范围，以避免整体控制过载或者削波。 
在一个实施例中，基准3的目的是提供单个中间DC电压(如图1中所示)的额定设定点。求和元件325提供与优化控制器321调制的基准3对应的第二输入级误差信号，以提供额定中间DC电压Vint的优化范围。该优化范围对应于最小和最大串联谐振频率之间的工作频率或目标频率的窗口。 
在另一个实施例中，基准3对应于两个或更多中间DC电压(例如，图2的第一和第二中间DC电压Vint1、Vint2)的平均数或总和。对本实施例来说，求和元件325提供与优化控制器321调制的基准3对应的第二输入级误差信号，以提供以所述两个或更多中间DC电压的额定值为中心的优化窗口或范围。 
求和元件327接收第二输入级误差信号和测量的中间DC电压，从而向输入级控制器329提供第三输入级误差信号。根据需要，测量的中间DC电压可以对应于单个中间DC电压或者两个或更多中间DC电压。输入级控制器329提供至少一个输入级控制信号，以调整与输出级LLC变换器要求对应的一个或多个中间DC电压。 
图4图解说明与可用在按照本公开的原理构成的输出级中的LLC变换器对应的归一化增益曲线400。归一化增益曲线400对应于归一化DC输出电压并且包括第一和第二归一化增益曲线405、410，第一和第二归一化增益曲线405、410对应于确定一组LLC变换器(用作本公开的实施例的输出级)的串联谐振频率的输入电容器和电感器的组件容限扩展。组件容限扩展可以对应于如图1中所示的单个LLC变换器，或者如图2中所示的交错LLC变换器。另外，第一和第二归一化增益曲线405、410可对应于中间DC电压的不同值，或者组件容限和不同的中间DC电压的组合。 
可如下所示计算一组LLC变换器中的组件失配情况最坏的最小和最大串联谐振频率。 
Fseries min = 1 2 π L max C max , 和    (1a) 
Fseries max = 1 2 π L min C min (1b) 
其中Lmax和Cmax对应于一组LLC变换器的最大输入电感值和电容值，以及Lmin和Cmin对应于一组LLC变换器的最小输入电感值和电容值。图4中示出了分别对应于180KHz和200KHz的这些最小和最大串联谐振频率的例子。所述一组LLC变换器的剩余物的串联谐振频率位于这些最小和最大串联谐振频率之间。归一化的单位增益值(即，为1的归一 化增益)可被认为代表调整的指令DC输出电压。 
图5图解说明表示与图1和2的输入级对应的中间DC电压的分布的直方图500的例子。直方图500表明对于所示的样本分布，中间DC电压Vint可在约390伏和410伏之间变化。在没有输入级控制模块315提供的控制的情况下，中间DC电压的这种容限范围会极大地影响DC输出电压Vout。 
在串联谐振频率，LLC变换器的损耗被最小化，以及LLC变换器的工作效率被最大化。于是，设定接近特定LLC变换器的串联谐振频率的目标频率(基准2)使它可以使其工作频率达到最大。 
在本公开的一个实施例，在每个LLC变换器的串联谐振频率附近，为每个LLC变换器单独选择目标频率(基准2)，从而使每个LLC变换器可以使其工作效率达到最大。这里，输入级控制模块315调整其对应中间DC电压Vint(从而例如升高第一归一化增益曲线405)，直到它在LLC变换器的串联谐振频率(即，目标频率)，与归一化的单位增益值重合为止。这要求最大串联谐振频率也对应于作为最坏情况中间DC电压的约390伏的中间DC电压Vint。 
在本公开的另一个实施例中，为所有LLC变换器选择单个目标频率(基准2)，从而要求每个LLC变换器在该目标频率下工作。这里，目标频率可被设定成最大串联谐振频率，因为使LLC变换器在其串联谐振频率以下工作一般会对其工作频率造成过大的损失。在本实施例中，多数LLC变换器的工作效率可能稍微降低，因为除一个以外的所有LLC变换器都被迫在它们的串联谐振频率以上工作。不过，对许多应用来说，这种方法是可接受或者准许的。 
这里，输入级控制模块315调整中间DC电压Vint(从而升高第一归一化增益曲线405)，直到它在作为所有LLC变换器的目标频率的最大串联谐振频率，与归一化的单位增益值重合为止。这还要求最大串联谐振频率对应于作为最坏情况中间DC电压的约390伏的中间DC电压Vint。 
图6图解说明按照本公开的原理进行的操作功率变换器的方法 600的实施例的流程图。方法600开始于步骤605，随后在步骤610，接收输入信号，并提供中间DC电压。在步骤615，从具有耦接到中间DC电压的输入端的LLC变换器产生DC输出电压。在步骤620，以控制中间DC电压为基础，调整DC输出电压并设定LLC变换器的目标工作参数。 
在一个实施例中，用施加于LLC变换器的脉冲频率调制(PFM)信号或者脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号，调整DC输出电压。在另一个实施例中，目标工作参数确定LLC变换器的工作频率或工作周期。
在另一个实施例中，目标工作参数对应于LLC变换器的串联谐振频率。另一方面，目标工作参数对应于LLC变换器的比其串联谐振频率高的工作频率，并且可对应于从一组LLC变换器中选择的最大串联工作频率。 
在另一个实施例中，用LLC变换器的上组件容限确定的最小串联谐振频率对应于LLC工作频率的目标频率窗口的下端。另一方面，用LLC变换器的下组件容限确定的最大串联谐振频率对应于LLC工作频率的目标频率窗口的上端。 
在另一个实施例中，基于样本单元的容限分布的中间DC电压的最小值足以提供LLC变换器的最大串联谐振频率。对应地，样本单元的容限分布提供约为中间DC电压的5%的范围。方法600结束于步骤625。 
虽然关于按照特定顺序进行的特定步骤，说明和示出了这里公开的方法，不过显然这些步骤可以被结合、再分或者重新排序，以形成等同的方法，而不脱离本公开的教导。因而，除非这里明确地指出，否则步骤的顺序或分组不是对本公开的限制。 
本申请所涉及领域的技术人员会理解可对说明的实施例做出其它更多的添加、删除、替换和修改。 

Claims (9)

1.一种功率变换器，包括：
连接成接收输入信号和提供中间DC电压的输入级；
具有连接成接收中间DC电压和提供DC输出电压的LLC变换器的输出级；和
连接到输入级和输出级，以根据对中间DC电压的控制，调整DC输出电压和设定所述LLC变换器的目标工作参数的控制单元；其中用所述LLC变换器的上组件容限确定的最小串联谐振频率对应于所述LLC变换器工作频率的目标频率窗口的下端。
2.按照权利要求1所述的功率变换器，其中用施加于LLC变换器的脉冲频率调制(PFM)信号或脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号，调整DC输出电压。
3.按照权利要求1所述的功率变换器，其中目标工作参数确定LLC变换器的工作频率或工作周期。
4.按照权利要求3所述的功率变换器，其中目标工作参数对应于LLC变换器的串联谐振频率。
5.按照权利要求3所述的功率变换器，其中目标工作参数对应于LLC变换器的高于其串联谐振频率的较高工作频率。
6.按照权利要求5所述的功率变换器，其中LLC变换器的较高工作频率对应于从一组LLC变换器中选择的最大串联谐振频率。
7.按照权利要求1所述的功率变换器，其中用所述LLC变换器的下组件容限确定的最大串联谐振频率对应于所述LLC变换器工作频率的目标频率窗口的上端。
8.按照权利要求1所述的功率变换器，其中基于样本单元的容限分布的中间DC电压的最小值足以提供LLC变换器的最大串联谐振频率。
9.一种操作功率变换器的方法，包括：
接收输入信号和提供中间DC电压；
从具有耦接到中间DC电压的输入端的LLC变换器产生DC输出电压；和
根据对中间DC电压的控制，调整DC输出电压和设定LLC变换器的目标工作参数；
其中用所述LLC变换器的上组件容限确定的最小串联谐振频率对应于所述LLC变换器工作频率的目标频率窗口的下端。
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