CN102844414A - Synthetic fuels with enhanced mechanical energy output - Google Patents
Synthetic fuels with enhanced mechanical energy output Download PDFInfo
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- CN102844414A CN102844414A CN2011800130372A CN201180013037A CN102844414A CN 102844414 A CN102844414 A CN 102844414A CN 2011800130372 A CN2011800130372 A CN 2011800130372A CN 201180013037 A CN201180013037 A CN 201180013037A CN 102844414 A CN102844414 A CN 102844414A
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- fuel
- explosive
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- ignitable
- basic
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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Abstract
Fuel blends and processes for producing a fuel unit blend to replace gasoline or supplement the apparent energy density of diesel or other fuel. The fuel unit blend comprises a base combustive fuel component that produces excess heat, which heat activates and sustains reactions of secondary detonative fuel components. The fuel mixture including a detonative fuel component blended with a stabilizing fuel component is dynamically stable, allowing the detonative fuel component to survive the combustion of the base combustive fuel component. The fuel blend produces first deflagrative combustion and then detonative or explosive waves in an internal combustion engine so as to produce maximum effective torque on the engines piston. A secondary effect is provided when the exhaust gas is cooled, increasing the Carnot thermal efficiency of the engine. The fuel blends may be diluted with a base combustive fuel to form a synthetic fuel for use within an internal combustion engine. The synthetic fuels also have application in mining, demolition, and military applications as explosive trains including a primary fuel explosive and a secondary explosive comprising the core polar material. Detonation or explosion of the secondary accelerates the combustion products of the primary fuel.
Description
Background of invention
2. correlation technique
For any given Machine Design, a series of possible kinetic reactions will allow mover to pass through chemistry and/or physical process produces useful work from the chemical conversion of molecule.For example; The initial oil motor of Rudoiph Diesel (Rudolf Diesel) moves with peanut oil first; And Henry Ford (Henry Ford) is the fuel in future with fuel flexible (flexfuel) automobile and the declaration alcohol that his Model T is designed to gasoline or alcohol (for example, methyl alcohol) operation.
Gasoline, " fuel " in general American's idea is not homogeneous substance.On the contrary, it is hundreds of differing mols and the mixture of the additive that is used for giving special properties such as erosion resistance.Usually, main through distillation with separates by for gasoline with 8 carbon (octane) be the center and for diesel oil be with 12 carbon (n-Hexadecane) center alkane compound distribution and from crude separation with production petroleum base automotive fuel.
(Nicolas Carnot) is French physicist and military engineers in the Ni Gula Kano; In he " Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire " in 1824, successfully provided the theory explanation (being called as carnot's working cycle now) of Thermal Motor first, thereby laid the first stone for the second law of thermodynamics.Because these notions such as Carnot efficiency, carnot's theorem, Carnot Engine etc., he often is known as " father of thermodynamics ".Maximum efficiency is defined as temperature head between temperature of combustion and the exhaust temperature divided by temperature of combustion.
Politics, economy and chemical factor can determine the component of fuel.Consider the introducing of tetraethyllead and abandoning afterwards, to contain 10-15% based on " Ministry of Agriculture subsidizes (51 minutes/gallon) ", E-85 (have 85% ethanol summer, have 70% ethanol winter) or the California of the alcoholic acid gasoline of corn for the ban of MTBE and the example that more limits additive and compsn.In China, can obtain the substitute of M-85 gasoline and the M-15 agrolfluid of processing from coal.Character such as the oilness that gasoline and diesel oil (it all contains hundreds of components) and methyl alcohol and ethanol (it mainly is single chemical composition fuel) use additive is expected with realization, erosion resistance, anti-spumescence, thus make them in application-specific, be suitable for acting as a fuel.In gasoline, add MTBE so that oxygen to be provided, discharge thereby reduce.Ethanol has replaced MTBE, and also is used to provide oxygen.At present in the U.S., use ethanol that the tax credit of 51 cents of per gallons is arranged, the oil company can increase by 10%, or present 15% be used for up-to-date vehicle like this, with the cost of reduction fuel.For E-85, human consumer's per gallon is still less payable, but the reduction of this price is usually less than the minimizing of per gallon energy, and it shows as the per gallon mileage (MPG) that is provided by these fuel and reduces.
Expect very much the renewable character of fuel.Think the ethanol processed by corn, sugar, algae or other vegetables sources and be reproducible by the biofuel that the fat of animal or vegetables is processed.Methyl alcohol can be processed by coal through two-step approach, and the single stage method of perhaps simplifying is processed by Sweet natural gas (it mainly is a methane).Sweet natural gas can come from reproducible from the sludge digestion in the landfill yard, wood or other organic biogas raw materials.
The world uses the fuel based on carbon of wood, mud coal and coal form at first.As time goes on, the world bring into use petroleum derivation hydrocarbon with hydrogen combusted and carbon.These hydrocarbon based on oil (for example gasoline and diesel oil) provide about 2 to 3 to 1 hydrogen-carbon ratio.Alcohol (particularly methyl alcohol) provides in fuel even higher hydrogen richness now.2 times energy when each hydrogen contains carbon burning and have 1/12 quality, and produce water and do not produce carbonic acid gas.In view of its influence to environment, these are the very ideal conditions that act as a fuel and be associated with hydrogen.The ratio of hydrogen and carbon is generally 2 to 3 to 1 in the hydrocarbon, and ethanol provides 3: 1 and methyl alcohol provides 4: 1.
Fuel, particularly petroleum based fuels generally not only be considered to (a) combustible agent but also be considered to (b) be designed to promote heterogeneous chemical reaction or make it final equilibrated compsn.Fuel is designed in its specific composition mixture alternative usually.For the fuel of the given volume of the work that adds mover " burning (combustion) " chamber, think that caused chemical conversion is average " burning (burn) " of single value.For gasoline or Otto cycle Otto cycle engine, this effect is defined as ideally: heat extraction under heating under adiabatic compression, the constant volume, adiabatic expansion and the constant volume.For diesel motor, this effect is defined as ideally: isoentropic compression, the heating of reversible constant voltage, isentropic expansion and the cooling of reversible constant volume.This effect is summarized as: the output (W of merit
Output) accomplish through making working fluid face toward Expansion of Piston, it produces available moment.
Have lot of documents to instruct following restriction and regulation for the fuel that is designed for oil engine, these regulations are usually by the people's use that designs following these fuel:
1. one type of compound that in diesel oil, is used as cetane number improver, in the time of in joining gasoline, its performance for gasoline does not have influence.
2. acetone in the time of in joining gasoline, during to the consumption of per 10 gallons of about 3 ounces of gasoline, improves mileage; When being higher than this consumption, the further increase of acetone consumption can make mileage reduce from 3 ounces/10 gallons peak value.When consumption was about 6 ounces of per 10 gallons of gasoline, mileage was roughly the same during with no acetone; With
In the methyl alcohol by volume 30% Nitromethane 99Min. be the minimum amount that can be used as the Nitromethane 99Min. of fuel.
1. technical field
The present invention relates to fuel composition (fuel composition that for example, uses in the oil engine) field.This mover can be used for various vehicles and other application, comprises automobile, truck, train, aircraft and generator.This mover can comprise Otto cycle engine or two-stroke engine.
The preferred embodiment general introduction
Except burning, also have other molecular chemistries that release energy to transform, and if appropriately the use value is higher.In its burning or limits of explosion separately; Combustion wave reaches subsonic speed value (detonation) and supersonic speed value (blast) (Combustion; The 4th edition, I.Glassman and R.A.Yetter,
2008 Elsevier; Inc., 261-262 page or leaf).In one embodiment, the method that the present invention relates to fuel, fuel dope and produce the material of these mechanical energy that causes improving outputs.According to thinking, the mechanical energy output of this raising can produce to make the higher oil engine of thermo-efficiency by mixing safely with the ability of utilizing different combustion waves.Oil engine has about 25% efficient usually.This means that energy in the fuel is only had an appointment 25% becomes useful mechanical energy.Remaining is the energy of mainly wasting with the form of heat.The oil engine that thermo-efficiency is the highest is the generator of diesel driven, and its thermo-efficiency is near 51.5%.
In power stroke, through with the direct driving force " recoil " of wave of explosion and deflagration wave piston head is continued the pressure associating, the combination of detonation burning and explosive combustion can produce more effective moment and consequent efficient in the mover.For mix with formation have stability and unexplosive combustiblesubstance compsn given range ignitable fuel (for example; Gasoline, diesel oil, ethanol, methyl alcohol, butanols or its mixture), can realize the design of fuel unit through the dynamically stable scheme that designs two parts.Methyl alcohol has the half the heat density of pact of gasoline, needs 2 gallon of methanol to provide and 1 gallon of heat energy that gasoline is identical like this.The heat density of butanols and gasoline are approximately equal.Need 1.5 times of volume of ethanol to provide and 1 gallon of heat energy that gasoline is identical.
In the present invention, the material that is added departs from conventional Carnot Engine principle.These materials do not increase the heat density of fuel, thereby but cause secondary reaction from inboard cooled engine the time, to produce extra mechanical energy under the condition in being present in oil engine.In other words, these fuel can be mixed providing and to be surveyed identical ignition energy density (for example, for 128 of diesel oil, 700BTU/ gallon) through calorimetric determination, but wherein, because a kind of or more kinds of component produces wave of explosion, its apparent energy density is higher.
In the present invention, the physical chemistry of carnot's working cycle is replenished by physical chemistry of the present invention.Secondary reaction takes place for some chemical process equipment provides available temperature and pressure in mover.Said composition is a kind of like this compsn, and wherein: the molecular pressure of stablizing ignitable fuel is contained in the core explosive substance in " cage " constantly, and its dipole essence makes basket assembly keep original position to overcome the linkage force of weak relatively dipole attraction up to heat capable of using.The heat that is provided by the burning of basic ignitable fuel provides driving solvolytic reaction (solvation reaction) necessary energy, and its destruction " cage " next is the blast (detonation) or the blast (explosion) of explosive substance.Blast impels the burning mass product to get into piston.Cage makes explosive substance avoid burning and continuing detonation.If the explosive substance simple combustion, it will only increase the heat density of fuel on a small quantity, and only a small amount of (if any) increases Carnot efficiency.On the contrary, the blast in the secondary reaction is characterised in that, explodes and the supersonic speed that is associated significantly increases the apparent heat efficient of mover.
Known water is a general solvent, has the highest moment of dipole density, and high moment of dipole and relatively little molecular weight.Methyl alcohol has lower moment of dipole density, but approaches water as its validity of solvent.Solubilizing reaction or solution reaction (sugar or other materials are dissolved in the water through this) are the thermo-negative reaction of needs input heat.The blast of explosive substance is also similar, because it needs intake (or activation energy) to realize blast.
According to an embodiment, can use explosive fuel element material to make the energy density of agrolfluid, ethanol or methyl alcohol be increased to the energy density of gasoline.For example; " intelligent fuel (Smart Fuel) " product can be the M-85 product that is similar to E-85; Because it contained 85% methyl alcohol and contains 70% methyl alcohol in the winter time in summer; But the consumption of explosive fuel element is few to per mille, and the apparent energy density of the apparent energy density that approximates gasoline is provided.According to another embodiment, " intelligent diesel oil (Smart Diesel) " product can mix than about 100 parts of diesel oil with portion with diesel oil fuel, makes the MGP of vehicle increase the as many as twice.According to an embodiment, 1 gallon " intelligent fuel " can contain 0.1% the explosive fuel element of having an appointment, about 0.1% stable and strengthen the biofuel with fuel mixture and about 99.8%, and it can be processed by constant raw material such as soybean.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to produce the method for automotive fuel.This method comprises: the alternate petroleum based fuels is selected to treat in (1); (2) confirm its combustibility, performance and Energy value; (3) the stable component of using acts as a fuel to select to have the polarity, small molecule hydrocarbon (for example, have and be less than or equal 4 carbon atoms, for example, acetone and/or alcohol) of known detonation value; (4) with fuel stable with component known detonation value and treat that the Energy value of alternate petroleum based fuels compares; (5) computing fuel is stablized with composition with respect to treating the insufficient energy of alternate petroleum based fuels; (6) through forming fuel mixture with stable the mixing with component of fuel, the amount of explosive fuel element will provide is enough to be equivalent to basically the said energy density of treating combustibility, performance and the Energy value of alternate petroleum based fuels.
For given stable, can confirm one type of explosive fuel element through the dipole density of analyzing other fuel elements with ignitable fuel component (for example, ethanol, methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butanols, its isomer or its combination).Dipole density is that specific components is the molecular weight of the moment of dipole of debye (Debye) divided by this component in the unit of 20 ℃ of mensuration.Fuel composition is restricted to such mixture afterwards: it will be present in the running balance between the molecular compound of in the stable ignitable fuel solution of gained, finding.(for example pass through then selected explosive fuel element; Nitroparaffins such as nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl) thus mixes dynamic " cage " solution of formation distributing with the ignitable fuel component and form mixture with stable; Wherein owing to the moment of dipole of stable ignitable fuel component, the explosive fuel element of result is dispersed in stable with in the ignitable fuel component.Fuel unit can comprise spissated mixture, and it can dilute through adding other basic fuel material.
In another embodiment; The disclosure relates to propellant combination, and it comprises stable mixing with fuel element and explosive fuel element (replacedly being called core polar compound or material in this article) and basic ignitable fuel (for example diesel oil fuel, gasoline, methyl alcohol, ethanol or other combustible liquid fuels).This propellant combination has significantly improved the performance of oil engine.
In another embodiment; The disclosure relates to similar propellant combination; But whether be used in the oil engine; This propellant combination is used for mining or military applications as explosive train, wherein basic ignitable fuel as priming explosive and the core polar material as secondary explosive, it is triggered by priming explosive of basic combustiblesubstance.
These and other benefit of the present invention, advantage and characteristic will become more obvious through following description and appended claim, perhaps learn through the practice of the present invention described in hereinafter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
I. foreword
19th century are early stage; The basis (accepting extensively now) of the dissociation theory of salt and other compounds in the water; Being forced property is come the following phenomenon of proper explanations seemingly as evidence, and the mixture of promptly observing salt and water has than salt under the pure condition or the lower zero pour of water.Derive thus and be dissociated into negatively charged ion and cationic existence and confirmed the stoichiometry analysis.Polarity, wherein an end of molecule is positively charged and separate with the other end of electronegative or less positive charge, therefore effectively decision or cause at least many in chemistry observed physical properties, like solvability, fusing point and boiling point.
Shown that as mandatory theory the saliniferous glassware for drinking water has the lower zero pour by cut-and-try work as the ionic dissociation theory; Also show now when in solution, mixing; Small molecules with big moment of dipole can make the bigger structure through nitrated molecule keep together, and perhaps forms by dynamic " cage ".So to say, " mortar " that structure is kept together is the small molecules with high relatively moment of dipole density (for example, greater than about 1.5D, being preferably greater than about 2D), and " fragment of brick " is bigger through nitrated molecule.In addition, do not expect and unknown benefit before this combination has produced, wherein; In being used in mover; When adopting routine techniques to utilize calorimeter to measure, be somebody's turn to do the summation (that is, therefore produced the interaction of gain) of the energy density of " cage " greater than the energy of the component of cage.
In addition; When with the Nitromethane 99Min. of about 1/10 concentration and about 2 times or the acetone of volume (being considered to best automotive fuel) when mixing more; The performance of caged molecule is especially outstanding, and makes the improved nitro-compound of n-Hexadecane advantageously influence or even petrolic performance.
When measuring with regard to flammable project, the many potential substitute of gasoline or other petroleum based fuels are the simple relatively hydrocarbon with low relatively energy density values.For example; It is generally acknowledged that methane, ethanol, methyl alcohol and biofuel are more stable and nonflammable than gasoline; This is because they impact for burning less pinking (bang) to be provided, and because their general density is lower, and the Wasserstoffatoms that contains less carbon and be associated with them.Other potential substitute energy densities are too big, for example too much do not attempt to produce the soup mover.Except destructive engineering and bomb, it is generally acknowledged that explosive substance is disabled.
A kind of method that is used to design the stable and available liquid fuel of the detonation that has been suitable for combination that oil engine uses and explosive combustion ripple, this method will make it possible to partly or entirely with the fuel replacement petroleum based fuels that contains the higher hydrogen carbon ratio.In general, this is bigger than more, and exhaust is cleaning more.The ability that gasoline or diesel oil is replaced by " intelligent fuel " or " intelligent diesel oil " has significantly reduced the exhaust of vehicle and has reduced carbon footprint (carbon footprint).For example, per 100 gallons of diesel fuel for through using " intelligent diesel oil " to save can bring in 1 carbon credit volume, have shortened the carbon footprint that uses diesel oil fuel.
That is to say that this method need be adjusted the actual available energy that is provided in fresh fuel each " fuel element " with certain mode.In other words, need in substitute, add something, make it keep stable, the enough additional energy advantages of higher stability with the balance basic fuel is provided simultaneously up to burning than low energy densities.This process is a self-limit, makes that too much consumption can be not dangerous.For reaction is taken place, need make the core polar material in the bulk fuel be in given concentration.But for desired explosive reaction is taken place, this is necessary, but is not sufficient.No matter have how many explosive substances, what limit this reaction is the utilizability of heat.
A final application is in the electric power generation reaction of Nuclear power plants, to use core polarity explosive substance.Be delivered into oil electric engine if will be delivered into the used heat of cooling tower usually, the so hot reaction that just can be used to drive the core polar material propellant combination of higher concentration drives and accomplishes expected response.Because the increase of internal-combustion power, so possibly need specially designed generator.
When tail-off, solid or nonreactive molecule will can not continue to be dispersed in (for example, they possibly precipitate away) in the mixture, possibly dissolve in " inoperative " period but connect too weak molecule.What need is some additives, its stable with the molecule of fuel element between Continuous Sliding, keep dispersion simultaneously and debond or gather together.These necessary generalities produce to treat and join physical properties and the chemically interactive appraisal procedure of base fixed with the mixture of explosive fuel element in the fuel element and final combination.
II. propellant combination
Fuel unit combination, dynamic stabilization contains the mixture of the component that deflagrability and explosive combustion ripple are provided, and wherein different components mainly keeps together with specific mol ratio through stable (one or more) moment of dipole with fuel element of small molecules.In the common level test of whole fuel unit; Explosive fuel element in the compsn (being sometimes referred to as core polar material or core polar compound in this article) is a homogeneous; But the liquid as total motion is replied, and can there be running balance in it, forms and changes over different molecular combinations.Be selected as the simple hydrocarbons of base fixed with fuel element for any, explosive fuel element belongs to one type of flammable or explosive material, and it is through defining with reference to stable dipole density with fuel element.Be to be understood that to stablize and all possibly contain two kinds or more kinds of subfraction (that is, every kind all also possibly be mixture) with fuel element and explosive fuel element.
Observe when core substance Nitromethane 99Min., nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone and about 94% methyl alcohol (the stable fuel element of use) and a small amount of corrosion control and oiliness additive mix, be created in the fuel that moves in simple 2 two-stroke engines with approximate substitution gasoline.According to a large amount of documents, this is unexpected result, its discovery: 1) need at least 30% the Nitromethane 99Min. in methyl alcohol, and need the air of 7.3%V/V; 2) nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl is inappropriate for the fuel of the oil engine of plug ignition, and only is used for diesel motor as cetane number improver; With 3) for burning more completely, acetone is used in the gasoline reducing the surface tension that gasoline drips to be lower than 0.2% concentration, and when higher concentration, reduces efficiency of combustion, and it is reflected on the less mileage of per gallon.This test is carried out with about 1/10th (promptly about 3% Nitromethane 99Min.s) and the lower reactant/air mixture of Nitromethane 99Min. reactant Cmin.Carry out when in addition, this test when the ratio of reactant and air is lower than the lower flammable limit of 2.6%V/V in the air incendiary takes place.
Fig. 1 shows the middle limitation that adds the value of acetone of existing fuel (gasoline or diesel oil) of prior art subtend oil engine.After in fuel, adding small amount of acetone, the increase of mileage per-cent has taken place in limited group solution.Curve A, B and C show the influence to three kinds of different cars that adopt different gasoline.The D curve is represented diesel oil fuel.Too much acetone can reduce mileage a little, and this is because can excessively increase the octane value of fuel, and because acetone contains aerobic (for example, its by partially oxidation).Too much acetone additive has been upset the mixture ratio, because acetone (as lower alcohol) is light molecule and is easy to mix.
Unpredictable consequence of the present invention; For example; Allow to use 1/10th the Nitromethane 99Min. that is considered to essential consumption, make that price when oil is every barrel or more for a long time, the alternative fuel based on undressed oil becomes the economic and practical substitute of gasoline.In addition, fuel mixture has been for to provide surrogate with gasoline blended ethanol, and produced the mileage that equates rather than reduced the per gallon mileage that is associated with the ethanol that is mixed with gasoline.In order to reduce exhaust, this blended gasoline (for example, so-called E-85, it contains the ethanol of 85%V/V) contains ethanol.It should be noted that based on volume the demand of the methyl alcohol of the oxygen of adding specified rate in fuel; Equal the alcoholic acid demand substantially; The methanol molecules amount is lower although this is, than ethanol (35%W/W), it is by oxygen weight percent (50%W/W) compensation higher in the methyl alcohol.
The energy density of the combusting preparation of measuring through calorimeter is greater than the energy density of methyl alcohol and less than the energy density of gasoline.The energy density of methyl alcohol is about the half the of gasoline energy density.But the performance classes that the said preparation that in oil engine (ICE), comprises core substance is measured by calorimeter is similar to gasoline.Difference between calorimetry value and the apparent energy density can be known as virtual energy density (VED).Actual energy density in the oil engine is the summation of calorimetry specific energy and VED.Because VED is from the merit of non-heat, thus when preparation comprises the core substance that is used as fuel, the heat that is associated with burning still less and used heat to be removed just still less, make air but not water-cooled mover becomes possibility.
The present invention instructs a kind of like this method of existence; For given base fixed with fuel element (it will constitute the main composition of fuel mixture); Can confirm suitable balance fuel additive (that is, explosive fuel element) by this method, when these two kinds of components are mixed in the oil engine; It will produce the VED that needs; Said base fixed is known and be preferably a kind of simple hydrocarbons (for example, have 8 or carbon still less, more preferably 4 or carbon still less, have 1 or 2 carbon in one embodiment) with energy density, molar weight and the solvent property of fuel element.Although the value part of effect of in given ICE, firing and incendiary effect ground depends on that ICE designs the propellant combination that uses, can suppose most of engine design use standard octane gasoline or standard octane diesel oil.Known VED the effect that must reach, and known base fixed just can confirm one group of possible fuel dope with the value of fuel element, it will provide blended detonation and explosive action.This can be through the definite kernel concrete mole realization recently of given compound in the heart, and it need keep with the selection that one or more forms the compound of cage based on the compound as explosive substance.In addition; The dipole energy density (DED) of preferred cage material is in 2 times the scope of the DED of the solvent part of core substance; And in 25% scope more than or equal to the DED of the explosive substance (nitrogen that for example, contains explosive substance such as Nitromethane 99Min.) of core substance.
In first embodiment, this method starts from the nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl of hundreds of proportions by subtraction in the methyl alcohol (for example, as many as about 5%), adds the Nitromethane 99Min. of this percentage range (as many as about 5%) then.The Nitromethane 99Min. of the about 3%V/V of discovery and the nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl of about 2%V/V are near optimum concentration.In other words, lower or higher concentration causes motor performance lower.When adding acetone, the performance of mover further improves, and finds that about 1%V/V is optimum concentration (that is performance all reduced when, concentration was lower or higher).By the way, it is about 3 to 5 times of the optimum acetone concentration understood of routine shown in Figure 1.Experimental result shows the integer that approaches the mole in the ratio of component.The theoretical construct of homogeneous fuel charge can be through obtaining for integer mole number is whole approximately.A this ratio is shown in Fig. 7.
The DED of first alcohol and water is substantially same scope (for example, methyl alcohol is 1.7D and 32g/mol, and water is 1.85D and 18g/mol).The first alcohol and water is little polar aprotic solvent molecule.Deducibility water is general solvent, and methyl alcohol is born similar solvent role in some embodiments of fuel mixture.
Below calculating (it is used for analyzing the explosive fuel element of fuel mixture) possibly not comprise whole additives, especially measure less than centesimal those (be generally 1% 1/10 or still less).Also want emphasis to be noted that, core substance such as soup usually can not be with the form transportations of " pure ", and this is because explosive substance often explodes because of vibrations.Utilize identical deduction once more, use methyl alcohol (preferred minimum be about 28.5%V/V) but stabilization formulations prevents the vibrations blast, as the vibrations stable form of making soup (that is dynamite (dynamite)) by the zeyssatite or the clay of Nobel's adding.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show a kind of theoretical construct of fuel mixture.Can liken this structure to Association football, it has the face (Fig. 3) of polygonal globosity, and these Polygonss have the basic foursquare internal structure that is as shown in Figure 2.The explosive substance molecular arrangement is an alternately a pair of and single acetone molecules (see figure 7) separated from one another of quilt.Acetone and methyl alcohol are in order to stablize Nitromethane 99Min. and nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl molecule.Fig. 3 shows of cage structure molecule and possibly arrange.Think that the explosive substance molecule is the part of outside fullerene-like buckyballs (its polygon facet forms cage) structure, interior molecules can be another fullerene-like structure of Nitromethane 99Min. molecule, and it is arranged in the inferior group of 4 molecules, forms the inside of ball.Fig. 7 shows another structure, and wherein nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone are bunch by Nitromethane 99Min. and methyl alcohol bunch encirclement.
In descending power stroke, core texture fires fried in restricted clearance through activated point.Abundant compressed core structure, expansible gas comes to the cylinder impulse force with about 1.8 Mach (velocity of sound 1.8 times) operations simultaneously.The behavior is fully compressed other core basket structure (CCS), causes the Kettenreaktion of exploding in the combustion chamber.The burning wave propagation velocity is a subsonic speed, and approaching less than 0.1 Mach.Wave of explosion is with about 6 to 10 Mach of propagation.If supposition produces the products of combustion of same amount, supplying through gasoline among the ICE of combustion so, the impulse force to piston that blast causes is at least 18 times of incendiary.In the blast of CCS, VED is greater than the DED of product.In one embodiment, this DED is approximately the half the of gasoline DED.But half fuel can be blasted at least, thus total VED of fuel maybe for gasoline DED at least about 9.5 times (0.5 * 18+1/2), and fuel flow rate can be 1/10th of fuel flow rate among the common gasoline ICE.Than gasoline, because fuel contains aerobic, so can significantly reduce the ratio of air and fuel.For example, its can be this than about 1/3rd, be 1/10th and 1/3rd or 1/30 of product with respect to the total air ratio of gasoline like this.
Be designed so that with gasoline with the mover of about 60 miles enforcements per hour, per gallon can be realized about 30 miles, PM burn about 4.3 ounces (0.205 pounds) and 3.02 pounds of air, stoichiometric ratio is 14: 7: 1.Be designed so that to realize 300 miles of per gallons with being dispersed in cage core fuel in the methyl alcohol in the non-blast reagent with the mover of about 60 miles operations per hour, PM is burnt 0.42 ounce (about 0.0205 pound) and 0.1 pound of air, and stoichiometric ratio is 4.9: 1.The minimizing of air flow quantity makes and can number of cylinders be reduced to 2 and minimizing operation RPM from 4,6 or 8.Motor car engine can be substituted by the mover of motorcycle or mower size like this, and latter's coupling has the fuel delivery system than puffer.Fuel can be used for two-stroke engine and Otto cycle engine.
Nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl has formed the adiabatic compression ripple with the compression of detonation velocity, and it continues explosive action in the two the blast restriction of methanol fuel and combustion chamber.In one embodiment, infer that the quantity combusted in each power stroke is the amount that is supplied to the fuel (and additive) of combustion chamber through standard internal combustion engines.Be apparent that other movers (the for example mover of the Stirling mover of 2-, 4-or 6-stroke, Wankel mover, marine diesel, power house oil motor or other purposes) with big cylinder, metallurgy, low speed of circulation or other expectation variations by force will have its optimum fuel+additive formulations.These can be through to calculating like the said identical method of above-mentioned embodiment and demand, restriction and molecule quality.
In a preferred embodiment, core substance can mix to produce 28.5% or the more stable product of stroke with solvent (for example, methyl alcohol).For example, the concentration of methyl alcohol can be the about 95%V/V of as many as and constitutes alcoholic acid fuel surrogate or the surrogate that is blended in the U.S. gasoline.For example; A kind ofly typically be mixed with the ethanol that alcoholic acid gasoline contains as many as 10%V/V; And the ethanol that other reagent can contain higher share (for example; The biofuel of winter prescription possibly contain have an appointment 85% ethanol and about 15% gasoline usually, thereby so that the incipient combustion under than the cold environment condition of enough explosion ratio to be provided, another preparation uses 70% ethanol and 30% gasoline).
Use core substance as with 10 or 85%V/V and gasoline blended alcoholic acid substitute be advantageously; Because these products have similar cost; But the methyl alcohol that utilizes CCS to strengthen has the VED that equates with gasoline, and this fuel will produce and the similar mileage of Fuel Petroleum like this.Act as a fuel; Methyl alcohol compare one of alcoholic acid extra with advantage essence be that methyl alcohol can easily be prepared by methane gas; And need not be by food such as corn (being essential for preparation ethanol usually) preparation, said methane gas is present in from rubbish, compost, reaches in the biogas of Sweet natural gas.United Nations has stressed the importance of this species diversity, opposes that ethanol acts as a fuel, and in under-developed country, can support a child 1 year because produce one gallon of required corn of ethanol.This is an instance of fuel and food mutual relationship.The present invention is through preferably using the fuel that provand is not almost had influence based on the chemical substance production of methane.
The common disposal of pollutants of using methane also to produce lower level.Any strict more or effectively cleaning that the discharging of lower level need not carried out through gas barrier, perhaps as in diesel exhaust gas, add urea.For example, methane has big hydrogen-carbon ratio, and its per unit energy product produces must be by the Carbon emission still less of environment absorption and residual substance still less.The energy in world supply history is converted into hydrocarbon fuel (for example, gasoline, diesel oil and Sweet natural gas) from the fuel (for example, wooden, mud coal and coal) that has little hydrogen or do not have hydrogen based on carbon.The weight of each Wasserstoffatoms is 1/12 of carbon atom, but burning into carbonic acid gas with carbon atom compares, and produces 2 times energy when it burns into water.Coal has great ratio of carbon-hydrogen, is the most bad selection for fuel therefore, and this is because produce carbonic acid gas, and it is the basic of global warming issue.According to the concrete component of mixture, gasoline and diesel oil have 2.0 to 2.5 to 1 hydrogen-carbon ratio.The present invention uses the methanol fuel component with a kind of optimal way, and it supports 4 to 1 hydrogen-carbon ratio, and in fuel combustion, is adapted to minimum Global warming influence admirably.
Be used to describe that through gasoline the most common parameter of ICE of fuel to be provided be horsepower, and it is the moment of diesel motor.An inherent nature of some embodiments of the present invention is to make ICE move towards the effciency of energy transfer and the moment development of diesel oil.The moment of diesel motor and horsepower curve are just 5, and the 000rpm place intersects.Under stoichiometric condition, the ratio of air and gasoline is a 14.7kg air ratio 1kg gasoline.Denseer mixture uses less air and rarer mixture uses more air.Under any specific speed, the size of engine exhaust amount is the volume of air, and does not receive the influence of volume of fuel basically usually, only if the amount that the decision of the cooling degree of fuel can get into the air of hot machine in the vaporizer.For example, through pressurized air, use supercharging blower to increase air capacity, more fuel like this can burn in mover.Because be heated, some benefits of super supercharging blower have been lost in the compression process air.In one embodiment of the invention, the physical properties of mover that adjustment is designed to through minimum cage type core fuel fuel is provided is to handle air flow quantity, and air flow quantity is about 5kg to the 7kg air of the invention fuel of every kilogram of this embodiment.In any given time period, the volume of required air multiply by rotation times by the volume (under operating temperature) of cylinder displacement to be confirmed.
Be designed to especially significantly reduce, because the VED of fuel of the present invention has surpassed the DED of gasoline through the fuel stream that cage type core substance (it has the methanol solvate of 28.5%V/V) provides the mover of fuel to need when it provides fuel through gasoline such as fruit.The contained oxygen of fuel of the present invention has replenished the oxygen from air, and like this than for the air of gasoline and the ratio of fuel, the present invention needs the lower air and the ratio of fuel.The refrigeration of the high heat of the vaporizer that is associated with methyl alcohol and core substance component in addition, makes and can add more air.Because a part of VED is associated with the core of cage structure, so used heat still less, and the air cooling of mover but not water refrigeration becomes possibility.Be specifically designed to the fuel tank that free air delivery that the mover of energy will have about 10 times energy density, about 150ml, two cylinders and 1 gallon are provided with the core substance concentration of maximum through fuel of the present invention.This mover and automobile will have the scope that is similar to gasoline engine car, but every mile the cost that improves, 400 miles of per gallons, per gallon Ran Liao $25, moment/horse power spectrum more approach diesel motor but not gasoline ICE.
The explosive fuel element that does not have the fuel mixture of concussion explosion hazard for transporting safely; As production mixture in a preferred embodiment (production package) can be incorporated a part of base fixed into and is attached to explosive fuel element with fuel element (for example, methyl alcohol) to be used for the delivery of " containing " or stabilization.Use methyl alcohol as the embodiment of base fixed with the gasoline substitute of fuel element in, the product that transports stable form can comprise be enough to become end product with the lower section, add to be used for corrosion inhibition any composite additive (additive package):
Transport the explosive fuel element of stable core polarity
| Component | Volume % | Weight % | Mole number |
| Methyl alcohol | 43 | 36.8 | 23 |
| Nitromethane 99Min. | 28.5 | 35.2 | 10 |
| Nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl | 19 | 19.8 | 2 |
| Acetone | 9.5 | 8.1 | 3 |
The concrete amount of the necessary methyl alcohol of stable detonation property fuel element or other polarity small molecule hydrocarbons can be definite like this: the methyl alcohol of adding capacity in explosive fuel element (or other); Up to the reaction that nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl no longer possibly take place (for example, through vibration or collision).More than the simple high MPG mover of describing can choose wantonly use a small amount of above material (for example, for 1 gallon of volume, use about 1%, or about composite additive of 20 to about 40ml).
More generally, methyl alcohol accounts for about 35% to about 50%, and more preferably 42% to about 48%; Nitromethane 99Min. accounts for about 20% to about 35%; More preferably about 24% to about 30%, and nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl accounts for about 10% to about 25%, more preferably about 14% to about 21%; And acetone is about 5% to about 15%, more preferably about 8% to about 11%.
According to the detonation value of base fixed, can change the ratio of explosive fuel element, with Performance Match that the fuel that more or less total " pinking " make the blended dynamic stability is provided and any fuel that engine design is used with fuel element.In a kind of solution; Wherein base fixed uses fuel element as methyl alcohol and account for 94% of solution; Can confirm that base fixed provides about 1 half ignition energy with fuel element with the detonation form, " cage " explosive fuel element provides second half ignition energy with the blast form.Expect coupling solution, therefore need to calculate quilt, equal to treat the performance of alternate target fuel up to the material of new combination the relative ability of explosive fuel element alternate.
For example, for basis or the stable oil engine of fuel element that use as gasoline, above-mentioned amount can with extra methanol mixed so that the Nitromethane 99Min. that mixture contains, nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone are respectively about 3%, 2% and 1%.Randomly, also can add a small amount of (for example, the about 20ml of per gallon is to about 40ml) composite additive.Certainly, can be other not on year-on-year basis fuel compositions, and some are disclosed in (for example referring to Fig. 4) among this paper.
If basis or stabilising component consisting are ethanol or equivalent product; So above-mentioned amount should with extra methanol mixed; To obtain such mixture: based on TV, Nitromethane 99Min., nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone are respectively 1.5%, 1%, 0.5% and optional a spot of composite additive.
Can be through the base fixed of expectation be compared to confirm these ratios with the fuel value with respect to by the amount of the energy that already used known compositions provided of fuel element.
Can this blended, stable fuel unit mixture be envisioned as the fluid of dynamic stabilization, wherein each explosive component molecule all is present in the cage, and the bar of cage is processed by the homogeneous solvent molecule with high relatively moment of dipole.For example, acetone has the moment of dipole of about 2.88D, and methyl alcohol, ethanol and other lower alcohols (for example, having four or carbon still less) have the moment of dipole of about 1.65-1.7D.The fuel molecule of this dynamic stabilization; Because the mixing of deflagrability and explosive reaction when its structure and burning; So have the heat more energy of measuring with kilocalorie or BTU than independent component, this is because at least a portion fuel is blasted in the limited space in mover.If igniting is opened, explosive action rapid diffusion, supersonic subsequently diffusional limitation are ordered about the detonation aspect and are surpassed stable blast restriction.In other words, reaction chain can maintain in the scope of mover, but when opening, can not continue.
The molecular composition that cage is moved by the kinetics with one-component, high dipole energy, dense solvent such as methyl alcohol (or the mixture of alcohol, with vp or other parameters of adjustment expection mover).Under simple scenario; We have synthetic, based on the fuel of non-crude oil; This fuel comprises the component of two kinds of qualifications: solute (cage) and solvent (for example, methyl alcohol, ethanol, butanols, propyl alcohol, their isomer or their combination) and explosive fuel element.In one embodiment; Fuel mixture is different from the for example mixture of gasoline and diesel oil probably; It is made by thermal distillation crude oil, mainly contains the hydrocarbon with chain and other structures (for example aromatic substance) of unknown ratio, and said chain all contains 4 to 80 carbon with other structures.
Also can through introduce itself than petroleum products more the processing additive of environmental protection wait the aspect of introducing more environmental protection; For example produce product through further comprising sanitising agent; Said sanitising agent is processed through the phosphorylation of discarded glycerine, and said discarded glycerine is from the esterification that is used for generating the lipid acid of biofuel from the fat or the oil in edible oil or other any animal or plant sources.
III. strengthen the propellant combination of mechanical energy output
For any oil engine, in case made, its optimum performance is just fixing.In fact, the environment through improving mover (for example, gentlier or more the car body of aerodynamic) can be realized the post-processed effect.But at the mover that uses, this point can not easily be accomplished for now.For this basis of having set up, a mode of raising the efficiency is to change its burnt fuel.For any given design of oil engine, the optimum operation combination of temperature and compression pressure is arranged all.For any given fuel of incendiary in ICE, best efficiency of combustion is all arranged, equal and no more than will be hot by the successful fuel combustion of mover conversion.Remaining hot is considered to " used heat ", and it can change envrionment temperature, especially engine temperature.The general instruction of traditional view should discharge these used heat.
As stated, the applicant has recognized the importance that reduces the ratio of the additive (and plural components) that makes up with basic ignitable fuel.As noted above, this reduction realizes that through the approximate number magnitude significant energy increases, " minimum " value of instructing before many independent sub-components of its explosive fuel element through using fuel mixture 1/10th or still less realize.This increase realizes long-range output, and it can explain that it is opposite that itself and prior art are predicted through the fuel value difference between basic ignitable fuel component and the additive.At least one new factor does not meet the linear predictable property of using.
In further test, run into second and more in some aspects uncertain difference.This is the importances and value place of the service temperature that keeps reacting among the ICE, keeps the combustion heat to be higher than the combustion heat that the compsn element through independent combustion additive is produced.This viewpoint that departs from tradition without doubt, traditional view think that the higher heat of ICE operation means more losses of efficiency of combustion, because higher observed temperature shows lower thermo-efficiency, because of its combustion heat energy that is converted into merit with low ratio is associated.
This two species diversity can only be through with the explanation of getting off: the function of recognizing explosive component additive is the compensation that combustion heat loss of energy is higher than explode the release of potential; But; Only when having correct component ratio and optimum operation condition (for example, temperature and pressure).In other words; So-called seemingly " wasted energy " used by the reaction of the aflame explosive additive of basic ignitable fuel component, its discharge higher energy source of potential energy (potential source of energy)---the blast potential energy of explosive fuel element is added in the ignition energy.
Under controlled condition, use resistance dynamometer and in real world, use on through the road and test with assessment and understand the performance of propellant combination compsn better.Difference between predictor and the expected value and some unexpected (for example discovery; Through standing envrionment conditions; In other words, be not the condition of laboratory controlled, but on the way with the temperature that stands arbitrarily to arrange; Perhaps crossing over landform when driving, the standard in the variation in needing from the compression of the inclined-plane that changes (upper and lower the two) moves) important data and explanation be provided.In addition, the variation of employed oil engine (for example, automobile, light truck, semitrailer, diesel oil and gasoline) has promoted the better understanding to composition effect.From any one field (for example; The blast potential energy of the thermo-efficiency of flammable diesel oil, subfraction, the solvability of reaction and miscibility, ICE design) carries out linear extrapolation; These extrapolations can not predict the outcome and data, because can not be introduced understanding more deeply any development of the behavior of the compsn of fuel mixture and mixture.
Further experiment not only discloses the compsn that is used for fuel unit, and through combustion processes, it produces higher efficient, also discloses the opinion about the possibility that obtains these results during the course than separately.Viewed result shows strongly and has concerted reaction, that is to say, when two kinds or more kinds of matter interaction, it produces compound action, and this compound action is higher than their summation of effect separately.
Therefore, an embodiment in the disclosure comprises the fuel unit that is ready to use in the oil engine, and its establishment also keeps the operation lower limit of stable temperature and pressure.This fuel unit comprises basic ignitable fuel (for example, common motor spirit such as diesel oil, gasoline, methyl alcohol, ethanol or its combination), uses fuel mixture to wherein having added the core polar material with stable and enhancing.The core polar material comprises explosive component, much has the analogous composition that is similar to above-mentioned explosive fuel element.
Core polar material itself possibly contain stable usefulness but the combustible compound of some ratios; But under any circumstance comprise at least a not for the flammable polar protic compound of water (alcohol that for example has 4 following carbon), at least two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds (for example; Acetone and Nitromethane 99Min.) and at least a nitroparaffins compound (for example, nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl).Preferably, the ratio of non-polarity proton component and polar protic component and nitroparaffins is about 13: 20: 2 (referring to Fig. 7) in the core polar material.Think the function of aprotic, polar component and polar protic component for the encapsulation tool explosive and unsettled nitroparaffins component or with in its cage of packing into.
Stable and strengthen stable usefulness but the combustible compound that can comprise some ratios with fuel mixture, at least a non-polar molecule (for example petroleum distillate and benzene derivative) and a kind of blast enhancing are with compound (for example, nitroparaffins).Stable can store separately and transport and do not have an explosion hazard with combustible cpd, with after basic ignitable fuel mixes, non-polar compound makes core polar material maintenance and being dispersed in the propellant combination.When synthol is used for ICE, believe that non-polar component overcomes the mixing limitation of basic ignitable fuel, to increase blast potential energy.Hereinafter propellant combination is called synthol, but is to be understood that basic ignitable fuel may not leave no choice but from synthetic source (for example, can be from crude oil processing diesel oil or gasoline).
A. the function of synthol
In peak compression constantly, ICE starts the deflagrability burning of basic ignitable fuel (it is petroleum based fuels in preferred embodiments).Think that detonation starts immediately and keeps coming self stabilization and strengthen with the compound of fuel mixture and from the solubilizing reaction between the compound of core polar material.Detonation burning and solubilizing reaction can start the explosive reaction of nitroparaffins compound together, and therefore release is included in the blast potential energy in the nitroparaffins.
According to thinking when nitroparaffins and polar protic and aprotic compound exist; Synthol stable and the combination that strengthens with the combination of fuel mixture and core polar material and they and basic ignitable fuel can influence the kinetics molecule " cage " in gained solution or the mixture, its isolation and comprising and so stably stored and the explosivity potentially of Nitromethane 99Min. compound when transporting.Ratio disclosed herein and volume are: can replace with motion and its peers through the molecular diffusion of routine although form the specific molecular of " bar " of cage; But ongoing chemical reaction will keep the dispersion and the structure of the nitroparaffins compound in the synthol, be used among the ICE up to synthol.
When (for example with the synthol unit; Basis ignitable fuel, core polar material and stable and strengthen use fuel mixture) when being used for ICE; Think that 1/4 used heat will supply the heat absorption solubilizing reaction between polar protic compound and the aprotic compound required heat synergistically, said used heat from basic ignitable fuel with stable with but the burning of combustible compound.Think that the solubilizing reaction of heat absorption possibly not relate to the nitroparaffins compound at first.This heat absorption solvation can be passed through ICE optimum operation temperature and power stroke compression ratio and time (more heat, less pressure; Less heat, more pressure) synergistic mechanism in (step is accomplished mechanism, and the fracture and the formation of key take place basically simultaneously) takes place.This then heat absorption solvation promotes the nitroparaffins blast synergistically, and its response in same heat/pressure combination makes blasts, thereby discharges the blast potential energy of nitroparaffins compound.Because this blast potential energy is significantly greater than the nitroparaffins compound getable combustion heat energy that only burns, so the release of this blast potential energy has replenished the mechanical energy (referring to the test data of Fig. 6) that produces in the thermal process.
According to thinking, the moment of dipole of polar protic compound (for example methyl alcohol) makes and is gathered into the cage of stablizing usefulness that its stable nitroparaffins compound is when burning.In addition, polar protic compound exists with other subfractions of stoichiometric ratio and synthol jointly, and they can (for example react each other like this; In pairs); The core polar material participates in the solvation of electropositive substance through the negative dipole of aprotic compound (for example, acetone and Nitromethane 99Min.) synergistically, therefore can start the explosivity release from the Nitromethane 99Min. of power molecular cage; Generation is with detonation velocity progressive pressure wave; Be evaluated as about 18 times of combustion wave, perhaps produce wave of explosion, it is about 100 times or more of combustion wave.Momentum transfer with the product of explosive reaction and transfer to cylinder and piston head, drives the combination of gained power stroke and some heat and blast ability to burning.When having synthol, discharge, then generally do not relate to the combination again of precise time and transition molecule and the response of explosion product as long as have measurable and measurable energy.
B. the effect of viewed synthol
Viewed synthol act as among the ICE release that the strict heat energy than the burning potential energy through each component of synthol calculates the more energy as a result that can calculate.It is impossible that this should not be understood that, and should be as having the unknown in advance factor or the detection evidence of reaction.In other words, follow synthol that other effect has also taken place, and be not only burning.
The energy productive rate of the every gram of explosion time TNT is 4,184 joules, its 2,724 joules of when TNT burns, producing.In a complex reaction.As long as surpassed the excitation energy of second process (for example, blast) from the resolution of first process (for example, burning); And immediate component and its condition of maintenance of existing; But with regard to supporting reactions chain (Combustion, Irving Glasser and Richard A.Yetter, the 4th edition;
2008; Elsevier press, ISBN 978-0-12-088573-2, the 46th page).Because the great majority burning all produces heat (heat release), so as long as the explosive reaction that can obtain heat from the external world even can support to absorb heat.Think that it is followed the present invention and solvation and explosive reaction after wherein enough starting from incendiary heat energy take place in the present invention.
The power stroke of ICE is that the gained blast provides two bufferings.At first, the products of combustion of primary fuel is than the big many orders of magnitude of energy of explosion product.The kinetic energy of nitroparaffins compound blast is by " place mat " like this, thereby even its help raising speed to improve the kinetic energy of products of combustion.Second buffering is from the motion of piston; It produces bigger volume in cylinder in power stroke, therefore allow to blast and do not produce " collision ", because the heading of piston makes the desired volumetric expansion of generation (referring to Glasser; Above-mentioned, the 262nd, the 286-287 page or leaf) (Fig. 2).
C. compound in the synthol and ratio thereof
In exemplary of the present invention and alternate embodiment and the shown scope of this paper, basic ignitable fuel can be synthol (for example ethanol, methyl alcohol) or petroleum based fuels (for example diesel oil # 1, diesel oil # 2, biofuel, gasoline).Preferred petroleum based fuels in some embodiments, but also can use other basic ignitable fuels (for example alcohol, like methyl alcohol or ethanol) certainly.
In a preferred embodiment, the core polar material is mixed with about equal-volume with fuel mixture with stable and enhancing, mix (Fig. 4) with basic ignitable fuel afterwards.So core polar material and ratio of mixture stable and that strengthen between the use fuel mixture respectively are 1/2nd.But blended core polar material and stable and to strengthen with the ratio of mixture between fuel mixture and the basic ignitable fuel be very rare ratio, this ratio is 1000 parts of basic ignitable fuels of about 1 part of ratio.Therefore, the core polar material respectively constitutes 2000 parts of portions in the synthol with stable and enhancing with fuel mixture, and basic ignitable fuel constitutes 1998 parts of synthol.Certainly, also can be other thinning ratios (for example, at least about 1: 10, about 1: 100 to about 1: 2000, greater than 1: 1000, greater than 1: 2000, about 1: 500 to about 1: 1000 or about 1: 500 to about 1: 2000).
Because rarer mixture does not almost have or does not have added benefit to increase rendeing a service (because environment heat rejection deficiency can drive extra secondary reaction), so thinning ratio is preferably at least about 1: 100 (for example 1: 100 to 1: 2000) and preceding text in the middle of those disclosed in the optimum scope of ratio.
In an alternate embodiment; The core polar material uses the mixture of fuel mixture to stablize than about 3 parts for about 1 part of core polar material with stable and enhancing and uses mixtures; So that the core polar material accounts for about 1/4 of intermediate blend; Stable and strengthen with fuel mixture and account for the about 3/4 of intermediate blend, this intermediate blend will mix with about 1: 1000 (or other thinning ratios) with basic ignitable fuel again.
In a preferred embodiment, the core polar material comprises following component with following approximately ratio:
An alternate embodiment is:
Can add minute quantity with similar other functional additives (for example, inhibiter, washing composition and/or inhibitor) of previous embodiments.
Can in any embodiment of core polar material, add other functional additives according to prior art, like the inhibiter in the preferred embodiment, washing composition and/or inhibitor.
Acetone is an instance that can be included in the non-proton component in the core polar material.As previously mentioned, Fig. 1 shows as the function of acetone consumption in the diesel oil and the curve D of the mpg that increases." D " curve reaches peak value when consumption is about 1.5 to 2 oz fls, mileage has increased by 20%.This is corresponding to the about 1171ppm acetone in the diesel oil.The concentration of acetone can be significantly different in this propellant combination.For example, in one embodiment, the concentration of acetone is about 2375ppm, this embodiment comprise 3/4 part stable and strengthen with fuel mixture and 1/4 part of core polar material, they again with basic ignitable fuel with about 1 part: 1000 parts of basic ignitable fuels mix.In an alternate embodiment, available basic ignitable fuel diluted with about 1: 500, and double acetone or about 4750ppm acetone are provided.Unhoped-for result is that mpg has increased by 50% (deriving from rountrip); This is because the fuel that another of prior art adds 1171ppm acetone only increases relevant with 20% mpg; And in higher ppm scope (for example in the scope at 2000-5000ppm), acetone concentration is actual relevant with the MPG degradation.
A kind of exemplary stable and strengthen can monopoly trademark-Monster Diesel with fuel mixture
TMCommercial, it roughly comprises:
An alternate embodiment is:
According to an embodiment, said preparation can change in following approximately proportional range:
And in another embodiment of the present disclosure, this ratio can be owing to the stable usefulness of basic ignitable fuel, core substance combustible compound, stable with strengthen that any one different choice with fuel mixture or above-mentioned factor changes and can be significantly different.When one in these flammable subdivisions or all be that the ratio of synthol just can change when polar ignitable fuel (biological example diesel oil) was arranged.At first; With core polar material, stable and strengthen mixture with fuel mixture and basic ignitable fuel (biological example diesel oil) (the core polar material is about 1/10 of an intermediate product so with about 1: 1: 8 ratio mixing; Stable and to strengthen with fuel mixture also be the about 1/10 of intermediate product, the polarity biofuel be intermediate product about 8/10).Then, this intermediate product is mixed with about 1: 100 ratio with basic ignitable fuel (biofuel), the core polar material that this means intermediate product with stable with 1% (for example separately about 0.1%) of mixture part less than gained mixing synthol.Intermediate product is about 1% (but its about 80% be biofuel) of mixing synthol.Available diesel oil is 1: 100 with this intermediate product (" intelligent diesel oil " in the following table) dilution, and to form " treated diesel oil " product, this product makes the MPG of vehicle increase by 2 times of as many as.Be 1 part of exemplary intelligent diesel-dope below than about 100 parts of diesel oil or biofuel (for example, deriving from soybean) for dilution.
Can be used as and treat that preparing the core polar material with basic ignitable fuel blended additive or a pair of additive uses fuel mixture with stable and enhancing.But,, take measures before any that so must be in core polar material and other subunits or two kinds mix, to eliminate the danger that it explodes in transportation and storage process if the two separates.
Also can through in synthol or additive precursor, introduce itself recently from the product of oil more extra a small amount of (by volume) additive of environmental protection introduce the aspect of other environmental protection.For example; A kind of method is the detergent product that exploitation is used for fuel mixture; Said detergent product is processed through making useless Phosphoric acid glycerol estersization, and said useless glycerine is from being used for from edible oil or former any fat or the oily esterification that produces the lipid acid of biofuel of animal or plant.
Usually, the additive in rare synthol maybe be not exclusively useful, because minor components is mixed (for example, the core polar material is with stable and strengthen with each 1000 parts of basic ignitable fuel of 1 part of ratio of mixture) with a large amount of basic ignitable fuels.Especially, the carbon accumulation in the fuel system can be removed some components in the additive.And a kind of or more kinds of component can preferably be absorbed by carbon, changes the ratio of component and keeps the threshold concentration of said component to make the realization overall performance improve.Another factor possibly be that excess of fuel transports recirculating of system from fuel injection and gets back to the hold-up vessel.Thereby this make component transport more than once with fuel system in any carbon of anchoring on the element contact, this can enlarge aforementioned properties reduction effect.
A solution of this problem is before using synthetic propellant combination, to remove carbon elimination through chemical process.Commodity Monster Diesel
TMLittle by little remove carbon elimination and stop new carbon laydown.Have been found that the improvement performance aspect fuel economy is reused or sustainable utilization.But, possibly or provide the system that repeatedly transports to clean to mover that a large amount of carbon laydowns are arranged.
In one embodiment, can and stablize and strengthen biofuel or other basic ignitable fuels and commodity core polar material with mixture (for example, Monster Diesel
TM) mix with the less extent of dilution of about 1: 100 (substituting about 1: 1000).This " stronger " preparation will help to make additive can use until having eliminated any carbon laydown.
In another embodiment, can directly force agent to add in the compression cycle of Otto cycle engine this, but not and fuel mix.At compression stage, air admission cylinder, Piston Compression air.
The ratio of air/fuel shown in the following table and other data.In the present invention; PM in concentrating circulation, inject concentrate synthol (extent of dilution 1: 100) 28/100 enriched material to obtain the concentration of air 17 parts/1,000,000 (WAV), PM injects 0.22 gallon of #2 diesel oil and is equal to delivery rate with 0.22gpm to add extent of dilution to firing stroke be the #2 diesel oil of 1: 1000 (" the Cool Fuel " of following table) then.
* represent 567cfm air=42.6 pound air
Cold fuel l: 1000v/v
The common usage quantity of *
Adopt the field test data to produce the thermo-efficiency shown in the table.Resistance dynamometer test like the diesel motor of report in Fig. 5 and 6 has obtained than those the higher thermo-efficiency shown in the last table.Adopt diesel-engine vehicles to carry out field test, said vehicle adopts and 80% biofuel, 10%Monster Diesel
TMWith 10%Cool Fuel enriched material with 1 part of said mixture than 100 parts of #2 diesel oil blended synthols.This contrast with through Monster Diesel
TMThe #2 diesel oil of handling is relevant.When covering temperature less than 60 ℃, in fact MPG has descended 17.4%.The lid temperature is between 60 ℃ and about 75 ℃ the time, and MPG has increased by 24.97%, and when covering temperature greater than about 75 ℃, MPG has increased by 95.5%.Vehicle stops to exercise the back and adopts the non-contact type IR temperature measuring device to measure temperature along the roadside.With regard to 1 of undressed diesel oil fuel and 21.5 miles per gallons: 1000Monster Diesel
TM, the MPG with vehicle is adjusted into baseline value 19.
The threshold point that reaction takes place is under a certain temperature and the temperature greater than this temperature.From the minimized position of loss, mover is usually designed in about 85 ℃ of down operations, about 85 ℃ near threshold temperature.Vehicle disposes liquid-cooling system (for example water) usually to remove excessive heat.When weather is hot, having a narrow range of temperature between mover and the envrionment temperature, engine gets hotter, vice versa.
Use synthetic propellant combination uses engine cool and carries out from restriction.Think that the existence of synthol enriched material is necessary but is not enough to when used heat changes into the thermo-efficiency of increase, provide improved performance.Seeming indifferent is to have how many excessive synthol enriched materials.But available waste heat must be with the enriched material synergy so that reaction takes place and completion as much as possible.And challenge is to stop waste heat loss in environment.This can flow to scatterer or remove the common completion of scatterer to scatterer or limit air through regulating coolant flow.Also possibility is helpful is the covering engine or the compartment that kills engine.Along with reaction takes place, it is cooled engine internally, thereby reduces available used heat.
Thermal measurement possibly be a method the most simply and the most reliably of measuring that required reaction takes place.In refrigerant, measure quality and the longest time of lag, thereby make thermal measurement have minimum response with continuity the real time of required reaction with maximum.The lid temperature that is used for above-mentioned data is better but also receive above-mentioned shock absorption influence than coolant temperature.Better measurement possibly be in the exhaust of the position before any exhaust gas cleaning device.The position that is occupied by oxygen sensor now is an optimum position of measuring temperature.When required reaction took place, exhaust temperature significantly descended.Fig. 6 A illustrates to reduce exhaust temperature (EGT) and cylinder head temperature (CHT) figure to the influence of monitoring required reaction generation.
Secondary reaction is added in the mover, in mover, be used to Carnot efficiency and add second-order term from incendiary used heat.In fact, secondary reaction is cooled engine internally, and it can help to limit or eliminate the thermal radiation from mover, to keep reaction as combining work embodiment said.For example, if outflow temperature is half the (as measuring with absolute scale (like Kelvin or Rankine)) of temperature of combustion, cycle efficiency will be 50% so.This is a maximum thermal efficiency, and is lower than this based on the actual efficiency of the oil engine of Otto cycle and diesel cycle.Embodiment of the present invention increase thermo-efficiency in two ways.First passes through coolant exhaust; It increases Carnot efficiency; But also has secondary reaction, because viewed result shows that efficient is cooled to mover constantly and is lower than that about 175 ℃ of lid temperature descend but not continues to increase with the further increase of the temperature difference between burning and the exhaust.It is opposite that viewed this phenomenon and Kano equation are predicted.
In oil engine, viewed about 25% thermo-efficiency is typical.It is corresponding to the exhaust temperature of about 1100 ° of F.Shown in Fig. 6 A, when secondary reaction took place, under 180 ° of F lid temperature, exhaust temperature exceeded about 50 ° of F to about 100 ° of F.Attention is under about 180 ° of F, and it is about 255 ° of F for exhaust, and the efficient that efficient comparable 25% is regulated in the Kano of the big temperature difference (255 ° of vs.1100 ° of F) exceeds about 15 points.But the measurement thermo-efficiency that actual observation is arrived even higher (for example about 60%)-higher by 40% than Kano forecasting efficiency.This is a unexpected result, and it shows two processes that taken place: Carnot efficiency and other process.Further evidence is to be lower than about 250 ° of F exhaust temperatures, decrease in efficiency along with temperature is cooled to.And if the Kano only takes place, efficient should further descend and improve along with exhaust temperature.At minimum cooling temperature (for example; Be lower than about 175 ° of F lid temperature, about 250 ° of F exhaust temperatures) under, the measurable efficient of efficient is regulated near 50% in the Kano; But alternate is, work embodiment shows that this efficient falls into the actual reduction of MPG (promptly be lower than vehicle launch efficient about 25%).
Value among Fig. 6 A is significant, because the common exhaust temperature of common vehicle is that about 800 ° of F are to about 1200 ° of F.The exhaust temperature of only about 255 ° of F is relevant with the important raising of the Carnot efficiency of being predicted, because Δ T is bigger.In addition, in fact, show, under these low temperatures, can not obtain enough energy and drive and the relevant secondary reaction of exploding in the fact that is lower than mileage decline under the lid temperature of about 140 ° of F.In case cylinder head rises to about 175 ° of F (for example, through shielding scatterer air flowing or make the coolant flowing slack-off), milimeter number efficient demonstrates remarkable increase as stated.As if this temperature drive the temperature correlation that the secondary reaction relevant with blast takes place with generation from basic fuel component incendiary used heat.
IV. the fuel explosive is used for mining and military applications
Explosive is a kind of material that comprises a large amount of storage power, and it expands suddenly after can producing blast, igniting, supervenes light, heat, sound and pressure usually.The dynamite charge thing is the explosive material of measured quantity.
The explosive that is used for war and mining at first is a black powder, invents in the China in 9th century.This material is to water sensitive and produce a large amount of black smokes.In 19th century, black powder is substituted (two of the back by Alfred Nobel (Alfred Nobel) invention) by soup, nitrocotton, smokeless powder, dynamite and gelignite.Being widely used of new explosive found in World War II.From then on, these explosives are substituted by modern explosive such as trotyl and C-4 to a great extent.
Dynamite is based on the explosive of the blast potential of soup, and it begins to adopt zeyssatite or another absorbent material such as sawdust as absorption agent.Dynamite is the strong controlled explosive of safety of ratio black powder the earliest.Think that dynamite is a high explosive, this means its blast but not detonation.And TNT is used as the standard of metering blast ability, and in fact, the energy density of dynamite goes out more than 60% than TNT is big.
Dynamite is mainly used in mining, quarrying and building industry, and is used for war in history, and is out-of-date but the unstable of soup (if especially receiving freezing) makes it use modern military.
Elementary detonator is little, responsive primary explosive device, generally is used to ignite more greatly, energy is more arranged but less sensitive secondary explosive such as TNT, dynamite or plastic explosive.Elementary detonator has broad variety, and wherein some comprise on-electric detonator, electrical detonator and fuze detonator.They are used for commercial mining and excavate.Electrical detonator passes through to the long line of capsular by the engine installation that produces current in short bursts and ignites to guarantee safety.Traditional fuze detonator has the fuse that can be lighted.
Generation need be because the sensitive question of explosive compound to elementary capsular.All explosive compounds all need certain quantity of energy to ignite.If explosive is too responsive, it possibly explode unexpectedly so, if therefore most of commercial explosives all are mixed with stable, operational safety and all of a sudden fall, mishandle or be exposed in the fire and can not explode.Yet this explosive (being called secondary explosive) is difficult to ignite wittingly.Detonating primer comprises the explosive that is easy to ignite, and this explosive provides the initial activation energy in more stable explosive, to start blast.Detonating primer separate storage and not inserting in the main fried fill before using guarantees main fill safety.
A. the classification of explosive
Make material have explosivity different reasons and condition are arranged.Explosive material is classified according to the type that reaction takes place usually; Be divided into the chemical reaction explosive that comprises the significant amount of energy that is stored in the chemical bond as the one of which or be divided into low blasting powders or high explosive according to its rate of combustion: low blasting powders burns rapidly (or detonation), and the high explosive blast.Below be the concrete classification of explosive reaction:
Decompose: the decomposition of explosive possibly need the part of several years, several days, several hours or a second.In storage process, what decomposition course took place is interesting from the viewpoint of stability more slowly and only.More interesting is two kinds of quick decomposition forms: detonation and blast.
Detonation: in detonation, the decomposition of explosive material is carried out through flame front, forms contrast with blast, and flame front slowly moves through explosive material.Detonation is the character of low blasting powders material.
Blast: this term is used to describe explosion phenomenon, wherein decomposes and passes through explosive material through explosion wave and carry out.The shockwave leading edge can be with fast speed (being generally several thousand meter per seconds) through the high explosive material.
External: except chemical explosive, also there are various more external explosive materials, and the theoretical method that causes blast.Instance comprises nuclear explosives, antimatter and with high-density laser or electric arc material is heated to plasma state suddenly.
B. high explosive and low blasting powders
Can classify to explosive material through its speed of expansion.Think that the material of blast (it is faster than the speed of sound to explode) is a high energy material, think that the material of detonation is low quick-fried material.Also can classify to explosive through its susceptibility.Can be primary explosive by the sensitive material that the heat of relatively small amount or pressure are lighted, the material of relative insensitivity be a secondary explosive.The potential energy of explosive is lower than oil fuel usually, but high-speed the making that they release energy produces huge pressure of explosion.With the detonation velocity of pentane-air mixture be 1680m/s with air in the stoichiometric calculation flame velocity of gasoline combustion be that 0.34m/s compares, the detonation velocity of TNT is 6940m/s.
The performance of explosive shows the classification that it falls into.In some cases, can make explosive fall into arbitrary classification through its condition that begins.With enough big amount, nearly all low blasting powders can be gone through the conversion (DDT) of detonation to blast.For convenience's sake, low blasting powders and high explosive can through transportation and store to classify and distinguish.
Chemical explosive is a compounds or mixture, and it decomposes at a terrific speed in heat application or impact application or resets, and produces a large amount of gases and heat.The many materials that are not categorized as explosive routinely can be done one or two in these things.For example, under high temperature (for example greater than about 2000 ℃), can make the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen react the feasible gaseous product nitrogen protoxide that produces at a terrific speed.And this mixture is not an explosive, because it does not produce heat, but absorbs heat.
N
2+ O
2Every mole of N of → 2NO-
243,200 calories (or 180kJ).
For explosive chemical, its show following all: rapid expansion (being rapid gas generating or rapid heating surrounding environment), produce heat, rapid reaction and initiation reaction.
Low blasting powders is the compound that its speed of decomposing through material is lower than the speed of sound.Decomposition is carried out through compare the flame front of propagating more slowly (detonation) with the shockwave of high explosive.Under usual conditions, low blasting powders is with the speed generation detonation of several cels to about 400 meter per seconds.They are detonation very rapidly, produces the effect that is similar to blast.This can take place under high pressure or high-temperature, takes place when it is lighted in enclosed space usually.Low blasting powders normally decomposes the combustiblesubstance and the hopcalite of (detonation) fast; But they compare burning more lentamente than the high explosive with the rate of combustion of being exceedingly fast.Low blasting powders is usually as propelling agent.What be contained in such is gunpowder and light pyrotechnics, like torch and fireworks.
High explosive is the explosive material of blast, means the blast impulse leading edge and passes through material with supersonic velocity.High explosive is with the about 3000 detonation velocity speed blasts to about 9,000 meter per seconds.They are generally used for mining, demolition and military applications.
C. the essential property of explosive
Power: when being used for explosive, term power or performance are meant its work capacity.In fact, its those ability that is defined as that explosive accomplishes that it is intended to accomplish with the mode of energy transport (being debris emission, air shooting, high-density injection, underwater shock and bubble energy etc.).Through a series of special tests explosive power or performance are estimated the material that is used for its desired use with evaluation.For the following test of listing, for most of test events, commonly cylinder expands and tests and the air shooting test, and other support application-specific.
The cylinder test of expanding: the explosive of normal content is filled in the long hollow cylinder (normally copper), and blast at one end.Collection is about the data of cylinder radial swelling speed and maximum in-cylinder wall speed.It also sets up Gurney energy or 2E.
Cylinder fragment: fill the Standard Steel cylinder and in the sawdust groove, explode with explosive.Collect fragment and analyze distribution of sizes.
Pressure of explosion (Chapman-Jouguet condition): the pressure of explosion data derive from the shockwave of measuring through in explosive-filled detonation propagation to the water of standard-sized cylinder.
The mensuration of critical diameter: the minimum physical size of the weighting material of keeping the necessary specific explosive of itself wave of explosion has been set up in this test.The weighting material that this method relates to a series of different diameters that explode is difficult to propagate until observing wave of explosion.
The limit diameter detonation velocity: detonation velocity depends on tamped density, weighting material diameter and particle diameter.Be used to predict that the explosive fluids kinetic theory of explosion phenomenon does not comprise the diameter of weighting material, and therefore do not comprise the detonation velocity of the imaginary weighting material of limit diameter.This method need have equal densities and physical structure but a series of weighting materials to be lighted of different diameter, and the gained detonation velocity of being inferred is used to predict the detonation velocity of the weighting material with limit diameter.
Pressure vs gauge length: blast has the weighting material of specific dimensions and under gauge length, measures its pressure effect.The value and the TNT of gained are made comparisons.
Impact the vs gauge length: blast has the weighting material of specific dimensions and under gauge length, measures it and impact (area under pressure time curve).Represent with gained result tabulation and with the TNT equivalent.
Relative bubble energy (RBE): measure peak pressure, time constant, impact and energy at water shooting 5 to 50kg weighting materials and with the piezoelectricity gauge.
D. explosive train
Another characteristic of explosive material is in its explosive train that is present in device or system.An instance is the feasible booster explosive that ignites of pyrotechnics, and it causes main weighting material blast.
Avogadro's law points out that isopyknic all gas comprises the molecule of similar number under identical temperature and pressure condition.That is to say that a kind of molecular volume of gas equals the molecular volume of other gas arbitrarily.0 ℃ of molecular volume of depressing any gas with standard atmosphere all is about 22.4 liters.Therefore, for the soup reaction,
C
3H
5(NO
3)
3→3CO
2+2.5H
2O+1.5N
2+0.25O
2
1 mole of soup blast produces 3 moles of CO
2, 2.5 moles of H
2O, 1.5 moles of N
2With 0.25 mole of O
2, be gaseous phase.Because 1 molecular volume is the volume of 1 moles of gas, so the gas of 1 mole of soup generation 3+2.5+1.5+0.25=7.25 molecular volume; And 0 ℃ with barometric point under, in fact these molecular volumes form volume is the gas that 7.25 * 22.4=162.4 rises.
Simply begin based on this, can find the volume of explosion product of the explosive of measurable any amount.In addition, relate to the Avogadro's law of perfect gas, also can calculate the volume of explosion product under any temperature through employing.This law shows, under constant pressure, 1 ℃ of the every rising of temperature, perfect gas expand its in the time of 0 ℃ volume 1/273.15.
Explosive intensity: the potential of explosive be can be through deriving from its blast gas expand from its original volume heat insulationly and reduce to the total work that carries out when barometric point and its temperature are reduced to 15 ℃ until its pressure.Therefore, potential is the hotlist that under constant volume, the discharges total amount when being shown equivalent power unit, and is the observed value of explosive intensity.
E. incendiary projectile
Solidifying gasoline leads one group of chemist to develop in Harvard University in 1942 to nineteen forty-three by chemistry professor Louis F.Fieser.Louis F.Fieser is famous because of its organic chemistry research in Harvard University, and these researchs cause the synthetic of hormone KE.Powdered aluminium soap through mixing naphthalene and cetylate (sfass of 16 carbon)-be also referred to as naphthoic acid and palmitinic acid-be that solidifying gasoline is prepared the solidifying gasoline that is used for bomb and flame thrower.Naphthoic acid is the etching reagent that is shown in the crude oil; Palmitinic acid is the natural lipid acid that exists in Oleum Cocois.In itself, naphthalene and cetylate are harmless relatively materials.
The aluminium soap of naphthalene and palmitinic acid change into the viscosity slurry with gasoline, and the viscosity slurry sprays fartherly and burning more lentamente under higher temperature.Aluminum mixture soap powder end has produced brown viscosity slurry with gasoline, and brown viscosity slurry burns than raw gasline more lentamente, and therefore more effective when lighting target compound.Than combustionmaterial weapon before, solidifying gasoline is propagated fartherly, with the target compound adhesion, burns more for a long time and safer for its implementer, because it falls aircraft below more distant place and blast.Its manufacturing expenses are also cheap.
At present, " solidifying gasoline " do not use any solidifying gasoline (naphthalene or cetylate)-alternate to be to use the mixture of PS, gasoline and benzene.After the Korean War, developed a kind of safe but equal effectively solidifying gasoline compound.This new preparation is called " solidifying gasoline-B ", super solidifying gasoline or NP2.PS is used as solvent with benzene so that gasoline solidifies or becomes gel.This modern times solidifying gasoline is the mixture of benzene (21%), gasoline (33%) and PS (46%).Benzene is the usual component (about 2%) of gasoline, can be identical with the fuel that is used for automobile and be used for the gasoline of solidifying gasoline.
Solidifying gasoline-B has a huge advantage-igniting that is superior to initial solidifying gasoline and is easy to control.Solidifying gasoline-B compares nonflammable so dangerous lower with gasoline.PS in the mixture is many more, is not easy more to ignite.In fact, solidifying gasoline-B compares more being difficult to of being expected and ignites.Match even the illumination torch solidifying gasoline-B that all can't ignite.Lighter for ignition (for example thermite) is used to the solidifying gasoline-B that ignites reliably.The modern solidifying gasoline of some forms even can not be lighted by grenade.
Mark 77 bombs (MK-77) are U.S. 750-pound (340kg) aerial incendiary bombs that carries 110 USG Fuel gel mixtures, and it is the direct successor of solidifying gasoline.
The U.S. adopts solidifying gasoline-B during Vietnam War.The MK-77 bomb is the primary combustion thing weapon that US military uses at present.MK-77 adopts the keryl fuel with lower concentration benzene to substitute gasoline, PS and the benzol mixture that is used for napalm bomb.U.S. Department of Defense claims that MK-77 is littler than solidifying gasoline to the influence of environment.The mixture of being reported also comprises oxygenant and white phosphorus, in a single day it is just lighted more be difficult to extinguish.
Those of the influence of MK-77 bomb and solidifying gasoline so similar so that even many members of U.S. Department of Defense all continue to be referred to as " solidifying gasoline " bomb in unofficial occasion.Official's called after of Vietnam-period napalm bomb is Mark 47.Solidifying gasoline is used for during the Gulf War of Persian.Marine corps has cast 500 MK-77 that have an appointment and has been used for the Gulf War, and MK-77 mainly transports from low relatively height through the AV-8 sparrow hawk.In operating process, sandstorm MK-77 is used to light the fiery ditch that is filled with Iraq's oil, and this fire ditch is a part that is implemented in the barrier of southern Kuwait.
In the specific conventional weapon agreement of 1980 United Nations's pacts III, forbid common people's (military target that comprises the favela) are used aerial incendiary bomb.But the U.S. has kept the right of the military target of favela being used the combustionmaterial weapon, thinks and compare with alternative weapon that its use will cause less loss of life and personal injury and/or less indirect injury.
F. use the exemplary invention explosive train of synthol
Above-mentioned synthol mixture can be used for military explosive or commercial explosives.For example, in one embodiment, the thermal source of secondary explosive material that is used for being included in stable and combustible additive is from the blast of primary material (for example, basic ignitable fuel) but not burning.This elementary a kind of of fuel or combination and optional stablizer or explosive material of comprising.
In this embodiment, the traditional role of primary and secondary is put upside down.Elementary is the material of big volume, and secondary be the material of smaller size smaller.Elementary detonator (promptly elementary) is substituted by the primary combustion in the mover-bomb or one piece of dynamite, and secondary is explosive material, and it makes from the big mass gas of primary material incendiary and quickens driven plunger or bomb is provided or the devastating effect of explosive weighting material.Driving solvolytic reaction and the required heat of explosive reaction is provided by primary combustion.
With the primary of the prior art that faces and possibly be that maximum difference is the ratio that reduces secondary explosive material (and plural components), its increase with primary explosive ignitable fuel amount combines.It quantitatively is arranged side by side.This increase has reached those that can be explained by difference between the speed of primary explosive or ignitable fuel and secondary explosive that surpass far away, and this is desired on the contrary with prior art.At least one new factor that does not have linear predictable property is effective.
Therefore, an embodiment comprises the blended chemical explosive, and this explosive comprises through secondary stablizes and strengthen elementary basic explosive or the ignitable fuel of handling with fuel mixture, and makes up with the core polar material that is mixed with stablizer.This combination provides the explosive train of further combination to make and has formed composite explosive, and this explosive discharges and the shot array energy produces more effective detonation velocity to compare with the independent blast that can derive from primary explosive or ignitable fuel.Drive the blast of secondary heat absorption solvolytic reaction and core polar material from the heat energy of elementary basic explosive.Formation comprises the combinatorial chemistry explosive of said chemically stable with " cage ", and it protects secondary explosive material so that it exists in primary chemical fuel blast continued, and supports cage solvation and chemically bonded to start secondary explosive then from the heat of primary chemical fuel.Cage is used for being used to cause secondary blast to stablize explosive with the similar mode of the zeyssatite of dynamite and hotwork is elementary detonator.
As stated, core polar material itself can comprise stable usefulness but the combustible compound of some ratios, but comprises polar protic compound at least, at least two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds and nitroparaffins compound.Polar protic compound wraps into inside with nitroparaffins, and nitroparaffins itself are unstable and have a potential explosivity.In one embodiment, the mol ratio of polar protic (for example, methyl alcohol), first and second aprotic, polar (for example being respectively acetone and Nitromethane 99Min.) and nitroparaffins (like nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl) is preferably about 20: 3: 10: 2 (referring to Fig. 7).
Stable and strengthen stable usefulness but the combustible compound that also can comprise some ratios with fuel mixture, at least a non-polar compound (for example, petroleum distillate) and blast enhancing are with compound (nitroparaffins).Non-polar compound makes it possible to separate storage and transportation and does not have the danger of blast.Stablize and also can comprise polar compound (for example cresols, xylenol and other phenol) with fuel mixture; Polar compound help to make the core polar material with the synthol that obtains after basic ignitable fuel mixes in keep dispersion state because these components have overcome the miscibility restriction of basic ignitable fuel.
Think in storing and transporting; With regard to all nitroparaffins and polar protic and aprotic compound of existing; Stablize and strengthen combination with fuel mixture and core polar material; With and with the combination of basic ignitable fuel the dynamic (dynamical) molecule " cage " in gained solution or the mixture is worked, said " cage " thus separate and comprise and stablize the explosive Nitromethane 99Min. compound of potential.
When with the synthol unit (basic ignitable fuel, core polar material, stable and strengthen use fuel mixture) when being used as explosive train; Think from the basic ignitable fuel of burning with stable with but the used heat of fuel mixture at least about 1/4th partial synthesis fuel will be provided synergistically the required heat of heat absorption solvolytic reaction; Particularly between polar protic and the aprotic compound, even said heat absorption solvolytic reaction does not relate to initial nitroparaffins compound.This heat absorption solvolytic reaction takes place through the coordination system.Then; This heat absorption solvation produces explosive compound or produces the nitroparaffins compound from the nitroparaffins compound for the nitroparaffins compound synergistically; This nitroparaffins compound is reacted so that said blast takes place under identical heat/pressure combination, thereby discharges the explosive potential of nitroparaffins compound.
In an exemplary of the present disclosure, elementary ignitable fuel can be petroleum based fuels.Instance includes but not limited to gasoline, kerosene, benzene, petroleum distillate, oil fuel, rocket(engine)fuel (for example, 1,2,3,4 or 5) or its combination.
, can the core polar material be mixed with amount about equally with fuel mixture with stable and enhancing the description of synthol as before, mix with basic ignitable fuel afterwards.The ratio of mixture of mixing between intermediate and the basic ignitable fuel can be rare at least to about 1: 100 (for example, 1: 250,1: 500 or 1: 1000).In an alternate embodiment, core polar material and mixture stable and that strengthen between the use fuel mixture are 3 parts of 1 part of ratios, and its available basic ignitable fuel at least about 100 parts dilutes once more.In one embodiment, this extent of dilution can be for each part core polar material stable and strengthen and use fuel mixture with each part, about 100 parts of about 1000 parts of basic ignitable fuels extremely.According to concrete application, other thinning ratios can be about 250 to about 1000, about 250 to about 2000 or greater than 2000.
The core polar material can comprise with as above-mentioned about the identical preparation of synthol embodiment.Stable can comprise the identical preparation of describing with above-mentioned and synthol embodiment of synthol similarly with fuel mixture relatedly (for example, it can comprise Monster Diesel with strengthening
TM).
The core polar material is prepared into additive or a pair of additive treated with primary explosive or ignitable fuel combination with stable and enhancing with fuel mixture can be feasible.But, if the two separate, so should its with take measures before any one or the two of other subelements are mixed to eliminate the danger that the core polar material explodes in transportation and storage process.
An expection military applications of the present invention is to produce incendiary projectile such as MX-77 and increase explosion energy and therefore increase and send useful load through the present invention is incorporated into.
110 gallons of MK-77 incendiary projectiles 750 pounds (341Kg)
| Component | Percentage ratio | Kg | MJ/Kg | MJ |
| Benzene | 21 | 71.61 | 40.2 | 2879 |
| Gasoline | 33 | 112.53 | 47.3 | 5323 |
| PS | 46 | 0 | ||
| Amount to | 8201 |
Calorific value equivalent in every kg diesel oil of 8201MJ is 182 gallons (8201MJ/45MJ/kg).As shown in Figure 9, based on the resistance dynamometer test, the amount of the secondary explosive material of a stable use and combustible additive is the portion of about 500 parts of primary material, and primary material provides required heat or 46.5 fluid ounces.Can increase or reduce this amount and make that with secondary explosive material use is hot from getting of elementary blast with sufficient volume.
The explosive yield of a MK-77 bomb is 1.7 tons of TNT (8, the TNT of 201MJ/4.6MJ/Kg).The portion of secondary explosive material that can be through adding 46.5 fluid ounces stable with and combustible additive the explosive yield of MK-77 bomb is increased to 10 tons of TNT.E
xCelerator
TMIt is an instance of this material.
In following table, said mixture reference solidifying gasoline and E
xCelerator
TMAll numerals all equate with airborne pentane based on the wave of explosion speed of hypothesis solidifying gasoline.The present invention has produced the mixture of fuel and explosive, and it make to produce one type of detonation velocity greater than TNT and the new explosive that is equal to mutually with the speed of high explosive.
Usually the dynamite of selling is that about 20 centimetres (about 8 inches) are long, diameter is the about 2.5 centimetres forms that (1 inch), weight are the rod of about 1/4kg (about 1/2 pound).Also there are other sizes.Think that dynamite is a high explosive, this means the dynamite blast but not detonation.Although with the standard of TNT as the metering explosion energy, in fact, the energy density of dynamite exceeds more than 60% than TNT.
Explosion energy in dynamite rod be 2.1MJ and be contained in 1 part of zeyssatite at first and 3 parts of soup in.When 6 ounces of solidifying gasoline-B and 0.036 ounce of secondary explosive material and 0.036 ounce stable with and combustible additive (for example, as E
xCelerator
TMCan get) when mixing, can obtain the explosive yield identical with the dynamite rod.
The technician of field of fuel additives can adopt the information that is provided and produce fuel dope of the present invention and mixture.In addition, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the extension of said embodiment, for example substitute other material aborning and also drop in the scope that the disclosure instructed to obtain other end product different with mixture with the fuel dope of said embodiment.
Only if point out to clear from context, otherwise disclosed mixture with volume ratio.Volume is the volume under standard conditions, that is to say, the temperature of supposing material and environment is that about 25 ℃/68 ° F, pressure are about 1 standard atmospheric pressure (or every square centimeter 1013250 dyne, or 101325Pa or 14.696 pounds/square inch).
Two U.S. Patent applications submitting to before the inventor are all incorporated this paper by reference into; It is: be filed on February 1st, 2010, be entitled as " MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC FUELS THAT ENHANCE MECHANICAL ENERGY OUTPUT FROM ENGINES ", sequence number is No.12/658; 062 U.S. Patent application be filed on May 28th, 2010, be entitled as " SYNERGISTIC ALLY-REACTIVE SYNTHETIC FUEL THAT ENHANCES MECHANICAL ENERGY OUTPUTFROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ", sequence number is 12/802,093 U.S. Patent application.
Only if point out to clear from context, otherwise the noun that in specification sheets and claims, does not limit with numeral-classifier compound comprises plural referent.
Should also be understood that claim of the present invention can embody with other specific forms under the condition that does not break away from its spirit and principal character.Said embodiment should be interpreted as in all cases and be merely illustrative rather than restrictive.Therefore, scope of the present invention is by the accompanying claims explanation but not by aforementioned description explanation.All changes in equivalents of claims and the scope are included in its scope.
Brief description of drawings
For further illustrate more than the present invention with other advantage and characteristic, will be to the more detailed description of the present invention through appearing with reference to its specific embodiments, it is described in the accompanying drawings.Be to be understood that these accompanying drawings only describe typical embodiments of the present invention, therefore be not appreciated that it is restriction its scope.The present invention will carry out more detailed and concrete description and explanation through using accompanying drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 shows the middle limitation that adds the value of acetone of existing fuel (gasoline or diesel oil) of prior art subtend oil engine.Curve A, B, C show and use the influence of different gasoline to three kinds of different automobiles.The D curve is represented diesel oil fuel.
Fig. 2 schematically shows the salt crystalline and generally shows, and it shows the combination of atom in the salt or molecule.It shows a possibility form of basket structure molecule, and wherein explosive fuel molecule is by a pair of or single stable positioned alternate and separation with the fuel element molecule.
Fig. 3 shows another kind of possible schematic structure, and wherein explosive fuel element is contained in " cage " or encirclement by stable with fuel element.Cage can be and as shown in the figure comprises 5 and 6 or the lateral bucky-ball of other Polygonss (buckminster fullerenes (Buckminster fullerene));
Fig. 4 shows a kind of possible ratio of mixture that contains with the propellant combination of two kinds of binder components of basic ignitable fuel blended (stable with additive and core polar additive);
Fig. 5 shows and comprises the stable core polar additive and about 1 with additive and 1ppv with 1 part every volume (ppv) of diesel oil fuel as basic ignitable fuel; 000ppv diesel oil fuel blended fuel mixture with comprise 1 part the stable resistance dynamometer test result that the fuel mixture of coreless polar additive compares with the diesel oil fuel of additive and 1,000 part of every volume;
Fig. 6 shows and comprises the stable core polar additive and about 1 with additive and 1ppv with 1ppv of diesel oil fuel as basic ignitable fuel; 000ppv diesel oil fuel blended fuel mixture with comprise the stable of 1ppv, the diesel oil fuel of 000ppv and average horsepower result in 10 seconds interval that the fuel mixture of coreless polar additive compares with additive and 1;
Fig. 6 A shows the road test result who measures cylinder head temperature and exhaust temperature;
Fig. 7 shows the exemplary mol ratio of the independent component that is included in the exemplary core polar material;
Fig. 8 shows the exemplary volume ratio of synthol or explosive train; Said synthol or explosive train contain basic combustiblesubstance and core polar material and stablize and strengthen the mixture with fuel mixture; Wherein the amount of core polar material is about 1ppv; Stable and enhancing uses the amount of fuel mixture to be about 1ppv, and the amount of basic ignitable fuel is about 1000ppv; And
Fig. 9 shows diesel oil fuel and 1ppv stable of the conduct basis ignitable fuel that contains the 1000ppv that has an appointment and strengthens the resistance dynamometer test result with the synthol of the core polar material of combustibleconstituents and 1ppv.
Claims (33)
1. a production is used for the method for the fuel unit of oil engine, and this method comprises:
Selection is treated the alternate petroleum based fuels and is confirmed its combustibility, performance and Energy value;
Selection has the polarity small molecule hydrocarbon of four or carbon atom still less and known detonation value as the stable fuel element of using; And
Said stable said known detonation value and the said said Energy value of alternate petroleum based fuels of treating with fuel element compared;
Calculate said stable with fuel element with respect to the said insufficient energy of treating the alternate petroleum based fuels, and
Form said fuel unit through mixing with a certain amount of explosive fuel element, said a certain amount of explosive fuel element will provide is enough to be equivalent to basically the said energy density of treating combustibility, performance and the Energy value of alternate petroleum based fuels.
2. the method for claim 1 is wherein mixed with a certain amount of selected said stablizing said explosive fuel element with fuel element, and making provides said explosive fuel element to transport stable form.
3. method as claimed in claim 2; The wherein said alternate petroleum based fuels of treating is a gasoline; Wherein said stablizing with fuel element is methyl alcohol; And said explosive fuel element comprises Nitromethane 99Min., nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone, and said Nitromethane 99Min., nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl and acetone are present in the said explosive fuel element with following volume ratio: about 2.5 to about every part of acetone of 3 parts of Nitromethane 99Min.s and about 1.5 to every part of acetone of about 2 parts of nitric acid 2-ethylhexyls.
4. method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said stable with fuel element be methyl alcohol and account for said fuel unit at least about 28.5 volume %.
5. method as claimed in claim 2, the said explosive fuel element of wherein said transportation stable form comprise about 20 mole, of methanol based on mole, about 10 moles of Nitromethane 99Min.s, about 2 molar nitric acid 2-ethylhexyls and about 3 mole of acetone.
6. method as claimed in claim 2, the wherein said alternate petroleum based fuels of treating is a gasoline, and said stablizing with fuel element is methyl alcohol, and the said explosive fuel element of said transportation stable form roughly comprises:
7. method as claimed in claim 6, wherein said explosive fuel element also comprises the composite additive that is used for inhibition.
8. method as claimed in claim 6; Wherein said fuel unit also comprises detergent additive; Said detergent additive is processed through making useless Phosphoric acid glycerol estersization, and said useless glycerine is from the esterification that is used for producing the lipid acid of biofuel from the fat or the oil of animal or plant-sourced.
9. treat and be used for the basic ignitable fuel blended of oil engine fuel dope that said fuel dope comprises for one kind:
The core polar material comprises:
Polar protic compound;
At least two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds; With
The nitroparaffins compound; With
Fuel mixture is used in stable and enhancing, comprises:
Non-polar compound; With
Blast strengthens uses compound;
Wherein, can with a at least said core polar material with a said stable and strengthen with fuel mixture add at least about in 10 parts of basic ignitable fuels to form the synthol mixture.
10. fuel dope as claimed in claim 9, wherein said core polar material roughly comprises by volume:
Methyl alcohol 42-48%;
Nitromethane 99Min. 24-30%;
Nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl 14-21%;
Acetone 8-11%.
11. fuel dope as claimed in claim 10 is wherein said stable and strengthen and roughly comprise by volume with fuel mixture:
12. a synthol that is used for oil engine, said fuel comprises:
The core polar material comprises:
Polar protic compound;
At least two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds; With
The nitroparaffins compound; And
Fuel mixture is used in stable and enhancing, comprises:
Non-polar compound; With
Blast strengthens uses compound; And
The basis ignitable fuel;
Wherein, with said core polar material with stable and strengthen with fuel mixture each at least portion be added to less in about 10 parts of said basic ignitable fuels.
13. synthol as claimed in claim 12, wherein said basic ignitable fuel is a petroleum based fuels.
14. synthol as claimed in claim 12 wherein adds said core polar material at least about in 1000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with each portion of fuel mixture with stable.
15. synthol as claimed in claim 12 wherein adds said core polar material at least about in 2000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with each portion of fuel mixture with stable.
16. synthol as claimed in claim 12 wherein adds about 500 to about 1000 part said basic ignitable fuels with stable with each portion of fuel mixture with said core polar material.
17. synthol as claimed in claim 12, wherein will a approximately said core polar material and about 3 parts saidly stablely add about 500 to about 2000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with fuel mixture.
18. synthol as claimed in claim 12; Wherein said basic ignitable fuel is the polarity biofuel; Said core polar material, the stable enhancing with the part of fuel mixture and said biofuel are mixed with the formation intermediate blend with about 1: 1: 8 ratio, then with said intermediate blend with mix at least about 100 parts of said biofuel.
19. synthol as claimed in claim 12 wherein adds said core polar material at least about in 100 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with each portion of fuel mixture with stable.
20. fuel dope as claimed in claim 9 or synthol as claimed in claim 12, wherein said two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds comprise acetone and Nitromethane 99Min..
21. fuel dope as claimed in claim 9 or synthol as claimed in claim 12, wherein said polar protic compound comprises methyl alcohol.
22. one kind is used to dig up mine or the explosive train of military applications, comprises:
Primary explosive, it comprises basic ignitable fuel;
A kind of or more kinds of oxidizing substance;
Secondary explosive, it comprises the core polar material and stablizes and strengthen and use mixture, and said core polar material comprises:
Polar protic compound;
At least two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds; With
The nitroparaffins compound;
Said stable and strengthen and comprise with mixture:
Non-polar compound; With
Blast strengthens uses compound;
It is respectively a at least with fuel mixture with stable enhancing that said secondary explosive comprises the said core polar material that joins at least about in 100 parts of said primary explosive basis ignitable fuels.
23. synthol as claimed in claim 12, or explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said core polar material roughly comprises by volume:
Methyl alcohol 42-48%;
Nitromethane 99Min. 24-30%;
Nitric acid 2-ethylhexyl 14-21%;
Acetone 8-11%.
24. synthol as claimed in claim 12, or explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said core polar material roughly comprises by volume:
25. explosive train as claimed in claim 22 wherein adds about 250 to about 2000 part said basic ignitable fuels with stable with each portion of fuel mixture with said core polar material.
26. explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein will a approximately said core polar material and about 3 parts saidly stablely add about 250 to about 1000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with fuel mixture.
27. explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein will a approximately said core polar material and about 3 parts saidly stablely add about 1000 to about 2000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels with fuel mixture.
28. explosive train as claimed in claim 22 wherein will a approximately said core polar material and about 3 parts of said stablizing with the fuel mixture adding at least about in 2000 parts of said basic ignitable fuels.
29. explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said basic ignitable fuel comprises gasoline, kerosene, benzene, petroleum distillate, oil fuel, jet fuel or its combination.
30. explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said two kinds of aprotic, polar compounds comprise acetone and Nitromethane 99Min..
31. explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said polar protic compound comprises methyl alcohol.
32. fuel dope as claimed in claim 9 or synthol as claimed in claim 12 or explosive train as claimed in claim 22, wherein said core polar material roughly comprises by volume:
33. method of in oil engine, using synthol as claimed in claim 12.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US65806210A | 2010-02-01 | 2010-02-01 | |
| US12/658,062 | 2010-02-01 | ||
| US12/802,093 | 2010-05-28 | ||
| US12/802,093 US20110185627A1 (en) | 2010-02-01 | 2010-05-28 | Synergistically-reactive synthetic fuel that enhances mechanical energy output from internal combustion engines |
| PCT/US2011/023388 WO2011094751A2 (en) | 2010-02-01 | 2011-02-01 | Synthetic fuels with enhanced mechanical energy output |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102844414A true CN102844414A (en) | 2012-12-26 |
Family
ID=44320217
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011800130372A Pending CN102844414A (en) | 2010-02-01 | 2011-02-01 | Synthetic fuels with enhanced mechanical energy output |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20110185627A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2531577A4 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN102844414A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2789354A1 (en) |
| CO (1) | CO6602131A2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011094751A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114804986A (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2022-07-29 | 安徽理工大学 | Strong-constraint high-power water gel explosive seismic explosive column |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102585929B (en) * | 2011-11-21 | 2014-07-30 | 王菊艳 | Carbon hydrogen fat gasoline for vehicle |
| DE112013003909T5 (en) * | 2012-08-06 | 2015-05-13 | Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc. | Fuel filter for removing soap contaminants from diesel fuel |
| WO2017214493A1 (en) * | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | Fueltek, Inc. | Hygroscopic fuel blends and processes for producing same |
| US10822563B2 (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2020-11-03 | Mathew M Zuckerman | Cylinder resident hydrolysis of olefins to petroleum gases |
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| CN1053809A (en) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-08-14 | 张慧书 | High-energy compound liquid fuel |
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| US4208190A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1980-06-17 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuels having anti-wear properties |
| US4294585A (en) * | 1980-09-22 | 1981-10-13 | Texaco Inc. | Novel fuel composition for internal combustion engine |
| US4417903A (en) * | 1982-10-15 | 1983-11-29 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuel composition |
| US4420311A (en) * | 1982-11-09 | 1983-12-13 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuel composition |
| US5141524A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1992-08-25 | Frank Gonzalez | Catalytic clean combustion promoter compositions for liquid fuels used in internal combustion engines |
| US5433756A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1995-07-18 | Gonzalez; Frank | Chemical clean combustion promoter compositions for liquid fuels used in compression ignition engines and spark ignition engines |
| US5688295A (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1997-11-18 | H. E. W. D. Enterprises-America, Inc. | Gasoline fuel additive |
| US5858030A (en) * | 1997-09-23 | 1999-01-12 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Diesel fuel composition comprising dialkoxy alkanes for increased cetane number |
| US20050044778A1 (en) * | 1997-12-08 | 2005-03-03 | Orr William C. | Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure |
| US20040060229A1 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2004-04-01 | Todd Thomas A. | Fuel additive systems |
| US20080202561A1 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2008-08-28 | Dumont Richard J | Methods and Compositions for Reducing Deposits In Engines Combusting Alcohol-Containing Fuels |
| CN100580065C (en) * | 2007-08-08 | 2010-01-13 | 鲁家政 | High content environmental protection alcohol ether fuel for vehicle |
| CN101100619B (en) * | 2007-08-08 | 2010-08-11 | 鲁家政 | High content environmental protection alcohol ether fuel additive for vehicle |
| US20090145392A1 (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2009-06-11 | Clark Richard Hugh | Fuel formulations |
-
2010
- 2010-05-28 US US12/802,093 patent/US20110185627A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-02-01 CA CA2789354A patent/CA2789354A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-02-01 US US13/576,262 patent/US20120297666A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-02-01 EP EP11737868.7A patent/EP2531577A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-02-01 CN CN2011800130372A patent/CN102844414A/en active Pending
- 2011-02-01 WO PCT/US2011/023388 patent/WO2011094751A2/en active Application Filing
-
2012
- 2012-08-30 CO CO12148515A patent/CO6602131A2/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1053809A (en) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-08-14 | 张慧书 | High-energy compound liquid fuel |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114804986A (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2022-07-29 | 安徽理工大学 | Strong-constraint high-power water gel explosive seismic explosive column |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CO6602131A2 (en) | 2013-01-18 |
| EP2531577A4 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
| WO2011094751A2 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| US20110185627A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| CA2789354A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| US20120297666A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
| WO2011094751A3 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
| EP2531577A2 (en) | 2012-12-12 |
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