CN102753995A - 用于就地烃处理的反射计实时远程感测 - Google Patents
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Abstract
公开用于感测为了烃的提取而被加热的地下地质层组中的条件的方法和装置。与明线传输线(12、14)结合的时域反射计(10)被实时采用以确定地质层组中的阻抗不连续性。这些阻抗不连续性与地质层组中的物理条件对应。明线传输线可包含进入地下地质层组或其它导体中的管，包括对开管井套管。该方法可在地下电磁传播的低频窗中操作。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及地下(subsurface)地质条件的实时感测。特别地，本发明涉及用于在烃的就地处理期间感测在地质层组中存在的物理条件的有利装置和方法。
背景技术
随着世界的标准原油储备耗尽并且因持续的油需求导致的油价上升，油生产商正尝试处理来自沥青矿石、油砂、沥青砂和重油沉积物的烃。常常在天然出现的砂和粘土的混合物中发现这些材料。由于沥青矿石、油砂、油页岩、沥青砂和重油的极高的粘度，因此，在提取标准原油时使用的钻孔(drilling)和精炼方法一般是不可用的。因此，从这些沉积物回收油需要加热以使烃与其它的地质材料分开并且使烃保持在它们会流动的温度下。虽然有时采用电气和射频加热，但是，一般使用蒸汽以提供该热量。加热和处理可在就地、或者在露天开采沉积物之后的另一位置进行。
在就地处理中，实时感测沉积物和/或井孔的条件是极其困难的。关于处理的阶段，例如，烃是否确实正在流动，常常存在不确定性。当低层组渗透性条件妨碍蒸汽的扩散并限制加热时，或者，当蒸汽和热由于层组断裂或者由于高渗透性材料而移动离开作为加热对象的区域时，在就地处理中的不成功的尝试中浪费宝贵的时间和热能。
一般使用电传输线从一个位置到另一位置输送射频(RF)能量。这些线包含例如分别为同轴电缆和明线类型的屏蔽和非屏蔽型。由于非屏蔽传输线对于周围开放，因此它们将电磁场转换到它们所浸入的介质中。因此，可能需要诸如可穿过穿透耗散介质的天线的低频电磁换能器。
当前使用常规的机电“测井(well logging)”以监视和记录地下条件。测井一般包含矿样的检查和沿井孔上下移动传感器。传感器被用于测量例如井周围的层组的电阻、声学性质、自然放射性和密度。但是，这些测量不产生层组中的条件的实时、总体图片。它们仅公开层组中的条件的静止和部分图片。
发明内容
本发明的至少一个实施例的方面涉及一种用于实时感测地下地质层组中的条件的方法，该方法包括以下的步骤：加热地下地质层组；通过使用与至少部分地位于地质层组中的明线传输线电连接的时域反射计将射频脉冲传送到地质层组中；接收反射的频率脉冲；和确定与反射的射频脉冲对应的阻抗。
本发明的至少一个实施例的另一方面涉及一种用于实时感测地下地质层组中的条件的装置，该装置包括：至少部分地位于为了烃的提取而被加热的地下地质层组中的明线传输线；和与明线传输线电连接的时域反射计。
本发明的至少一个实施例的另一方面涉及使用油井套管作为时域反射计的天线。
本发明的至少一个实施例的又一方面涉及在明线传输线上使用共模节流口，以将RF信号发送到地下地质层组而不是地面设备中。
本发明的至少一个实施例的又一方面涉及在明线传输线的端部处使用电阻性负载。
从该公开，本发明的其它方面将是明显的。
附图说明
图1示出蒸汽辅助重力排出处理中的本发明的实施例。
图2是反射系数与到反射位置的距离的曲线图。
图3示出在时域反射计上具有同轴连接的本发明的实施例。
图4示出使用用于单个井孔的对开管(split tube)作为明线传输线的本发明的实施例。
图5是通过由石油井套管形成的明线型传输线的传输损失的曲线图。
具体实施方式
现在将更完整地描述本公开的主题，并且，示出本发明的一个或更多个实施例。但是，本发明可以以许多不同形式被实施，并且不应被解释为限于这里阐述的实施例。而是，这些实施例是具有由权利要求的语言指示的完整范围的本发明的例子。
图1结合用于就地处理烃的蒸汽辅助重力排出(SAGD)系统示出本发明的实施例。在锅炉24中产生用于系统的蒸汽并且将其向着地面28下方注入层组30中。如果蒸汽充分地加热层组30，那么层组中的烃、凝结的蒸汽以及层组中的可能的其它液体将向下排出到排出提取管14。所述液体然后被抽吸到用于存储和/或进一步处理的提取罐26中。
时域反射计10与蒸汽注射管12和排出提取管14电连接。关于图3描述关于连接的其它细节。蒸汽注射管12和排出提取管14用作时域反射计10的天线，并且形成“明线”型的传输线。在提取处理期间，时域反射计10沿蒸汽注射管12传送短上升时间RF脉冲18。脉冲18在沿蒸汽注射管12行进时遇到的任何电气特性阻抗中断将导致反射脉冲20沿排出提取管14返回时域反射计。反射脉冲20的特性是由脉冲18遇到的阻抗中断的函数。阻抗中断进而是由脉冲18遇到的材料的物理性质的函数。
例如，如果脉冲18遇到水和液体烃界面16，那么反射脉冲20将表现例如由与这些材料的界面相关的特定阻抗中断导致的特性大小。这里，阻抗与具有阻抗Z1的烃和具有阻抗Z2的水之间的界面相关。这允许操作者通过观察反射脉冲20的特性来感测层组30的条件的存在。反射脉冲20到达时域反射计10所花费的时间是阻抗中断距时域反射计10的距离的函数。这允许操作者大致确定在层组30中界面16存在于哪个位置。传送的脉冲的频率越低，则可感测的距离越长。诸如夹在井管周围的铁酸盐块或环面(toroid)的共模节流口22防止脉冲18和20行进离开时域反射计10和层组30以进入诸如锅炉24和提取罐26的地面设备。
图2图解示出当脉冲18遇到水和烃界面16时的反射系数r随距离/位置的变化。X轴是时间和沿金属管的位置两者。Y轴是作为烃材料的电气(波)阻抗Z1和水的电气(波)阻抗Z2的函数的反射系数r。阻抗进而是材料(在本例子中为烃和水)的物理性质的函数。这些物理性质包含介电常数、渗透率和传导率。从公式上说，r一般被描述如下：r＝(Z0-ZD)/(Z0+ZD)，这里，r是反射系数，Z0是与传送介质相关的特性阻抗，ZD是与中断相关的特性阻抗。作为背景，空气中的电磁波的特性阻抗为120π或377欧姆，并且，仅电介质的介质的特性阻抗为120π/√εr，这里，εr是电介质的相对介电常数。从而，具有可忽略的传导率的淡水具有120π/√81＝41欧姆的特性波阻抗。因此，例如，空气和水之间的反射系数为377-41/377+41＝0.8。
一般地，只有等阻抗磁电介质材料，例如，具有等于它们的相对介电常数(εr)的磁介电常数(μr)的那些，没有反射边界性质。例如，由于双电介质-磁性材料的特性阻抗为120π(√μr/εr)，因此，在μr＝εr＝10的介质和μr＝εr＝20的另一介质之间不存在反射，原因是它们均具有120π的特性阻抗。磁铁矿可以是块体非导电磁性-电介质材料，但是，它一般在μ和ε方面不匹配。(μr＝εr)＞1材料的天然出现极其受限或者根本不存在。因此，本发明可适于在许多地下介质中的感测。
由蒸汽注射管12和排出提取管14形成的明线传输线的特性阻抗，例如，浪涌阻抗，是介质的波阻抗和例如井管的传输线的结构的函数。明线公式Z＝276(√μr/εr)log10(2D/d)描述传输线特性阻抗，这里，D是蒸汽注射管12和排出提取管14的中心到中心间隔，并且，d是导管的直径。实际上，由于可能只关心来自介质界面的反射，因此，可能不必获知或建立传输线特性阻抗。另外，不需要截面为圆形的井管，诸如平衡微带线(两个板或条带)、带状线等的大多数类型的非屏蔽TEM(横向电磁)型传输线适于本发明。
现在返回图3，时域反射计50与天线58和60电连接。由于与时域反射计50相邻的同轴连接52不平衡但由天线58和60形成的明线传输线平衡，因此，连接包含平衡-不平衡变换器54。与HewlettPackard(现在为Agilent)Corporation of Palo Alto，California的HP8510系列类似，时域反射计50优选为向量网络分析器。平衡-不平衡变换器54可包含阻抗变换比，使得时域反射计的典型的50欧姆阻抗被向下调整。井层组会在毫欧范围中对于时域反射计给出电阻性负载。
本实施例的操作与图1的SAGD实施例类似。由地面62下面的时域反射计50传送脉冲(未示出)，并且，如果该脉冲遇到阻抗中断(未示出)，那么反射脉冲(未示出)将返回时域反射计50，这将表现由特定的阻抗中断导致的特性。这允许操作者通过观察例如反射脉冲的特性大小来感测天线58和60周围的特定物理条件的存在。反射脉冲到达时域反射计50所花费的时间是阻抗中断距时域反射计50的距离的函数。这允许操作者大致确定该条件沿天线58和60存在于哪个位置，并且，d是天线58和60的直径。通过网络分析器校准面56处的连接的短路，实现时域反射计50的校准和调零。
可以以差别模式(在各导体中的相反电流的流动)或共同模式(在各导体中的同一方向的电流)操作蒸汽注射管12和排出提取管14的电气结构。但是，为了便于激励，优选差别模式。平衡-不平衡变换器54和图3连接用于通过抑制可能由于杂散电容出现的任何共同模式电流强制差别模式条件以对导体等供电。两个导管相互提供就绪的驱动中断。作为关于平衡-不平衡变换器的背景，识别文本“Building andUsing Baluns and Ununs”，Jerry Sevick，W2FMI，CQCommunications，Copyright 1992。术语平衡-不平衡变换器可以是词语平衡和不平衡的缩写，并因此被发音。
对于包含1000～10000英尺的范围的淡水的层组，VLF(3～30KHz)的频率范围处的操作可以是优先的，但本发明不限于此。事实上，假定存在足够的介质穿透力和足够的信号噪声比，本发明可以使用任何频率范围。例如，对于盐水，频率可以是ELF(3～30Hz)。可在地球地面附近存在1～4KHz的低噪声窗，原因是该区域高于Schuman共振的大多数谐振并低于地球电离层腔的～10KHz下截止。工作“VLF Radio Engineering”，Arthur D.Watt，1st Edition 1967，Pergamon Press的全部内容通过引用被识别。烃探矿人员可以理解，电噪声可包含地电。在美国，不分配9KHz下面的RF谱(NTIA TableOf Frequency Allocations，US Dept of Commerce，October 2003)，使得该谱可能具有优点。地面下层组的感测时的分辨率或粒度可以是反射计带宽的函数，该反射计带宽进而是在地下电磁传播中可用的低频率窗的上端的函数。
图4是本发明的另一实施例，其中，包含部分108和110的降低对开管井套管用作天线。与图1和图3类似，时域反射计100与天线108和110电连接。由于与时域反射计100相邻的同轴连接102不平衡但由井套管108和110形成的明线传输线平衡，因此连接包含1∶1平衡-不平衡变换器104。并且，时域反射计100优选为诸如HP8510的向量网络分析器或具有用于时域测量的设置的等同的设备。
本实施例的操作与图1和图3的实施例类似。由地面112下面的时域反射计100传送脉冲(未示出)，并且，如果该脉冲遇到阻抗中断(未示出)，那么反射脉冲(未示出)将返回时域反射计100，这将表现由特定阻抗中断导致的特性。这允许操作者通过观察例如反射脉冲的大小感测天线108和110周围的特定物理条件的存在。反射脉冲到达时域反射计100所花费的时间是阻抗中断距时域反射计100的距离的函数。这允许操作者大致确定该条件沿井套管天线108和110存在于哪个位置。通过网络分析器校准面106处的连接的短路，实现时域反射计100的校准和调零。
在公开的实施例中的任一个中，可以在位于地质层组中的明线传输线的端部处放置电阻性负载，以增强本发明的能力。例如，可以使用50欧姆电阻器以连接位于地质层组中的蒸汽注射管12的端部和排出提取管14的端部，以消除管的端部处的固有反射并且增加时域反射计10的敏感性。可例如减少传输线的脉冲的多次转换，以使激振最小化。
图5示出1000英尺的由钢石油井套管形成的明线传输线的可能传送损失。假定的SAGD井/明线传输线具有中心到中心分开15英尺的6英尺外径的钢套管。曲线302用于具有传导率σ＝5.0并且相对介电常数εr＝81的纯海水的地面下介质。曲线304用于有时以油为典型的σ＝0.1并且εr＝13的均质地面下介质。曲线306用于有时以岩石为典型的σ＝0.001并且εr＝13的均质地面下介质。通过对于近场效果使用有限元方法和Summerfeld Norton算法进行数值电磁建模获得这些曲线。时域反射计10应具有足以容纳例如加倍的传送损失的往返传送损失的能力。
并且，可对于实时反射计远程感测使用3个或更多个井管。可以采用空间图像映射技术和各种变换以提供更高的粒度或分辨率。正交取向的附加井管可提供诸如三维像素的3维图片信息。可在本发明内包含图像处理器(未示出)以解释由时域反射计测量的散射参数以形成图像。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于实时感测地下地质层组中的条件的方法，包括以下的步骤：
(a)加热地下地质层组；
(b)通过使用与至少部分地位于地质层组中的明线传输线电连接的时域反射计将射频脉冲传送到地质层组中；
(c)接收反射的射频脉冲；和
(d)确定与反射的射频脉冲对应的阻抗。
2.一种用于实时感测地下地质层组中的条件的装置，包括：
明线传输线，该明线传输线至少部分地位于为了烃的提取而被加热的地下地质层组中；和
时域反射计，该时域反射计与明线传输线电连接。
3.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，时域反射计是向量网络分析器。
4.根据权利要求1或3的发明，还包括识别与阻抗对应的地下地质层组中的特定物理条件的附加步骤。
5.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，明线传输线包含平衡-不平衡变换器。
6.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，明线传输线包含蒸汽注射管。
7.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，明线传输线包含对开管井套管。
8.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，明线传输线包含跨着位于地质层组中的明线传输线的端部连接的电阻性负载。
9.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，时域反射计是向量网络分析器。
10.根据任何前面的权利要求的发明，其中，明线传输线或蒸汽排出提取管包含共模节流口。
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| US12/396,284 US8494775B2 (en) | 2009-03-02 | 2009-03-02 | Reflectometry real time remote sensing for in situ hydrocarbon processing |
| US12/396,284 | 2009-03-02 | ||
| PCT/US2010/025772 WO2010120408A1 (en) | 2009-03-02 | 2010-03-01 | Reflectometry real time remote sensing for in situ hydrocarbon processing |
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| CN110160599A (zh) * | 2018-02-14 | 2019-08-23 | Vega格里沙贝两合公司 | 具有附着物检测器的物位雷达 |
| CN110865246A (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2020-03-06 | 陈国能 | 断裂扩散电场强度的多孔监测系统及方法 |
| CN110865244A (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2020-03-06 | 陈国能 | 破碎带相交部位断裂扩散电场强度的单孔监测系统及方法 |
| CN110865243A (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2020-03-06 | 陈国能 | 断裂电场压电部位的检测系统及方法 |
| CN110865242A (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2020-03-06 | 陈国能 | 断裂电场强度的监测系统及方法 |
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| CN110865241B (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2021-08-17 | 陈国能 | 断裂稳定性的评估系统及方法 |
| CN110865243B (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2021-09-21 | 陈国能 | 断裂电场压电部位的检测系统及方法 |
| CN110865242B (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2021-11-09 | 陈国能 | 断裂电场强度的监测系统及方法 |
| CN110865244B (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2022-01-11 | 陈国能 | 破碎带相交部位断裂扩散电场强度的单孔监测系统及方法 |
| CN110865246B (zh) * | 2019-10-12 | 2022-02-11 | 陈国能 | 断裂扩散电场强度的多孔监测系统及方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2010236988A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
| US20100223011A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
| US8494775B2 (en) | 2013-07-23 |
| CA2753603C (en) | 2014-01-14 |
| AU2010236988B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
| CA2753603A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
| EP2404199A1 (en) | 2012-01-11 |
| RU2011136173A (ru) | 2013-04-10 |
| WO2010120408A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
| CN102753995B (zh) | 2014-12-03 |
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