CN102749046B - Method for measuring shearing area of rock structural plane in direct shear test - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for measuring shearing area of a rock structral plane in a direct shear test. The method comprises the following steps of: collecting an image; cutting and filling the image; converting the image into a grayscale image; selecting a gray threshold according to the obtained grayscale image of the rock structral plane; converting the grayscale image of the rock structral plane into a black and white binary image on the basis of the selected gray threshold; calculating percentage, namely percentage of the shearing area of the rock structral plane in the direct shear test, of the area of a white part in the area of the whole image; figuring out total actual area of the rock structral plane through using a graduated scale adopted during shooting as a reference object; and figuring out the shearing area of the rock structral plane in the direct shear test. According to the invention, defects of complicated operation, complicated steps, low working efficiency, large manual error and the like in the traditional measuring method can be solved; moreover, as the operation is simple, an important practical significance is obtained in reducing workloads of geologists, improving measuring accuracy and increasing working efficiency; meanwhile, as lower cost is achieved, the method for measuring the shearing area of the rock structral plane in the direct shear test, provided by the invention, is easy to be popularized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to rock mass mechanics experiment field, be specifically related to the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test.
Background technology
The object of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test determines the parameters of shear resistant of rock discontinuum, for Stability Analysis of Rock Mass and control provide foundation, is more conventional rock mechanics experiment.The shearing strength of rock mass discontinuity is one of most important mechanics parameter during Rock Slope Stability Analysis and control thereof design, and Chinese scholars shows great attention to its problems of value always for many years.The method of current measurement shear strength parameter mainly contains four kinds, that is: simulation test, parametric inversion, empirical estimation and direct shear test.Wherein, direct shear test principle is simple, processing ease, with low cost and the test period is short, is thus widely used in Practical Project and research and teaching.
In direct shear test operating process, the measurement of shear area is most important, directly affects test findings.For the measurement of rock mass discontinuity shear area, first transparent paraffin paper be mainly placed on the rock mass discontinuity after shear failure by conventional method, then with pencil by the profile Freehandhand-drawing of structural plane cutting out section on transparent paraffin paper, relend and help grid paper one by one to count grid number on transparent paraffin paper shared by closed contour, finally gather and calculate rock mass discontinuity shear area.
In conventional rock mass discontinuity direct shear test mainly there is following defect in the measuring method of shear area:
(1) in the profile process describing cutting out section area, due to the reason such as visual angle and light, contour area is very easily caused to be greater than or less than the error of actual shearing area;
(2) in grid statistic processes, due to the size of each grid small (1
mm× 1
mm), long-time observation easily produces visual fatigue, occurs leaking number, most phenomenons;
(3) in grid statistic processes, often occur that outline portion comprises the phenomenon (as half grid) of non-whole grid, common way adopts the method rounded up, and becomes integer, introduce statistic bias in approximation;
(4) because the whole process of general measuring method belongs to pure manual operation, work efficiency is lower, is unsuitable in enormous quantities and process, the rock mass test sample of extensive size measures.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention is: for solving the defect that above-mentioned prior art exists, provide a kind of measuring method of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area, the method operating process is simple, convenient, and measures accurately.
The present invention solves its technical matters and adopts following technical scheme:
The measuring method of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area provided by the invention, comprises the following steps:
(1) the rock mass discontinuity photo acquisition after direct shear test, digital camera should vertically be taken, and adopts up short pattern, pixel >=12,000,000;
(2) to the rock mass discontinuity colour picture cutting gathered and filling, require that the color of filling is deeper than the color of cutting out section;
(3) reduction and the rock mass discontinuity colour picture after filling are converted to GTG picture;
(4) according to the rock mass discontinuity GTG picture obtained, Gray-scale value is selected;
(5) based on the Gray-scale value selected
t, rock mass discontinuity GTG picture is converted to black and white two-value picture;
(6) area percentage that white portion accounts for whole picture is calculated, i.e. rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent;
(7) rule adopted when basis is taken pictures, as object of reference, calculates the total area of rock mass discontinuity reality;
(8) shear area of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test is obtained
s ';
Through above-mentioned steps, complete the measurement to shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test.
In above-mentioned steps (5), when rock mass discontinuity GTG picture is converted to black and white two-value picture process, the rock mass discontinuity image after Gray-scale value process meets,
，
In formula:
tfor Gray-scale value;
x,yfor the coordinate of pixel each in picture;
f (x, y)for the gray value function that pixel each in GTG picture is corresponding;
g (x, y)for GTG picture is converted to the gray value function that in black and white two-value picture, each pixel is corresponding;
Be labeled as the corresponding shearing point of pixel of 1, color is set to white, is labeled as the corresponding non-shear point of pixel of 0, shows as black;
Described rock mass discontinuity is the limestone of grey black, taupe, grey, its Gray-scale value
tcan be 110-160.For the rock mass discontinuity of other lithology and color, Gray-scale value
tall can obtain according to observation rule.The rock mass discontinuity of other lithology described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as grouan, sandstone, shale or marble, and the rock mass discontinuity of other color described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as white, canescence or black.
The present invention can calculate the number percent that cutting out section accounts for whole picture according to the following equation, i.e. rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent:
，
In formula:
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent,
p b for cutting out section pixel number in picture;
p t for the total pixel number of rock mass discontinuity in picture.
The present invention can calculate the real area of rock mass discontinuity according to the following equation:
，
In formula:
sfor the real area of rock mass discontinuity
, Cfor rock mass discontinuity dimension scale,
awith
bbe respectively the length and width of rock mass discontinuity in picture,
awith
bbe respectively the length and width of rock mass discontinuity in reality.
The present invention can obtain the shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test according to the following equation
s ':
, in formula:
s 'for the shear area of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test
, Sfor the real area of rock mass discontinuity;
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent.
The present invention is for the more shallow rock sample of color, under the prerequisite that rock mass discontinuity can be separated, before carrying out direct shear test, the method for surface smear black ink is adopted to improve, and then step (1)-(8) of carrying out in this method, obtain the shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test equally.
The present invention, compared with conventional magnetic shear area measurement method, has the following advantages and high-lighting progress:
One. simple to operate
:because measuring process achieves robotization, so simple to operate, the shear area being applicable to the darker rock mass discontinuity direct shear test of color is measured, and for the more shallow person of color, can improve according to the step of this method (9).
They are two years old. and practical: because measuring process achieves robotization, so can reduce the labour intensity of geologist, improve experimental situation, the test period shortens to less than 50% of conventional method, thus improves experiment work efficiency and measuring accuracy.
They are two years old. measure cost lower: about reduce measurement cost and be about 80% of conventional method.
They are three years old. and application is wide: be not only applicable in the engineer applied of water conservancy and hydropower, geological exploration, mining, highway construction, is also widely used in the middle of scientific research institutions' teaching research simultaneously.
In a word, the present invention can solve the defects such as current general measuring method complicated operation, complex steps, inefficiency, personal error be large, and due to simple to operate, to the work load alleviating geologist, improve measuring accuracy and work efficiency, have important practical significance; Simultaneously because cost is lower, be easy to promote.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is process chart of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is embodiment of the present invention photo acquisition schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram (colour picture) of embodiment of the present invention picture.
Fig. 4 is the cutting schematic diagram (colour picture) of embodiment of the present invention picture.
Fig. 5 is the filling schematic diagram (colour picture) of embodiment of the present invention picture.
Fig. 6 is the picture (colour picture) of a certain rock mass discontinuity of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 GTG picture that to be the embodiment of the present invention change based on the picture of Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 is a certain rock mass discontinuity GTG picture of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is the black and white two-value picture that the embodiment of the present invention is changed based on Fig. 8 GTG picture.
Figure 10 is the curve of the Data Comparison of the embodiment of the present invention.
In figure: 1. digital camera; 2. rock mass discontinuity.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
The measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test provided by the invention, see Fig. 1 to Fig. 9, comprises the following steps:
(1) rock mass discontinuity photo acquisition:
Rock mass discontinuity after shearing is placed in light place, uses ordinary digital camera to take pictures to the rock mass discontinuity surface after shearing.Require rock mass discontinuity removing surface clean before taking pictures, use 1 simultaneously
mmthe rule of precision is placed on side as object of reference, and rule should be included in picture.See Fig. 2-Fig. 3, when taking pictures, the camera lens of digital camera 1 is vertically focused rock mass discontinuity 2, and select close shot pattern to take, avoid the error that angle causes, pixel is preferably not less than 1,200 ten thousand pixels, obtains rock mass discontinuity colour picture clearly.
(2) cutting of picture and filling:
The rock mass discontinuity colour picture of shooting, except rock mass discontinuity itself, as the engineer's scale of reference and the unnecessary concrete test block of surrounding all in photo, when carrying out rock mass discontinuity shear area statistics, these scopes should not give to calculate, and therefore needs these scopes to carry out cutting.Again because rock mass discontinuity shape is nearly rectangle, but not the rectangle of rule, and in sample casting process, part concrete is covered in rock mass discontinuity edge, these parts that are irregular and concrete covering should carry out image procossing, are filled to the color (Fig. 4-Fig. 5) darker than cutting out section.
This step can realize in the image processing softwares such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB.In practical study, carry out programmed process based on MATLAB software, but in order to make operating process easy-to-understand, be now illustrated to apply Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Photoshop CS3 Chinese edition) software more widely.
Concrete operation step is: use the rectangular marquee in tool box to carry out cutting to picture, extract the rock mass discontinuity (Fig. 4) that we study; Then utilize the paint bucket tool in tool box, the polygonal lasso tool in combination tool case accurately extracts survey region, and is dark colour (Fig. 5) by non-study area filling.
(3) colour picture is converted to GTG picture:
This step make use of the image Segmentation Technology in Digital Image Processing.This technology is exactly the demand according to research, pending Iamge Segmentation become to have peculiar property, specific several regions, and the technique and process of target interested to researcher is proposed further.As the committed step of image procossing and graphical analysis, according to the method adopted, image Segmentation Technology is mainly divided into following a few class: based on threshold values, based on region, based on edge, image Segmentation Technology etc. based on particular theory.Image Segmentation Technology relatively more conventional is at present the method based on Gray-scale value.Owing to being based on Gray-scale value, therefore first the rock mass discontinuity photochrome of collection must be carried out gray proces, make original color picture become GTG picture (Fig. 6-Fig. 7).In this process, the half-tone information of image does not change.
Surface color picture after the rock mass discontinuity taken by camera is sheared converts in GTG picture process, a gray scale image is exactly a matrix, each pixel in matrix in each digital correspondence image, and the Digital size in matrix represents the gray-scale value of pixel, span is 0-255.Wherein, 0 shows black in gray scale image, and 255 represent white.
This step can realize in the image processing softwares such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese edition) software, concrete operation step is: can use image in menu bar (I) → adjustment (A) → Black & White ... instrument realizes the conversion of coloured image to GTG picture.
(4) Gray-scale value is selected
t:
In rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear history, the position of structural plane surface contact, owing to being subject to friction destruction, produce rock debris, occur scratch, do not shear position comparatively around, in general color is more shallow, and this also adopts conventional magnetic shear area measurement method to carry out the foundation of adding up just.The present invention according to this phenomenon, utilizes image Segmentation Technology equally, extracts being subject to shearing (color is relatively shallow) position in rock mass discontinuity image.
Gray-scale value
tdetermination, need according to repeatedly observing rule, carry out visual examination histogram, find out the minimum value of shearing (color is relatively shallow) position gray scale, thus determine final threshold values
t, rock mass discontinuity described in the present invention is the limestone of grey black, taupe, grey, its Gray-scale value
tcan be 110-160.For the rock mass discontinuity of other lithology and color, Gray-scale value
tall can obtain according to observation rule.The rock mass discontinuity of other lithology described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as grouan, sandstone, shale or marble, and the rock mass discontinuity of other color described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as white, canescence or black.
This step can realize in the image processing softwares such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese edition) software, concrete operation step is: utilize magic wand menu in toolbar, click in GTG picture and shear (color is relatively shallow) position, in the top-right histogram of window, now just can show the gray-scale value at this position.Because brighter position gray-scale value is larger, shearing (color is relatively shallow) position in picture is not often a fixed value, and therefore we must multi-pass operations, repeats this process, until find out the minimum gray value at shearing (color is relatively shallow) position, i.e. Gray-scale value
t.
(5) GTG picture is converted to black and white two-value picture:
The object of this conversion is by structural plane cutting out section extracted region in image out, and its principle is based on the Gray-scale value selected in step (4)
tprocess, rock mass discontinuity GTG picture is converted to black and white two-value picture (Fig. 8-Fig. 9), wherein white portion is cutting out section, and black region is non-shear part.
Now suppose the histogram respective function of rock mass discontinuity image
, this image is made up of non-shear and shearing two parts, and in gray scale image, the pixel of non-shear and cutting out section can have the gray level of two kinds of Main Patterns, and cutting techniques of the present invention chooses a Gray-scale value
tbe separated the pixel of these two kinds of patterns.Any satisfied
pixel
be called shearing point (object-point); Any satisfied
pixel be then called non-shear point (background dot).That is, the rock mass discontinuity image after Gray-scale value T process
meet,
（1），
In formula:
tfor Gray-scale value;
x,yfor the coordinate of pixel each in picture;
f (x, y)for the gray value function that pixel each in GTG picture is corresponding;
g (x, y)for GTG picture is converted to the gray value function that in black and white two-value picture, each pixel is corresponding.
Be labeled as the corresponding shearing point of pixel of 1, color is set to white, is labeled as the corresponding non-shear point of pixel of 0, shows as black.
This step can realize in the image processing softwares such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese edition) software, concrete operation step is: can use image in menu bar (I) → threshold values (T) instrument, a dialog box is there will be, by the Gray-scale value selected in step (4) after click
tinsert in threshold values color range, just can realize the conversion of GTG picture to black and white two-value picture, in figure, white portion is the cutting out section in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test.
(6) calculate according to formula (2) number percent that white portion (cutting out section) accounts for whole picture, i.e. rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent:
（2），
In formula:
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent
, s b for cutting out section area in picture,
s t for the rock mass discontinuity total area in picture.
From step (4), a rock mass discontinuity GTG picture is arranged in a combination by the mode of a large amount of pixels according to matrix, if naked eyes observe photo by magnifier, namely can see the sub-box of marshalling, wherein each sub-box is a pixel.Pixel is the minimum unit of display in picture, and we can obtain shear area number percent by calculating pixel number percent, and which is also convenient to operate on computers, increases work efficiency, and reduces personal error.Therefore, final formula (2) can be exchanged into formula (3) and solves,
（3）
，
In formula:
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent,
p b for cutting out section pixel number in picture;
p t for the total pixel number of rock mass discontinuity in picture.
This step can realize in the image processing softwares such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese edition) software, rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent can be calculated in histogram information window
w.
(7) real area of rock mass discontinuity
s:
According to the rule adopted when taking pictures as object of reference, rock mass discontinuity dimension scale in picture can be drawn
cif the length and width of rock mass discontinuity are respectively in picture
awith
b, so in reality, the length and width of rock mass discontinuity should be
a=a × Cwith
b=b × C, so the real area of rock mass discontinuity is,
（4）
，
(8) shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test is obtained
s ':
This step is the shear area of trying to achieve according to image method in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test, and the cutting out section measured by step (6) and (7) respectively accounts for the number percent of the total area
wand the actual total area of rock mass discontinuity
s, so shear area is:
（5）。
The shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test is obtained by formula (5)
s ', see table 1 and Figure 10, the shear area calculated with conventional method
s ' 'result there is good consistance.But work efficiency and precision comparatively conventional method improve greatly.
(9) improve again, if tested rock sample color is more shallow, when after shear failure, color distortion is less, under the prerequisite that rock mass discontinuity can be separated, before carrying out direct shear test, first at rock mass discontinuity surface smear one deck black ink, then carry out step (1)-(8), can ideal effect be obtained equally.
Through above-mentioned steps, realize the measurement to shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test.
subordinate list
table 1
| Numbering | S’’Shear area-conventional method/ mm 2 | S’Shear area-image method/ mm 2 | Error |
| SY1 | 3400 | 3319.6 | 2.42% |
| SY2 | 2700 | 2669.9 | 1.13% |
| SY6 | 2600 | 2476.7 | 4.98% |
| SY3 | 2900 | 3035.6 | 4.47% |
| SY5 | 2300 | 2220.5 | 3.58% |
| SY4 | 3300 | 3396.1 | 2.83% |
| SY7 | 2300 | 2229.4 | 3.17% |
| SY8 | 3100 | 3127.7 | 0.89% |
Claims (7)
1. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test, is characterized in that adopting the method comprised the following steps:
(1) gather photo: the rock mass discontinuity photo acquisition after direct shear test, digital camera should vertically be taken, and adopts up short pattern, pixel >=12,000,000;
(2) cutting and filling: carry out cutting and filling to the rock mass discontinuity colour picture gathered, requires that the color of filling is deeper than the color of cutting out section;
(3) GTG picture is converted to: the rock mass discontinuity colour picture after reducing and filling is converted to GTG picture;
(4) according to the rock mass discontinuity GTG picture obtained, Gray-scale value is selected;
(5) black and white two-value picture is converted to: based on the Gray-scale value selected, rock mass discontinuity GTG picture is converted to black and white two-value picture; Be converted to by rock mass discontinuity GTG picture in black and white two-value picture process, the rock mass discontinuity image after Gray-scale value process meets:
，
In formula:
tfor Gray-scale value;
x,yfor the coordinate of pixel each in picture;
f (x, y)for the gray value function that pixel each in GTG picture is corresponding;
g (x, y)for GTG picture is converted to the gray value function that in black and white two-value picture, each pixel is corresponding
;be labeled as the corresponding shearing point of pixel of 1, color is set to white, is labeled as the corresponding non-shear point of pixel of 0, shows as black;
(6) area percentage that white portion accounts for whole picture is calculated, i.e. rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent;
(7) rule adopted when basis is taken pictures, as object of reference, calculates the total area of rock mass discontinuity reality;
(8) shear area of rock mass discontinuity direct shear test is obtained;
Through above-mentioned steps, complete the measurement to shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test.
2. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1, is characterized in that described rock mass discontinuity is the limestone of grey black, taupe, grey, its Gray-scale value
tfor 110-160.
3. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1, is characterized in that the rock mass discontinuity for other lithology and color, its Gray-scale value
tall obtain according to observation rule; The rock mass discontinuity of other lithology described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as grouan, sandstone, shale or marble, and the rock mass discontinuity of other color described refers to the rock mass discontinuities such as white, canescence or black.
4. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1, is characterized in that calculating the number percent that cutting out section accounts for whole picture according to the following equation, i.e. rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent:
，
In formula:
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent,
p b for cutting out section pixel number in picture;
p t for the total pixel number of rock mass discontinuity in picture.
5. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1, is characterized in that the real area calculating rock mass discontinuity according to the following equation:
，
In formula:
sfor the real area of rock mass discontinuity
, Cfor rock mass discontinuity dimension scale,
awith
bbe respectively the length and width of rock mass discontinuity in picture, A and B is respectively the length and width of rock mass discontinuity in reality.
6. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1 or 5, is characterized in that the shear area obtaining rock mass structure according to the following equation
s ':
，
In formula:
s 'for the shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test
, Sfor the real area of rock mass discontinuity;
wfor rock mass discontinuity direct shear test shear area number percent.
7. the measuring method of shear area in rock mass discontinuity direct shear test according to claim 1, it is characterized in that for the more shallow rock sample of color, under the prerequisite that rock mass discontinuity can be separated, before carrying out direct shear test, the method of surface smear black ink is adopted to improve, and then carry out step (1)-(8), obtain the shear area of rock mass discontinuity shear test equally.
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| CN101865679A (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2010-10-20 | 杭州双树科技有限公司 | Plane area measuring method based on digital image technology |
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