CN102733917B - 监控催化器的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于监控将内燃机废气中一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的催化器的能力的方法,其中该催化器安装在内燃机的废气通道中,并且在催化器后串接收集式颗粒传感器。为此拟定在监控周期中,在给定运行条件下内燃机运行时,由该颗粒传感器的颗粒负荷的降低推断出该催化器有足够的将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的转变能力。通过该方法可用已知的颗粒传感器监控催化器、特别是柴油氧化催化器的将一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的转变能力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于监控将内燃机废气中一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的催化器的能力的方法,其中该催化器安装在内燃机的废气通道中,并且在催化器下游设置收集式颗粒传感器。
背景技术
对内燃机法规要求监控所有的与排放相关的构件。因此要按限值监控废气后处理部件和在“机载检定”(OBD)范围内的所属传感机件,其大多以排放限值的倍数示出。其中部分是监控催化器特别是柴油-氧化-催化器的涂层是否具有将一氧化氮氧化成二氧化氮的足够能力,并由此在合适的反应剂(原料气)中提供在废气通道下游配置的SCR催化器(SCR=选择性催化反应),其中借助于尿素将氮氧化物转变成二氧化碳、氮和水。
按现有技术,在机载检定范围内监控部件时,通常需限制可进行监控的运行参数。为更好地区分刚好是要否定的构件(不合格的最好部件)和刚好是合格的构件(最坏的合格部件),仅对下列数值中的一个或多个的限制范围进行核查功能:废气质量流量、废气体积流量、废气温度、转数、注入量、车辆速度、环境压力、环境温度或废气返回速率。也可规定对运行种类、状态、内燃机的运行时间或停机时间的限制或对氧化氮、烃、一氧化碳、颗粒物或氧浓度信号范围的限制。该监控的一些方法也拟仅在该内燃机的稳态运行条件或准稳态运行条件下进行。
常使用颗粒过滤器与其前配置的柴油氧化催化器相组合来减少内燃机废气通道中的柴油发动机的颗粒排放。使废气通过颗粒过滤器,该颗粒过滤器分离出废气中存在的固体颗粒,并使其滞留在过滤器基板中。由于在过滤器基板中聚集的炭黑料,该颗粒过滤器随时间而阻塞,这明显产生流阻增加和由此产生废气背压增加。由此有时需在再生过程中排出该聚集的炭黑料。
为监控颗粒过滤器的功能,已知有收集式颗粒传感器,其大多安置在颗粒过滤器之后。废气中的炭黑颗粒聚集在收集式颗粒传感器的表面上。该收集式颗粒传感器依其颗粒负荷提供相应的输出信号,其可推断导入废气中的颗粒量,并由此推断出该颗粒过滤器的滞留能力。
在收集式颗粒传感器的一种实施方案中,在基板上施加至少两块相互啮合的交指型电极。其上聚集的炭黑颗粒不断使两块电极短路,由此可在电极间产生电流。在对这种颗粒传感器的一种可能的评价方法中,在交指型电极之间施加恒定电压的情况下评价电流分布。为此测量在测量周期开始直到达到称为触发阈值的电流之间的时间。直到达到触发阈值的时间长度是废气中颗粒含量的量度。经该测量周期后,颗粒传感器在再生过程中经加热,并烧去聚集的颗粒,以便可接着开始新的测量周期。
目前还未知成套的技术可能性来监控催化器调节适于后续的废气后处理步骤的废气组成的能力,特别是调节适于选择性催化反应的NO/NO2比例的能力。因此本发明的目的是提供一种方法,该方法可监控催化涂层将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的能力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过用于监控催化器将内燃机废气中一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的能力的方法实现的,其中所述催化器安装在内燃机的废气通道中,并且在催化器下游设置收集式颗粒传感器,其特征在于,在监控周期中,在给定运行条件下运行内燃机时由所述颗粒传感器的颗粒负荷的降低推断出所述催化器有足够的将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的转变能力。聚集在颗粒传感器上的通常主要由碳组成的炭黑的颗粒与导入废气中的二氧化氮NO2发生相应下列的化学反应式的反应:
2NO2+C=2NO+CO2。
该聚集的炭黑转变成二氧化碳,由此减少在颗粒传感器上聚集的颗粒量。这种又称为CRT效应或NO2效应的已知反应的前提是在内燃机废气中的NO2的最小浓度以及最低废气温度。只有当颗粒传感器上游的催化器的催化涂层对一氧化氮具有足够的氧化能力时,才存在NO2的最小浓度。因此如果在该内燃机的合适的例如由喷入量和负载给定的运行条件下,该颗粒传感器的颗粒负荷以足够的给定的程度下降,则催化器具有使一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的完好能力。但如果颗粒负荷以太小的程度下降、保持不变或再次增加,则为有缺陷的前置催化器。该颗粒负荷的变化在此可简单地由颗粒传感器的输出信号确定。选择监控周期期间的内燃机运行条件,使得在催化器具有足够的NO转变能力时,通过颗粒与NO2的反应引起的颗粒传感器的颗粒负荷降低超过新颗粒的聚集,这在对于大多运行条件完好的废气后处理体系中都是如此。要指出的是,借助于颗粒传感器进行的柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)的真实监控不会由于这里所述的措施而受损,因为在监控期间可相应考虑CRT效应或NO2效应。
例如为监控在柴油发动机的废气通道中的颗粒过滤器的过滤作用,当今通常使用收集式颗粒传感器,该传感器通过在两个施加在基板上的相互啮合的交指型电极上聚集的颗粒评价该两交指型电极之间的电流。为监控前置催化器将一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的转变能力,因此可拟定测定在该颗粒传感器的两交指型电极之间的电流,如果在内燃机运行时交指型电极之间的电流下降,则推断出该催化器有足够的将一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的转变能力。
实施该方法的重要前提是,在颗粒传感器上聚集足够量的可与废气中的二氧化氮反应的颗粒。为确保这点,可拟在监控周期之前或开始监控周期时,在颗粒传感器上聚集足以评价颗粒过滤器的输出信号的颗粒量。该聚集的颗粒量必须很大,使得该颗粒传感器的可评价的测量信号以还可检测出在传感器元件上的颗粒负荷的降低的大小存在。对于测量两交指型电极之间的电流的收集式颗粒传感器,其示例性表明该颗粒量高于达到触发阈值所需的颗粒量。
可通过在配置于颗粒传感器前的颗粒过滤器的再生期之后立即开始监控周期来使颗粒传感器上聚集足够量的颗粒。紧接在颗粒再生(再生时燃烧了聚集在颗粒过滤器中的颗粒)之后,该颗粒过滤器的可穿透性短时间增加。在足够敏感的颗粒传感器情况下,因此可以以可测量的方式加载颗粒传感器。
在颗粒传感器上聚集足够量颗粒的另一可能性在于,推迟该颗粒传感器的再生,直到在颗粒传感器聚集有用于实施监控周期的足够量的颗粒。在再生时,燃烧附着在颗粒传感器上的颗粒,以调整用该颗粒传感器适于用于测定在相应其原始给料的废气中的颗粒含量的新的测量周期。为实施用于监控前置催化器的NO-转变能力的监控周期,可推迟颗粒传感器的再生,直到存在足够的颗粒量用以检定通过二氧化氮的颗粒分解。对于经两交指型电极间测定电流的收集式颗粒传感器,这可以示例性地表明,在达到触发阈值后未开始颗粒传感器的再生,而是继续进行加载,直到在颗粒传感器上出现足够量的颗粒。
在完好的废气后处理体系中,仅少量颗粒达到颗粒传感器。但为了提供足以实施监控周期的颗粒量,可设计使用具有由长链烃催化产生炭黑的层的颗粒传感器,并在监控周期前或开始监控周期时向颗粒传感器加入长链烃。该催化产生炭黑的层例如可由沸石制成。
本方法可用于监控在内燃机废气系统中的催化层,优选用于监控柴油氧化催化器、柴油颗粒过滤器、SCR催化器或废气通道中用于将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的其它带有催化涂层的部件的催化涂层的能力。SCR催化器(SCR=选择性催化还原)用于选择性还原氮氧化物。
本方法还可用于监控颗粒传感器的功能。例如在具有交指型电极的收集式颗粒传感器情况下,可检定测量能力和通过在内燃机的某些运行条件下的电流信号降低检定交指型电极的功能。
附图说明
下面按附图中所示的实施例详述本发明:
图1示出内燃机废气通道中的收集式颗粒传感器的输出信号的时间分布图。
图1在时间图10中示出沿时间轴15和信号轴11画出的在内燃机的废气通道中的收集式颗粒传感器的输出信号13的时间分布。此外,在时间图10中还绘入在颗粒传感器位置处的废气中的二氧化氮量14的分布。
具体实施方式
在所示实施例中,输出信号13相应于在施加恒定电压下颗粒传感器的传感器元件的两相互啮合的交指型电极之间的电流,其中该电极配置在不导电的基板上。炭黑颗粒由废气中淀积在传感器元件上,并使交指型电极逐渐短路。在收集炭黑颗粒的第一阶段中,只要在交指型电极之间还未形成炭黑桥,输出信号13就显示为恒定值。一旦形成炭黑桥,输出信号13上升,并超过触发阈值12。
在颗粒传感器用于测定内燃机废气中的颗粒含量的已知应用中,在测定阶段开始和达到触发阈值12之间的时间用作废气颗粒含量的量度。在此情况下,在达到触发阈值12后颗粒传感器通过自由燃烧而净化,并可开始新的测量阶段。
为对安置在颗粒传感器前的用于将一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的氧化催化器的催化涂层进行本发明的监控而延长收集期,并且颗粒传感器的输出信号13继续升高。如果废气中的二氧化氮的量通过在置于颗粒过滤器前的氧化催化器中一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮而升高,则在颗粒传感器的表面上炭黑和二氧化氮转变成一氧化氮和二氧化碳。该转变按下列化学反应式进行:
2NO2+C→2NO+CO2。
在颗粒传感器表面上降低的炭黑量导致该颗粒传感器的输出信号13下降,这意味着氧化催化器有完好的催化涂层。
在该氧化催化器对一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮呈不足的转变能力时,颗粒传感器的输出信号13保持恒定或继续上升,并由此显示失灵。
Claims (8)
1.用于监控催化器将内燃机废气中一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的能力的方法,其中所述催化器安装在内燃机的废气通道中,并且在催化器下游设置收集式颗粒传感器,其特征在于,在监控周期中,在给定运行条件下运行内燃机时由所述颗粒传感器的颗粒负荷的降低推断出所述催化器有足够的将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的转变能力。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,测定在所述颗粒传感器的两个交指型电极之间的电流,如果在内燃机运行时交指型电极之间的电流下降,则推断出所述催化器有足够的将一氧化氮转变成二氧化氮的转变能力。
3.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在监控周期之前或监控周期开始时,在颗粒传感器上聚集足以评价所述颗粒过滤器的输出信号的颗粒量。
4.权利要求1-3之一的方法,其特征在于,在配置于颗粒传感器上游的颗粒过滤器的再生期之后立即实施监控周期。
5.权利要求1-3之一的方法,其特征在于,推迟所述颗粒传感器的再生,直到在颗粒传感器上聚集了用于实施监控周期的足够量的颗粒为止。
6.权利要求1-3之一的方法,其特征在于,使用具有由长链烃催化产生炭黑的层的颗粒传感器,并在监控周期前或监控周期开始时向该颗粒传感器中输入长链烃。
7.权利要求1-6之一的方法用于监控柴油氧化催化器、柴油颗粒过滤器、SCR催化器或废气通道中用于将一氧化氮转变为二氧化氮的其它带有催化涂层的部件的催化涂层的能力的应用。
8.权利要求1-6之一的方法用于监控颗粒传感器的功能的应用。
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