CN102696816A - Instant green tea powder and making process thereof - Google Patents
Instant green tea powder and making process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102696816A CN102696816A CN2012101404291A CN201210140429A CN102696816A CN 102696816 A CN102696816 A CN 102696816A CN 2012101404291 A CN2012101404291 A CN 2012101404291A CN 201210140429 A CN201210140429 A CN 201210140429A CN 102696816 A CN102696816 A CN 102696816A
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Abstract
The invention relates to the processing field of instant tea, and particularly discloses a new process for producing instant green tea powder by using trimmed branches and straws of tea trees as main materials and adopting ''enzymatic extraction, ceramic ultra-filtration and vacuum drying''. The instant green tea powder prepared by the process disclosed by the invention is characterized by powdered shape, yellow-green color and mellow and cool taste, and not only has specific green tea smell, but also is easily soluble in cold water and hot water; the tea is clear and bright without any precipitant. Main physicochemical indexes are as follows: moisture is 5%, the total ash content is 13%, tea polyphenol is 35% more or less, caffeine is 4% more or less and amino acid is 3.0% more or less; the instant green tea powder has the characteristic of high-class instant green tea powder. A purpose of changing the waste into things of value and making full use of social resources is realized by the invention, and an idea of making a contribution to a conservation-minded society is reflected.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to field of beverage, be specifically related to a kind ofly utilize stalk after the tea bush trimmer, make the production technology of instant green tea powder as raw material.
Background technology:
Tealeaves is the large Special Agriculture Product of China, and China has more than 300 ten thousand hectares in tea place approximately at present, and only just there is 2,030,000 hectares in tea place in Anhui Province.Only having 300-400 ten thousand tons of stalks after the tea bush trimmer to be taken as refuse the every year according to initial estimate abandons.After deliberation, containing functional dense property materials such as a large amount of Tea Polyphenols, tea polysaccharide, amino acid, caffeine in the tea tree stalk, is the desirable feedstock of fabrication and processing instant tea.
At present both at home and abroad, the processing instant tea utilizes coarse tea leaf and tea ash, tea dust as primary raw material mostly.The invention innovation point is: with the branch after the tea bush trimmer, stalk is major ingredient, and utilization " enzymatic extracts, ceramic ultrafiltration, vacuum drying " new technology is produced instant green tea powder.Through the instant green tea powder that this invented technology is produced, it is Powdered that profile is, the color and luster yellow green, and flavour is mellow tasty and refreshing, not only has the distinctive fragrance of green tea, and is soluble in the hot and cold water, limpid bright no any sediment.Its main physical and chemical index is: moisture 5%, and total ash 13%, Tea Polyphenols about 35%, caffeine about 4%, amino acid about 3.0% has high-quality instant green tea qualitative characteristics.
Summary of the invention:
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of branches and leaves, branch, stalk production and processing instant green tea powder and preparation technology thereof who utilizes after the tea bush trimmer, the instant green tea powder that this technology is produced, it is Powdered that profile is; The color and luster yellow green; Flavour is mellow tasty and refreshing, not only has the distinctive fragrance of green tea, and is soluble in the hot and cold water; Limpid bright no any sediment has reached the requirement of high-quality instant green tea.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is following:
A kind of instant green tea powder is characterized in that: with the tea tree stalk is that major ingredient processes.
The manufacture craft of described instant green tea powder specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1) collects raw material: collect branch, stalk that tea bush trimmer abandons;
(2) pulverize: collect tea tree branch, stalk, send processing factory fast to, at first let its stand put 1-3 hour; Let " the green grass gas " of tea tree branch, stalk fully to distribute; Tea perfume (or spice) appears, and drops into pulverizer then immediately and pulverizes, and is ground into the fine powder section of length less than 0.3cm;
(3) lixiviate: after tea tree branch, the crushed stalk, drop into aseptic extractor immediately and carry out repeatedly hot water lixiviate, 85-95 ℃ of each extraction temperatures; Extraction time 45-65 minutes; Solid-liquid ratio 1:30-40g/ml:, after leaching liquor being drained, put into hot water to extractor more at every turn; Carry out lixiviate next time, merge leaching liquor;
(4) mechanical expression is squeezed the juice
Lixiviate is imported squeezer with leaching liquor after finishing, and carries out the 2-3 squeezing, squeezes time 10-15min at every turn, and pressing temperature remains on 55-70 ℃;
(5) enzyme extraction
With aseptic jar of step (4) pressed liquor suction; Carry out of short duration post precipitation, add cellulase and carry out the enzyme extraction, the enzyme extraction is that the tea stalk cellulose is decomposed into glucide; The addition of cellulase is 0.3-0.5% of a pressed liquor; The enzyme extraction temperature is 40-45 ℃, extracts the pH value 4.5-5.5 of extract time 3-4 hour;
(6) separate
Tea juice with after the enzyme extraction carries out mechanical separation, and with some impurity in the tea juice, fibre object fully separates, and to keep tea juice degree of purity, separation circuit utilizes the mechanical separation machine to carry out, and the stainless mesh of seperator is 0.5-0.6mm, and normal temperature gets final product;
(7) filter
With the tea liquid after the mechanical separation, import in the duplex strainer as early as possible and filter, filter and divided for two steps carried out, filter just for the first time, mesh 0.2-0.3mm, smart for the second time filter, mesh 0.1-0.2mm, duplex is filtered and is carried out at normal temperatures;
(8) ultrafiltration
The tea juice that will pass through filtration passes through ceramic membrane ultrafitration again, and the ceramic membrane aperture is 0.001mm;
(9) sterilization
The tea juice of ultra filtration is carried out high-temperature short-time sterilization again, require 107-121 ℃ of instantaneous completion in 14-15 seconds time of sterilising temp;
(10) concentrate
Adopt reduced vacuum to concentrate the tea juice after the sterilization, remove most of moisture, vacuum pressure: 0.08-0.09mpa, 60-70 ℃ of temperature.
(11) vacuum spray drying
When the tea juice after above-mentioned vacuum concentrates reaches 35-36% concentration; Carrying out vacuum spray drying, 220-270 ℃ of spray-drying charging aperture temperature, 130-150 ℃ of discharging opening temperature; Atomisation pressure 0.1-0.12mpa; When the material moisture after the spray-drying was 5.5%, discharging at once obtained instant tea powder;
(12) vacuum packaging
Immediately adopt the asepsis vacuum packing machine to carry out aseptic packaging instant tea powder, obtain final products, vacuum packaging bag sack 20kg/ wraps usually, pouch 15kg/ bag, and the instant tea product after the sterile vacuum packing advances the storehouse cryopreservation at once.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
1, the cost of material is low,
Used material be the discarded branch of tea bush trimmer, stalk as raw material, with low cost, the source is wide, has realized turning waste into wealth, and makes full use of characteristics of resources;
2, extraction yield is high, in preparation technology, has increased the enzyme extraction process, adds cellulase and makes the cellulose in the stalk be degraded, and has improved extraction yield, and after detect, adding cellulase, extraction yield improves 10-15%;
3, the instant green tea powder profile of prepared of the present invention is Powdered, the color and luster yellow green, and flavour is mellow tasty and refreshing, not only has the distinctive fragrance of green tea, and is soluble in the hot and cold water, limpid bright no any sediment.Its main physical and chemical index is: moisture 5%, and total ash 13%, Tea Polyphenols about 35%, caffeine about 4%, amino acid about 3.0% has high-quality instant green tea qualitative characteristics.
Description of drawings
The process chart of Fig. 1 tea tree stalk production and processing instant green tea.
The specific embodiment
The technical parameter of technology of the present invention is following:
Raw material: the branch under the tea bush trimmer, leaf or stalk.
Pulverize: pulverizer machinery is pulverized length 0.1-0.3cm.
Lixiviate: aseptic jar, 85-95 ℃ of water temperatures, 45-65 minutes time.
Squeeze the juice: squeezer, 55-70 ℃ of temperature.
Enzyme extraction: add cellulase, addition 0.3-0.5%, temperature 40-45 ℃.
Separate: mechanical separation machine mesh 0.3-0.5mm.
Filter: dual filter system, first opening of sieve 0.2mm, smart opening of sieve 0.1mm.
Ultrafiltration: ceramic membrane ultrafitration device, fenestra 0.001mm.
Sterilization: ultra high temperature short time sterilization machine, 107-121 ℃ of temperature, time: 10-15s.
Vacuum concentrates: vacuum decker, vacuum: 0.08-0.09mpa, 60-70 ℃ of temperature.
Vacuum drying: vacuum spray drying device, vacuum spraying pressure 0.1-0.2mpa, 220-270 ℃ of charging aperture temperature, 130-150 ℃ of discharging opening temperature, Wu material Han Shui Liang ≦ 5.5%.
Vacuum-packed: asepsis vacuum packing machine, Aluminum-plastic composite bag packing, Packing Unit sack 10kg/ bag, pouch 5kg/ bag.
Embodiment one:
Utilize tea tree before the spring tea to repair down discarded, leaf and stalk manufacture craft as the raw material production instant green tea powder:
1, raw material
Discarded branch, leaf and stalk under repairing with tea tree before the spring tea be as raw material, and these raw materials compare that soft branches and leaves are many, stalk is few, be processed into that molten fast green tea color and luster is green, fresh taste, profile and to include quality all good.
2, pulverize
After raw material enters factory, do to drop into pulverizer at once after put at the stand slightly and pulverize, put about 2.5 hours time at the stand, lets tea tree branch, stalk " green grass gas " fully distribute, and tea perfume (or spice) appears, stalk mechanical disintegration length 0.1-0.3cm, the oversize leaching rate that influences tealeaves.Pulverizing should be carried out indoor, does not answer Exposure to Sunlight and drenches with rain, if Exposure to Sunlight and drench with rain all bad to instant tea.
3, lixiviate
Tea tree branches and leaves, powder of straw after the above-mentioned pulverizing are dropped into aseptic extractor carry out the hot water lixiviate, 95 ℃ of extraction temperatures, 60 minutes; Solid-liquid ratio is 1:35g/ml, in order to improve tea juice extraction rate, does the secondary lixiviate; After for the first time leaching liquor being drained; Mend hot water at once, do lixiviate for the second time, its operating technology parameter is with for the first time identical;
4, squeeze
Leaching liquor is imported squeezer, carry out mechanical expression, carry out twice pressing, for the first time with slow shelves squeezing, for the second time with fast shelves squeezing, the temperature of squeezing the juice can keep 70 ℃ of squeezing juice should put into aseptic jar immediately;
5, enzyme extraction
After aseptic jar of the tea juice leachate suction; Put into cellulase (Tai'an letter get profit the cellulase activity that bioengineering Co., Ltd provides be 500,000 U/g) as post precipitation slightly and carry out the enzyme extraction; The tea stalk cellulose is decomposed into glucide, 44 ℃ of cellulase addition 0.5% temperature.
6, separate
Tea juice with after the enzyme extraction carries out mechanical separation at normal temperatures, and with some impurity in the tea juice, fibre object fully separates, to keep tea juice degree of purity.Separation circuit utilizes the mechanical separation machine to carry out, and the stainless mesh of seperator is 0.5-0.6mm.
7, filter
Dual filter system, type
With the tea liquid of mechanical separation, import in the duplex strainer as early as possible and filter, filter and divided for two steps carried out, for the first time filter just; Mesh 0.2mm, smart for the second time filter, mesh 0.1mm, duplex is filtered at normal temperatures and is implemented; In order to keep filter quality, should in time constantly clean and change screen pack, general work 5-6 hours; Will clean once,, in time change in case find that the film net is damaged.
8, ultrafiltration
In order further to improve tea juice clarity, also must carry out the ultrafiltration of a ceramic membrane device again through the smart tea juice that filters.Ultrafiltration pottery fenestra is 0.001mm, and is limpid bright after brewing through the tea powder of this road ultrafiltration, do not have any sediment.This procedure is the most important operation of making instant green tea powder for this reason, also is the critical process of guaranteeing quality, needs conscientiously operation.
9, sterilization
Tea juice may produce secondary pollution through above-mentioned several procedures, is adopting the ultra high temperature short time sterilization machine to carry out high-temperature sterilization one time, 107-121 ℃ of instantaneous completion in 14-15 seconds time of sterilising temp.Do not reach sterilization effect if sterilising temp is low excessively, overlong time can produce " red stain " phenomenon, all influences tea opaque amount.
10, vacuum decker
The vacuum inspissation is the tea juice after the sterilization to be added in the vacuum decker concentrate, and removes most of moisture, carries out vacuum pressure smoothly with road drying process after an action of the bowels: 0.08-0.09mpa, 60-70 ℃ of temperature, about 4 hours.
11, vacuum spray drying
When the tea juice after concentrating reaches 35-36% concentration, can carry out vacuum spray drying.220-270 ℃ of spray-drying charging aperture temperature, 130-150 ℃ of discharging opening temperature, atomisation pressure 0.1-0.12mpa.When the material moisture after the spray-drying was 5.5%, discharging was at once packed.
12, vacuum packaging
In order to ensure the instant green tea powder product quality, its packing must be used the asepsis vacuum packing machine and carry out aseptic packaging, in case pollute again.Usually vacuum packaging bag sack 20kg/ wraps, pouch 15kg/ bag, and the instant tea product after the sterile vacuum packing advances the storehouse cryopreservation at once.
Embodiment two:
Utilize behind the spring tea with summer tea after down discarded of the tea pruned, leaf and stalk as the manufacture craft of raw material production instant green tea powder:
1, raw material
Behind the spring tea with summer tea after the tea tree branches and leaves pruned, soft branches and leaves are few, stalk is many, is processed into instant green tea, profile is slightly poor with the endoplasm performance, be this this item making: technology should adopt the different techniques parameter to different material, keeps quality consistency as far as possible.
2, pulverize
After raw material enters factory, do to drop into pulverizer at once after put at the stand slightly and pulverize, put about 1 hour time at the stand, lets tea tree branch, stalk " green grass gas " fully distribute, and tea perfume (or spice) appears, stalk mechanical disintegration length 0.1-0.3cm, the oversize leaching rate that influences tealeaves.Pulverizing should be carried out indoor, does not answer Exposure to Sunlight and drenches with rain, if Exposure to Sunlight and drench with rain all bad to instant tea.
3, lixiviate
Tea tree branches and leaves, powder of straw after the above-mentioned pulverizing are dropped into aseptic extractor carry out the hot water lixiviate, 85 ℃ of extraction temperatures, 50 minutes; Solid-liquid ratio is 1:35g/ml, in order to improve tea juice extraction rate, does the secondary lixiviate; After for the first time leaching liquor being drained; Mend hot water at once, do lixiviate for the second time, its operating technology parameter is with for the first time identical;
4, squeeze
Leaching liquor is imported squeezer, carry out mechanical expression, carry out twice pressing, for the first time with slow shelves squeezing, for the second time with fast shelves squeezing, the temperature of squeezing the juice can keep 65 ℃ of squeezing juice should put into aseptic jar immediately;
5, enzyme extraction
After aseptic jar of the tea juice leachate suction; Put into cellulase (Tai'an letter get profit the cellulase activity that bioengineering Co., Ltd provides be 500,000 U/g) as post precipitation slightly and carry out the enzyme extraction; The tea stalk cellulose is decomposed into glucide, 42 ℃ of cellulase addition 0.3% temperature.
6, separate
Tea juice with after the enzyme extraction carries out mechanical separation at normal temperatures, and with some impurity in the tea juice, fibre object fully separates, to keep tea juice degree of purity.Separation circuit utilizes the mechanical separation machine to carry out, and the stainless mesh of seperator is 0.5-0.6mm.
7, filter
Dual filter system, type
With the tea liquid of mechanical separation, import in the duplex strainer as early as possible and filter, filter and divided for two steps carried out, for the first time filter just; Mesh 0.2mm, smart for the second time filter, mesh 0.1mm, duplex is filtered at normal temperatures and is implemented; In order to keep filter quality, should in time constantly clean and change screen pack, general work 5-6 hours; Will clean once,, in time change in case find that the film net is damaged.
8, ultrafiltration
In order further to improve tea juice clarity, also must carry out the ultrafiltration of a ceramic membrane device again through the smart tea juice that filters.Ultrafiltration pottery fenestra is 0.001mm, and is limpid bright after brewing through the tea powder of this road ultrafiltration, do not have any sediment.This procedure is the most important operation of making instant green tea powder for this reason, also is the critical process of guaranteeing quality, needs conscientiously operation.
9, sterilization
Tea juice may produce secondary pollution through above-mentioned several procedures, is adopting the ultra high temperature short time sterilization machine to carry out high-temperature sterilization one time, 107-121 ℃ of instantaneous completion in 14-15 seconds time of sterilising temp.Do not reach sterilization effect if sterilising temp is low excessively, overlong time can produce " red stain " phenomenon, all influences tea opaque amount.
10, vacuum decker
The vacuum inspissation is the tea juice after the sterilization to be added in the vacuum decker concentrate, and removes most of moisture, carries out vacuum pressure smoothly with road drying process after an action of the bowels: 0.08-0.09mpa, 60-70 ℃ of temperature, about 4 hours.
11, vacuum spray drying
When the tea juice after concentrating reaches 35-36% concentration, can carry out vacuum spray drying.220-270 ℃ of spray-drying charging aperture temperature, 130-150 ℃ of discharging opening temperature, atomisation pressure 0.1-0.12mpa.When the material moisture after the spray-drying was 5.5%, discharging was at once packed.
12, vacuum packaging
In order to ensure the instant green tea powder product quality, its packing must be used the asepsis vacuum packing machine and carry out aseptic packaging, in case pollute again.Usually vacuum packaging bag sack 20kg/ wraps, pouch 15kg/ bag, and the instant tea product after the sterile vacuum packing advances the storehouse cryopreservation at once.
The instant green tea powder Quality Detection that processes of the present invention is made is following:
1, profile endoplasm quality performance
Table 1, instant green tea profile endoplasm qualitative characteristics
2, physical and chemical quality
Table 2, instant green tea physical and chemical quality characteristic
3, health quality
Table 3, the main health quality of instant green tea situation
Project | The content situation | Remarks |
Plumbous mg/kg | 4.5—5 | ? |
Copper mg/kg | 15—20 | ? |
Arsenic mg/kg | 0.1—0.2 | ? |
Mercury mg/kg | 0.1—0.3 | ? |
Rare earth mg/kg | 1.5—2.0 | ? |
Microbial count (cfu/g) | ≤100—150 | ? |
Sterilization and yeast (cfu/g) | ≤3—5 | ? |
The astonished cmpn/100ml of coliform | <=100 do not detect | ? |
Comprehensive said, by the instant green tea powder that above-mentioned processes is made, no matter be the outward appearance endoplasm, still main physical and chemical index all reaches high-quality instant tea standard, can be applicable.
Claims (2)
1. instant green tea powder is characterized in that: the branch, leaf or the stalk that abandon during with tea bush trimmer are that major ingredient processes.
2. the manufacture craft of instant green tea powder as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1) collects raw material: the branch, leaf or the stalk that abandon when collecting tea bush trimmer;
(2) pulverize: collect tea tree branch, leaf or stalk, send processing factory fast to, at first let its spreading for cooling 1-3 hour; Let " the green grass gas " of tea tree branch, stalk fully to distribute; Tea perfume (or spice) appears, and drops into pulverizer then immediately and pulverizes, and is ground into the fine powder section of length less than 0.3cm;
(3) lixiviate: after tea tree branch, the crushed stalk, drop into aseptic extractor immediately and carry out repeatedly hot water lixiviate, 85-95 ℃ of each extraction temperatures; Extraction time 45-65 minutes; Solid-liquid ratio 1:30-40g/ml after leaching liquor being drained, puts into hot water to extractor at every turn again; Carry out lixiviate next time, merge leaching liquor;
(4) mechanical expression is squeezed the juice
Lixiviate is imported squeezer with leaching liquor after finishing, and carries out the 2-3 squeezing, squeezes time 10-15min at every turn, and pressing temperature remains on 55-70 ℃;
(5) enzyme extraction
With aseptic jar of step (4) pressed liquor suction, carry out of short duration post precipitation, add cellulase and carry out the enzyme extraction; The enzyme extraction is that the tea stalk cellulose is decomposed into glucide; The addition of cellulase is 0.3-0.5% of a pressed liquor, and the enzyme extraction temperature is 40-45 ℃, extracts time 3-4 hour;
(6) separate
Tea juice with after the enzyme extraction carries out mechanical separation, and with some impurity in the tea juice, fibre object fully separates, and to keep tea juice degree of purity, separation circuit utilizes the mechanical separation machine to carry out, and the stainless mesh of seperator is 0.5-0.6mm, and normal temperature gets final product;
(7) filter
With the tea liquid after the mechanical separation, import in the duplex strainer as early as possible and filter, filter and divided for two steps carried out, filter just for the first time, mesh 0.2-0.3mm, smart for the second time filter, mesh 0.1-0.2mm, duplex is filtered and is carried out at normal temperatures;
(8) ultrafiltration
The tea juice that will pass through filtration passes through ceramic membrane ultrafitration again, and the ceramic membrane aperture is 0.001mm;
(9) sterilization
The tea juice of ultra filtration is carried out high-temperature short-time sterilization again, require 107-121 ℃ of instantaneous completion in 14-15 seconds time of sterilising temp;
(10) concentrate
Adopt reduced vacuum to concentrate the tea juice after the sterilization, remove most of moisture, 60-70 ℃ of temperature;
(11) vacuum spray drying
When the tea juice after above-mentioned vacuum concentrates reaches 35-36% concentration; Carrying out vacuum spray drying, 220-270 ℃ of spray-drying charging aperture temperature, 130-150 ℃ of discharging opening temperature; Atomisation pressure 0.1-0.12mpa; When the material moisture after the spray-drying was 5.5%, discharging at once obtained instant tea powder;
(12) vacuum packaging
Immediately adopt the asepsis vacuum packing machine to carry out aseptic packaging instant tea powder, obtain final products, the instant tea product after the sterile vacuum packing advances the storehouse cryopreservation at once.
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CN102763749A (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2012-11-07 | 罗劭蕾 | Instant osmanthus and fissidens tea |
CN103704420A (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-04-09 | 王海斌 | Processing method of instant tea powder |
JP2014140351A (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-08-07 | Mitsui Norin Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing low-caffeine tea extract, and low-caffeine tea extract |
CN105495137A (en) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-04-20 | 安徽天品堂生态科技有限公司 | Preparation method of instant-soluble polygonatum kingianum powder |
CN106212772A (en) * | 2016-07-27 | 2016-12-14 | 池州市天方富硒生物科技有限公司 | Utilize the method that Camellia sinensis straw produces black tea powder |
CN106234695A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-12-21 | 池州市天方富硒生物科技有限公司 | A kind of method that serialization intelligence production line prepares black tea powder |
CN108522708A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-09-14 | 云南省农业科学院茶叶研究所 | A kind of white ginseng bacterium instant tea and preparation method thereof |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102763749A (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2012-11-07 | 罗劭蕾 | Instant osmanthus and fissidens tea |
JP2014140351A (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-08-07 | Mitsui Norin Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing low-caffeine tea extract, and low-caffeine tea extract |
CN103704420A (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-04-09 | 王海斌 | Processing method of instant tea powder |
CN103704420B (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2016-01-20 | 龙岩学院 | A kind of processing method of instant tea powder |
CN105495137A (en) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-04-20 | 安徽天品堂生态科技有限公司 | Preparation method of instant-soluble polygonatum kingianum powder |
CN106212772A (en) * | 2016-07-27 | 2016-12-14 | 池州市天方富硒生物科技有限公司 | Utilize the method that Camellia sinensis straw produces black tea powder |
CN106234695A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-12-21 | 池州市天方富硒生物科技有限公司 | A kind of method that serialization intelligence production line prepares black tea powder |
CN108522708A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-09-14 | 云南省农业科学院茶叶研究所 | A kind of white ginseng bacterium instant tea and preparation method thereof |
CN112136909A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2020-12-29 | 屠秀慧 | Process and method for producing tea in quantity |
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Application publication date: 20121003 |