CN102625814B - Polymers functionalized with hydroxyl group-containing diphenylethylene - Google Patents

Polymers functionalized with hydroxyl group-containing diphenylethylene Download PDF

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CN102625814B
CN102625814B CN201080038725.XA CN201080038725A CN102625814B CN 102625814 B CN102625814 B CN 102625814B CN 201080038725 A CN201080038725 A CN 201080038725A CN 102625814 B CN102625814 B CN 102625814B
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polymkeric substance
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CN102625814A (en
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秦增全
燕远勇
潘晓东
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Bridgestone Corp
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JSR Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F36/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F36/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F36/04—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
    • C08F36/06—Butadiene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/30—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule
    • C08C19/42—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups
    • C08C19/44—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups of polymers containing metal atoms exclusively at one or both ends of the skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F279/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00
    • C08F279/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00 on to polymers of conjugated dienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2500/00—Characteristics or properties of obtained polyolefins; Use thereof
    • C08F2500/21—Rubbery or elastomeric properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/01—Hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

Vulcanizates with desirable properties can be obtained from compounds incorporating polymers that include hydroxyl group-containing diphenylethylene-type functionalities. The functionalities can be incorporated by using any or all of appropriate initiators, monomers and optional terminating compounds. Such polymers exhibit excellent interactivity with both conventional and non-conventional fillers.

Description

With the functionalized polymkeric substance of the diphenylethlene that comprises hydroxyl
Background technology
Good tractive force and wear resistance are the overriding concern item of tire tread; Yet mobile vehicle fuel efficiency relates to about the minimized arguement of its rolling resistance, during tyre in operation, described rolling resistance is associated with the reduction of hysteresis and heat generation.These considerations are emulative and some contradiction to a great extent: the tyre surface of being made by the composition of the line-haul workhorse that is designed to provide good shows the rolling resistance of increase conventionally, and vice versa.Tread composition comprises one or more elastomericss and one or more supporting materials for example dustless carbon black and silicon-dioxide conventionally; Referring to, for example, TheVanderbilt Rubber Handbook, the 13rd edition (1990), 603-04 page.
Normally select one or more fillers, one or more polymkeric substance and additive so that the acceptable compromise of character or the balance of expectation to be provided.Guarantee that one or more reinforced fillings are scattered in whole (one or more) resilient material well and not only improve processibility but also play the effect that improves physical properties.The dispersion of filler particles can be by strengthening they and one or more elastomeric interactions and/or reducing their interactions each other and improve.The example that the type is made great efforts is included in surface oxidation, surface grafting and the chemical modification of polymer that selective reaction promotor exists lower high temperature mixing, compounding material, normally at its end.
End chemical modification occurs with reacting of functionalized end-capping reagent by active (that is, anionic initiation) polymkeric substance conventionally.Some in the numerous examples of the method comprise United States Patent (USP) 3,109,871,4,647,625,4,677,153,5,109,907,6,977,281 etc., and the reference of wherein quoting and quote these patents in rear announcement.
The many polymkeric substance that for example use in the making of tyre assembly at vulcanized rubber are elastic.Except natural rubber, the most conventionally some that adopt comprise the high-cis polybutadiene of conventionally being manufactured by the technique that adopts Z-N (Ziegler-Natta) catalyzer, and random polystyrene/butadiene copolymer body substantially of conventionally being manufactured by the technique that adopts anionic initiator.The chemical modification that can carry out with carbanion polymkeric substance is inoperative for the polymkeric substance of preparing via catalytic process conventionally.
Carbanion polymkeric substance and 1, the reaction of 1-diphenylethlene is quantitative substantially, obtain new carbanion kind, thus described carbanion can work cause other (interpolation) suitable vinyl monomer as diene, some vinyl and cyclic monomer (with and composition thereof) and even polarity ethylenically unsaturated compounds as the polymerization of acrylate.
Summary of the invention
At first, provide a kind of functionalized polymeric aspect common, it comprises that polyenoid chain link and at least one have the unit of following general formula
Each G wherein pbe blocking group independently, each R 1and R 2be hydrogen atom or alkyl independently, the integer that m is 1-5, and the n integer that is 0-5.One or more unit can be introduced along polymer chain, and wherein each this type of unit is bonded to two other link units (identical or different type), or this type of unit can be positioned at the end of polymer chain.
In relating to the situation of the polymkeric substance with reactive terminal, arbitrary end of chain can be introduced in formula I type unit.When unit being introduced to polymerization end (that is, end-blocking end), polymkeric substance can have following general formula
Wherein π is the polymkeric substance that comprises polyenoid chain link; Each G p, R 1, R 2, m and n define as mentioned above; Z can be the residue of hydrogen atom or end-caps.When carbanion polymkeric substance reacts with the compound with following general formula,
Formula II polymkeric substance can provide by quencher, and this causes Z is H, or by with the reacting of end-caps, this causes Z is the residue of end-caps.Selectively, thus formula III compound can react with hydrocarbyl alkali metallic compound the ionic compound with following general formula is provided
Wherein M is that alkali metal atom and R are that alkyl is as alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl etc.; Formula IV compound can be for causing the polymerization of the unsaturated chain link of any multiple ethylenic, and this causes when polymerization starts (, the initiation end of polymkeric substance) drawing-in system I unit so that chainpropagation from the negatively charged ion carbon atom of formula IV.
In other side, provide the preparation formula IV method of compound, use formula IV compound to cause the method for polymerization, the method for preparation formula II type polymkeric substance of ethylenically unsaturated monomers and to provide and use the method for the polymkeric substance that comprises formula I unit.
Arbitrary aforementioned aspect in, thereby one or more blocking group can normally be substituted via hydrolysis the hydroxyl substituent of one or more Direct Bonding to one or two phenyl is provided with hydrogen atom.This can cause the individual hydroxyl substituent of m (defined above) to be directly bonded to a phenyl and the individual hydroxyl substituent of n (defined above) is bonded to another phenyl.
Carbanion polymkeric substance can provide by the polymerization of anionic initiation ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and described ethylenically unsaturated monomers typically comprises one or more polyenoid, conjugated diolefine and at least one vinyl aromatic compounds optionally especially.Resulting polymers can comprise a plurality of a plurality of chain links that come from the introducing of alkene (A unit), and one or more non-adjacent chain link being limited by general formula I (B unit).Any or each these aspect, polymkeric substance can comprise optionally, the aromatics side group of Direct Bonding (C unit), can be for substantial linear, and/or can be included in unsaturated link(age) (unsaturation) in polymer chain and/or from the side group of polymer chain.This unsaturated link(age) can be derived from the introducing of polyenoid link units and along polymer chain, be preferably random substantially.
In addition, B unit is introduced into the block that polymer chain allows formation order chain link (subsequentmer), unless be difficult to or can not introduced via anionic polymerization.
Anyway characterize, polymkeric substance can for example carbon black and silicon-dioxide interact with particulate filler.The composition that comprises the vulcanized rubber that comprises particulate filler and this base polymer is also provided, and the method that provides and use such composition.
From the description other side of the present invention of following exemplary, for those skilled in the art, be apparent.For helping understand the following description of various embodiments, below and then provide some definition.Unless these definition are intended for context in full and obviously point out contrary implication:
" polymkeric substance " means the polymerisate of one or more monomers, comprises homopolymer, multipolymer, trimer, tetramer etc.;
" chain link " or " link units " means to derive from the part of polymkeric substance of monoreactant molecule, and (for example, ethene chain link has general formula-CH 2cH 2-);
" multipolymer " means to comprise the polymkeric substance of the link units that derives from two kinds of reactants (typically monomer), and comprises random, block, segment, grafting etc.;
" interpolymer " means to comprise the polymkeric substance of the link units that derives from least two kinds of reactants (typically monomer), and comprises multipolymer, trimer and tetramer etc.;
" random copolymer " means to have and derives from the link units of the various formation monomers that mainly non-repetitive mode is introduced and there is no the i.e. interpolymers of the segment of 3 above identical chain links of block;
" carbanion " and " activity " used interchangeably;
" natural gum (gum) mooney viscosity " is the mooney viscosity of polymkeric substance uncured before adding any filler;
" formulation mooney viscosity " is the mooney viscosity that comprises especially the composition of uncured or partly solidified polymkeric substance and particulate filler;
" replacement " means to contain the group expection order that nonintervention is discussed, a class of heteroatoms or functional group (for example, alkyl);
" Direct Bonding " means there is no covalently bound in the atom of interval or insertion or group situation;
" polyenoid " means to have the molecule of at least two two keys that are arranged in its longest part or chain, and particularly including diene and triolefin etc.;
" polydiene " means to comprise the polymkeric substance from the link units of one or more diene;
" phr " means the weight part (pbw) based on 100pbw rubber;
" blocking group " means following group: (1) is under the first group reaction condition, for the Sauerstoffatom of hydroxy functional group for fully reactive, it can replace the H atom of this group, (2) for carbanion polymkeric substance with for providing its initiator right and wrong reactive, and optionally, (3) can be replaced by H atom under the second group reaction condition different from the first group reaction condition;
" residue " mean with another molecular reaction after the part of residual molecule, no matter whether the result as reaction obtains or loses any atom;
" end " means the end of polymer chain; And
" terminal portions " means to be positioned at group or the functional group of end.
Unless being weight percentage context, all values with percentage ratio form herein obviously points out contrary implication.
Embodiment
Apparent from aforementioned summary of the invention, functionalized polymeric can characterize in every way.Normally, it comprise derive from one or more polyenoid, especially diene chain link and by (directly or indirectly) of formula III compound, introduce functional end-group and/or the one or more link units causing.In some embodiment at least, polymkeric substance also can comprise the side aromatic group of Direct Bonding.
The polymkeric substance with B unit can be by during chainpropagation or when chainpropagation finishes providing formula III compound and the polymer reaction with active chain end.Selectively or additionally, thereby formula III compound can react with hydrocarbyl alkali metallic compound the ionic compound that can cause ethylenically unsaturated monomers polymerization is provided, that is, and and formula IV initiator.Therefore, one or more B unit can distribute along polymer chain, and B unit can be positioned at end, and/or the residue of formula IV initiator can be positioned at end.When B unit is positioned at polymer chain end, result is the formula II type functionalized polymeric with Z characteristic, and it is further functionalized that this Z characteristic depends on whether polymkeric substance carries out.
Production and the use that comprises following polymkeric substance below described: a plurality of A chain links are olefin unit; Optionally a plurality of C chain links comprise the unit of side aryl, particularly phenyl; At least one B chain link, and wherein at least some expectation functionalized derive from functionalized monomer.Each A, B and C chain link can come from the introducing of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
A chain link comes from the introducing of following material conventionally, and polyenoid is triolefin (for example, myrcene) and diene, particularly C particularly 4-C 12diene even more particularly conjugated diolefine as 1,3-divinyl, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-divinyl, 2-ethyl-1,3-divinyl, 2-methyl isophthalic acid, 3-pentadiene, 3-methyl isophthalic acid, 3-pentadiene, isoprene, 4-methyl isophthalic acid, 3-pentadiene and 2,4-hexadiene etc.Partly or entirely A chain link can derive from one or more diene, particularly conjugated diolefine, for example 1,3-butadiene.In some embodiments, all (that is, at least 95%) polyenoid can be diene, particularly conjugated diolefine substantially.This base polymer shows elastic properties conventionally.
Polyenoid can be to introduce in polymer chain more than a kind of mode.In particular for the application of tire tread, control this introducing mode can for expectation.For the application of some end-uses, with the digital percentage ratio of the total quantity based on polyenoid unit, provide, have～10 to～80%, optional～25 to～65% whole 1, what the polymer chain of 2-microstructure can be for expectation.Think polyenoid content based on total, have be not more than～50%, be preferably not more than～45%, more preferably no more than～40%, even more preferably no more than～35% be most preferably not more than～30% whole 1, the polymkeric substance of 2-microstructure is substantial linear.For the application of some end-uses, keep 1,2-linkage content to be even low to moderate being for example less than approximately 7%, be less than 5%, be less than 2% or be less than 1% and can expect.
The end-use that depends on expectation, one or more polymer chains can comprise side aryl, and this side aryl can be provided by C chain link, and described C chain link derives from vinyl-arene, particularly C 8-C 20vinyl-arene is the chain link of vinylbenzene, alpha-methyl styrene, p-methylstyrene, Vinyl toluene and vinyl naphthalene for example.When using together with one or more polyenoid, C chain link can form polymer chain～1 to～50% ,～10 to～45% or～20 to～40%; Random microstructure can provide special benefit as the rubber combination of the manufacture for tire tread in the application examples of some end-uses.When expectation is during block interpolymers, C unit can form polymer chain～1 to～90%, normally～2 to～80%, conventionally～3 to～75% and typically～5 to～70%.(in this paragraph, all percentage ratio is molecular fraction.)
Exemplary interpolymer comprises wherein one or more conjugated diolefines for those of A unit are provided, i.e. polydiene; Among these, 1,3-butadiene can be for one of in a plurality of or only adopt polydiene.When expectation C unit, thereby they can provide for example SBR by vinylbenzene.In the exemplary interpolymer of each aforesaid kind, also can introduce one or more B unit.
B unit, is limited by formula I conventionally, comprises two side phenyl, the hydroxyl that it one of at least comprises one or more Direct Bonding.Because the H atom of hydroxyl is active and can disturbs some polymerization process, so described one or more B unit is conventionally by comprising the above G of being defined as pthe compound of blocking group provide.Although each G ppart needs not be identical, but for given compound, has the G of single type ppart is normally easily with simple.
Unless special G pformation can improve the part of the interaction (as the tan δ value at 50 ℃ by for example reducing confirms) of polymkeric substance and particulate filler, otherwise it also preferably can be by not destroying or owing to existing A unit to cause the process of reacting with ethylenic unsaturated link(age) in polymkeric substance to be hydrolyzed.Trialkyl silyl is to can be used in this two orders, G pthe non-limiting example of part type; This type of part can be by by one or more hydroxyl substituents of phenyl and trialkyl silyl halides, preferably trialkylsilkl halide reaction provides.Except trialkyl silyl part, the G of other potentially useful ppart includes but not limited to benzyl, the tertiary butyl, alkoxyalkyl (for example, CH 3oCH 2-), tetrahydropyrans, allyl group, sulphonamide and bulky ester (for example, pivalate).
One or two phenyl in single B unit comprises one or more OG ppart.OG on each phenyl of B unit ppart quantity do not need identical and, when quantity is identical, OG ppart need to be at the same position place of two rings.With respect to phenyl, be connected to the point of polymer chain, single OG ppart can be positioned at neighbour on phenyl ring, or contraposition, and a plurality of OG ppart can be arranged on 2 on phenyl ring, 3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, 2,3,4-, 2,3,5-etc.Additionally, when polymkeric substance comprises a more than B unit, each unit can have the OG of different quantities ppart and/or there is the OG at the different positions place of its phenyl ppart.
B unit is provided by formula III compound conventionally, the integer that the integer that wherein m is 1-5 and n are 0-5, that is and, wherein at least one phenyl comprises at least one OG pthe diphenylethylene compound of part.A phenyl comprises 5 these type of OG at the most ppart, and other phenyl optionally also comprises 5 these type of OG at the most ppart.In one embodiment, two OG ppart can be bonded to adjacent ring C atom, for example, 3 and 4 of identical phenyl.
In formula III, each R 1and R 2represent independently hydrogen atom or alkyl, particularly there is no the alkyl of ethylenic unsaturated link(age).Exemplary R 1and R 2group comprise hydrogen atom, alkyl (low alkyl group particularly, for example, C 1-C 6alkyl), cycloalkyl and aryl.In specific embodiment, R 1and R 2it can be both hydrogen atom.
When one or more formula III-type compound polymerization, it/they provide one or more B unit.If the quantity of B unit is normally little with respect to A unit with the quantity of the C unit existing; The B unit of finding relatively little quantity provides the expected performance of gratifying level, and the further improvement of these performances is not necessarily directly proportional to the quantity of the B unit existing.This relatively little quantity can represent in many ways.For example, the weight percent that can belong to the final polymkeric substance of B unit is normally less than 2%, more generally～0.1 to～1.5%, and typically～0.2 to～1.0%.B chain link is less than 1%, more generally～0.01 to～0.75% conventionally with respect to the per-cent of the total quantity of chain link in polymkeric substance, and typically～0.05 to～0.5%.The total quantity of the B unit in given polymkeric substance is normally 1 to tens of, normally 1 to 12, more generally from 1 to 10, and the most normally from 1 to 5.
One or more B unit can be when starting close to polymerization, close to polymerization, finishing or introducing during at any one or more intermediate points; In the aforesaid possibility of first two, B unit can be arranged in 6 chain atoms adjacent with the end of polymkeric substance, in 2 unit, or as terminal units.When there is a more than B unit, they are separate, that is, be not continuous.
The aforementioned type of polymkeric substance can be prepared by letex polymerization or solution polymerization, and the latter provides for this type of performance as the larger control of degree of randomness, microstructure etc.Solution polymerization has been carried out for many years, so its common aspect is known for those skilled in the art, therefore this only provide some common aspect so that reference.
Polar solvent can adopt as THF and non-polar solvent in solution polymerization, and a rear type is more common in industrial practice.The example of non-polar solvent comprises various C 5-C 12ring-type and acyclic alkane and their alkyl derivative, specifically liquid aromatic compound and composition thereof.Those skilled in the art know that other useful solvent is selected and combination.
The character that depends on the polymkeric substance of expectation, the specified conditions of solution polymerization can change significantly.Below describing is about anionic polymer, although cationoid polymerisation is also feasible.After these are described, the optionally functionalized and processing of the polymkeric substance of so preparation is discussed.
Anionoid polymerization is usually directed to the initiator relative with for example catalyzer.Exemplary initiator comprises organolithium compound, particularly alkyl lithium compounds.The example of organic lithium initiator comprises N-lithium generation-hexamethylene imine; N-Butyl Lithium; Tributyl tin lithium; Dialkyl amido lithium compound is as dimethylamino lithium, diethylamino lithium, dipropyl Lithamide and dibutylamino lithium etc.; Dialkyl aminoalkyl lithium compound is as diethylamino propyl lithium; With comprise C 1-C 12, preferred C 1-C 4those trialkyl stannyl lithium compounds of alkyl.
Also can use multiple functionalized initiator, can form the initiator of the polymkeric substance with a more than active end.The example of multiple functionalized initiator includes, but not limited to Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-bis-lithium butane, 1,10-bis-lithium decane, 1,20-bis-lithium petrosilanes, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-bis-lithium benzene, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-bis-lithium naphthalene, 1,10-bis-lithium anthracenes, 1,2-bis-lithium-1,2-diphenylethane, 1,3,5-tri-lithium pentanes, 1,5,15-tri-lithium petrosilanes, 1,3,5-, tri-lithium hexanaphthenes, 1,3,5,8-tetra-lithium decane, 1,5,10,20-tetra-lithium petrosilanes, 1,2,4,6-, tetra-lithium hexanaphthenes and 4,4 '-bis-lithium biphenyl.
Except organic lithium initiator, so-called functionalized initiators is also useful.These are introduced in polymer chain, and the initiating terminal at chain provides functional group thus.The aryl thioacetal that the example of this material comprises lithiumation (for example, referring to United States Patent (USP) 7,153,919) and organolithium compound and such as optionally with compound as the reaction product of the organic compounds containing nitrogen of di isopropenylbenzene pre-reaction (such as replacing aldimine, ketoimine, secondary amine etc.) (for example, referring to United States Patent (USP) 5,153,159 and 5,567,815); And containing hydroxyaryl initiator those as described in WO 2009/086490.
Except aforementioned, formula IV compound can be used as initiator.This compounds can be by reacting formula III compound and hydrocarbyl alkali metallic compound to provide as the organolithium compound of the type of describing before especially.Formula III compound (with, therefore, in formula IV initiator) in, m can be the integer of 0-5 for the integer n of 1-5, that is, wherein at least one phenyl comprises at least one OG pthe diphenylethylene compound of part.In one embodiment, two OG ppart can be bonded to adjacent ring C atom, for example, 3 and 4 of the identical phenyl of formula IV initiator.As previously mentioned, the M in formula IV initiator can be alkali metal atom, preferred K, Na or Li atom, most preferably Li atom.
OG in formula IV initiator pthe G of functional group pevaluation and processing and the R of part 1and R 2group is identical with those relevant with monomers B unit discussed above.
When formula IV initiator initiated polymerization, its residue forms one end of polymer chain.The G of this residue pthereby part next hydrolysis provides hydroxyl substituent.
Formula IV type initiator can be prepared beyond aggregation container, its Chinese style IV type initiator act as initiator, wherein the blend of one or more monomers and solvent can pack reaction vessel into, then add the initiator adding usually used as part solution or blend (that is, in solvent carrier).For reason easily, the common original position of formula (IV) type is synthetic, below describes in detail.
Although those skilled in the art understand the condition conventionally adopting in solution polymerization, provide for ease of reference representative and describe.Below based on intermittent process, although those skilled in the art can be applied to this description semi-batch, continuous or other process.
Solution polymerization starts by packing the blend of one or more monomers and solvent into suitable reaction vessel conventionally, then adds coordination agent (if use) and initiator, and this adds usually used as part solution or blend; Selectively, one or more monomers and coordination agent can be added into initiator.Randomizer (Randomization) and contents of ethylene (that is, 1,2-microstructure) both can be by comprising that normally the coordination agent for polar compound increases.Every equivalent initiator can be used up to coordination agents more than 90 equivalents, and this amount depend on example as desired the amount of contents of ethylene, the character of level, the temperature of reaction of the non-polyenic monomer that adopts and the specific coordination agent that adopts.As the useful compound of coordination agent, comprise the organic compound for example having, containing the right heteroatoms of non-bonding electrons (O or N).That example comprises is single-and the dialkyl ether of oligomeric-aklylene glycol; Crown ether; Tertiary amine is as Tetramethyl Ethylene Diamine; THF; THF oligopolymer; Straight chain and cyclic oligomer oxa-cyclopentyl (oxolanyl) alkane (referring to, for example, United States Patent (USP) 4,429,091) as 2,2 '-bis-(tetrahydrofuran base) propane, dipiperidino ethane, hexamethylphosphoramide, N, N '-lupetazin, diazabicyclo octane, diethyl ether and Tributylamine etc.
Normally, the solution of one or more polymer solvents and one or more monomers approximately-80 ° to+100 ℃, more generally at the temperature of approximately-40 ° to+50 ℃ and typically～0 ° to+30 ℃, provide; To this solution, add and cause compound, or functional units is provided by initiator and formula IV initiator (or formula III presoma and organolithium, normally lithium alkylide).This solution can have approximately-70 ° to～150 ℃, the temperature of approximately-20 ° to～120 ℃ and typically～10 ° to～100 ℃ more generally.Make to be aggregated in the time that is enough to cause form the polymkeric substance of expectation under anhydrous, anoxic condition, conventionally～0.01 to～100 hour, more generally～0.08 to～48 hour and typically～0.15 to～2 hour.
Advantageously, after substantially removing other type monomers, add formula III compound and can produce metastable carbanion polymkeric substance.This stable and for active carbanion can experience being difficult to of other type or can not with the reacting of carbanion polymkeric substance that only comprises A or A and C unit.
For example, once B unit is added to polymer chain, can adds and derive from a kind of to hundreds of chain links of any various anionoid polymerization ethylenically unsaturated compounds; The example of the ethylenic compound that can add with which includes, but not limited to (methyl) alkyl acrylate, and, even in some cases, vinyl aromatic compounds.Other monomer can be usingd statistics (random) mode or add as block.About the extraneous information of the replaced chainpropagation technology of the type, can in the various sources that comprise United States Patent (USP) 7,279,527 for example, find.
In addition, thus the B unit of interpolation can provide carboxylated to polymer chain with carbon dioxide reaction quantitatively.The type reaction can be carried out in many ways as introduced gas phase CO 2solution to aggregation container (for example,, referring to United States Patent (USP) 5,077,346, about representational temperature and pressure) and transfer polymerization thing rubber cement to carbonization etc.
After reaching the degree of conversion of expectation, can remove thermal source (if you are using); If retain reaction vessel for polymerization, reaction mixture removed to the post polymerization container for functionalized and/or quencher.Now, reaction mixture so-called " polymer cement " this be because its relatively high polymer concentration.The polymkeric substance of preparing according to anionic techniques has number-average molecular weight (Mn) conventionally for dalton at the most～500,000.In certain embodiments, can be low to moderate～2000 dalton of Mn; In these and/or other embodiment, Mn is advantageously dalton at least～10,000 or can be～50,000 to～250,000 dalton or～75,000 to～150, within the scope of 000 dalton.Conventionally, Mn for so that the sample of quencher show gummy mooney viscosity (ML 4/ 100 ℃) be～2 to～150, more generally～2.5 to～125, even more generally～5 to～100, and the most normally～10 to～75.
The last location that is added to polymer chain can be B unit, and in the case, this polymkeric substance can represent that wherein Z can be the residue of hydrogen atom or end-caps by general formula I I.Selectively, advantageously, when it is during in aforementioned polymer rubber cement state, formula II type polymkeric substance can provide before quencher.Implementing this kind of functionalized method comprises polymer cement is introduced into one or more formula III compounds and makes these one or more compounds at the end reaction of reactive polymer chain.The type compound is hereinafter also referred to as end-blocking (end-capping) compound.
When end-caps comprises more than a kind of OG pduring substituting group, each can be positioned on identical phenyl ring, or two above can being positioned on different phenyl ring.Preferred end-caps group comprises that has at least two OG psubstituent phenyl and, the one or more OG optionally, on another phenyl ring psubstituent those.
The compound of these types and end-reactive polymers react can be under optimal temperature (for example, 0 ° to 75 ℃) relatively rapidly (several minutes to a few hours) carry out.This compounds is added into polymkeric substance and can varies widely with the amount of polymer reaction, and it depends on significantly the degree of desired effects, the ratio of the consumption of one or more unconventional fillers and conventional and unconventional filler particles etc.Amount based on reactive polymer chain (conventionally the equivalent based on initiator or catalyzer determine), the amount of one or more formula III type compounds from approximately 1: 4 to approximately changing at 5: 4, approximately 1: 3 to approximately 9: 8 and normally approximately 1: 2 to approximately 1: 1 conventionally.Thereby can adopt in certain embodiments small amount to retain some for the reactive polymer end reacting with other functionalized agent, described other functionalized agent can before, add afterwards or together with the compound of just having discussed; The multiple functionalized of the type can be by being used the functionalized initiators of discussing as previously mentioned at least to avoid in some degree.It is hydrogen atom that reactive polymer causes Z (from formula II) with reacting of any various quenchers (discussing below), and causes the another kind of Z to be selected with reacting of functionalized agent.
When not using III type end-caps, macromole comprises the functional units that at least one derives from formula IV type initiator and/or formula III type compound one or both of, polymkeric substance can be further by being capping reagent, coupling agent and/or reacting of linking agent and functionalized with comprising one or more heteroatomic compounds, described heteroatoms comprises, but be not limited to Sn, Si and N.Those skilled in the art know can be by the numerous examples of the functionalized functional end-group providing of such post polymerization.About other details, interested reader can be with reference to any United States Patent (USP) 3,109,871,4,015,061,4,616,069,4,647,625,4,677,153,4,935,471,5,109,907,5,153,159,5,149,457,5,196,138,5,329,005,5,496,940,5,502,131,5,567,815,5,610,227,5,663,398,5,786,441,6,812,295,6,977,281,7,153,919, etc., and the reference of quoting in these patents and quote these patents rear open; Also referring to U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0149744,2007/0037956,2007/0078232 and 2008/0027171 etc.Concrete exemplary functionalized compounds comprises SnCl 4, R 2 3snCl, R 2 2snCl 2, R 2snCl 3, carbodiimide, N-cyclic amide, N, N '-bis-substituted cyclic urea, cyclic amide, ring-type urea, isocyanic ester, Schiff's base, 4,4 '-bis-(diethylamino) benzophenone, alkylthio thiazoline, organoalkoxysilane (for example, Si (OR 2) 4, R 2si (OR 2) 3, R 2 2si (OR 2) 2deng), annular siloxane and composition thereof.(in aforementioned, each R 2be C independently 1-C 20alkyl, C 3-C 20cycloalkyl, C 6-C 20aryl or C 7-C 20aralkyl.) specific examples of preferred functionalized compounds comprises SnCl 4, tributyltin chloride, dibutyl tin dichloride, DMI (DMI) and two (trimethyl silyl) aminopropyl-methyldiethoxysilane of 3-.
If desired, can when being retained in aggregation container, reactive polymer give functional end-group to reactive polymer, or, if desired, polymer cement can be transferred to another container before reaction.
Now, the polymkeric substance of gained comprises one or more polyenoid chain links and at least one functional units, and described functional units comprises having the OG that at least one is bonded to its at least one phenyl ring psubstituent diphenylethlene group.One or more functional units can derive from and cause compound, one or more monomers or end-caps.In some aspects, can introduce more than one functional units, and these can come from a plurality of chain links, from initiator, add that one or more chain links, functional end-group add one or more chain links, or from whole three kinds.
The one or more substituent particular form that is bonded to phenyl ring depends on the source for a part of unit: the unit that derives from initiator and/or monomer will have OG psubstituting group and the unit that derives from end-caps can have arbitrary type (OG por OH).Conventionally can expect to guarantee great majority, whole G preferably pthereby Partial Conversion is the maximal phase mutual effect (when polymkeric substance is used as part rubber combination) of the promotion of H atom and filler particles.Procedure of processing discussed below (comprising quencher) is enough at least some G of hydrolysis ppart, provides one or more hydroxyl substituents to the one or more aryl in polymkeric substance thus.Selectively, can adopt the independent reaction of design to promote comprehensively, to be preferably hydrolyzed completely; From the exemplary techniques adopting among following a plurality of embodiment, those skilled in the art can predict other potential effective reaction.In addition, those skilled in the art understand regardless of the position in polymer chain, OG por OH group can this processing and/or with one or more particulate fillers (being described below) compounding during further react.
If desired, quencher can be carried out as alcohol, water or acid at the most by stirring polymkeric substance and the compound that comprises active hydrogen at the temperature at approximately 25 ° to approximately 150 ℃ for approximately 120 minutes.
Solvent can be removed from (quencher) polymer cement as drum-type is dry, forcing machine is dry or vacuum-drying etc. by routine techniques, and described routine techniques can combine with water, alcohol or devaporation, heating desolventizingization.If condensed, expectation oven drying.
As previously discussed those of polymkeric substance and macromole are especially when showing particularly advantageous performance with reinforced filling during as carbon black and silicon-dioxide compounding.They can in tyre surface starting compound, utilize or can with the tyre surface crude rubber blend that comprises natural rubber and/or unfunctionalized elastomeric any common employing, described unfunctionalized synthetic rubber as, (for example only comprise one or more homopolymer of the link units that derives from polyenoid and interpolymer, polyhutadiene, the multipolymer of polyisoprene and introducing divinyl and isoprene etc.), SBR, isoprene-isobutylene rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber(EPR), terpolymer EP rubber, paracril, silicon rubber, fluoroelastomer, ethylene/propene acids rubber, Ethylene/vinyl acetate interpolymer, epichloro hydrin rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber and tetrafluoroethylene/acrylic rubber etc.When one or more functionalized polymerics and one or more conventional blend rubbers, amount can change from approximately 5 to approximately 99% of total rubber, and one or more conventional rubber form the surplus of total rubber.The hysteresis that minimum depends on expectation largely reduces degree.
Elasticity formulation is typically filled to volume fraction and is generally～and 25%, this volume fraction is that the cumulative volume of one or more fillers of adding is divided by the cumulative volume of elastomerics raw material; Reinforced filling common (combination) amount is approximately 30 to the scope of about 100phr, and how the upper limit of scope is greatly effectively processed the viscosity of the increase of giving when adopting this type of filler by processing units and limited.
Useful filler comprises various forms of carbon blacks, and it includes, but not limited to furnace black, channel black and dim.More specifically, the example of carbon black comprises super abrasion furnace black, high abrasion furnace black(HAF), fast extruding furnace black, fine furnace black, medium super abrasion furnace black, semi-reinforcing furnace black, medium processing channel black, hard processing channel black, electroconductibility channel black and Shawinigan black; Can use these two or more mixture.There is surface-area (EM SA) for 20m at least 2/ g, preferably at least about 35m 2the carbon black of/g is preferred; With reference to ASTM D-1765, measure the method for carbon black surface area.Carbon black can be the throw out of granular or on-granulated, although preferably use on-granulated carbon black in some mixing machines.
The amount of carbon black can be about 50phr at the most, and approximately 5 to about 40phr is typical.
Also can utilize soft silica (SiO 2) as filler.Silicon-dioxide is divided into wet method, hydrated SiO 2 conventionally, and this is that they are precipitated as ultra-fine, spheroidal particle thus because they are produced by the chemical reaction in water.These primary particles are combined into polymer consumingly, and this is not combined into aggregate conversely more consumingly." highly dispersible silicon-dioxide " is the silicon-dioxide of any ability that has very basic solution reunion and disperse in elastic matrix, and this can pass through thin section microscopic examination.
Surface-area has provided the reliable measurements of the reinforcement characteristic of different silicon-dioxide; Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (" BET ") method (being recorded in J.Am.Chem.Soc, vol.60, p.309 et seq.) is for measuring the generally acknowledged method of surface-area.The BET surface-area of silicon-dioxide is less than 450m conventionally 2/ g, conventionally～32 are to～400m 2/ g or from～100 to～250m 2/ g or～150 to～220m 2/ g.
The pH of silica filler (when using) conventionally from approximately 5 to approximately 7 or a little more than 7, preferably from approximately 5.5 to approximately 6.8.
The silicon-dioxide being obtained commercially comprises the Hi-Sil of various grades tMpowder and pelletized silica (PPG Industries, Inc.; Pittsburgh, Pa.).Other supplier of the silicon-dioxide being obtained commercially comprises Grace Davison (Baltimore, Md.), Degussa Corp. (Parsippany, NJ), Rhodia Silica Systems (Cranbury, NJ) and J.M.Huber Corp, (Edison, NJ).
When using silicon-dioxide, thus conventionally add coupling agent as silane guarantee well blend in one or more elastomericss and with one or more elastomeric interactions.Normally, the addition of silane changes between～4 and 20%, the weight based on being present in the silica filler in elastomer blend.Coupling agent can have general formula A-T-G, wherein A represent can with the functional group of the lip-deep group of silica filler (for example, silane surface alcohol radical) physics and/or chemical bonding; T represents hydrocarbyl group key; With G represent can with the functional group (for example, passing through linkage containing sulfur) of elastomerics bonding.This coupling agent comprises organosilane, particularly poly-sulfuration organoalkoxysilane (referring to, for example, United States Patent (USP) 3,873,489,3,978,103,3,997,581,4,002,594,5,580,919,5,583,245,5,663,396,5,684,171,5,684,172,5,696,197 etc.) or with the organopolysiloxane of above-mentioned G and A functional group.Add processing aid to can be used for reducing silane usage quantity.Referring to, for example, record the United States Patent (USP) 6,525,118 as processing aid by sugared fatty acid ester.As other filler of processing aid, include but not limited to that mineral filler is as clay (hydrated aluminium silicate), talcum (hydrous magnesium silicate), and mica and non-mineral filler are as urea and sodium sulfate.Exemplary mica comprises aluminum oxide, silicon-dioxide and potash substantially, yet also can use other conversion body.Can be with at the most～40phr, the amount of normally at the most～20phr is used other filler.
Be generally at the most～100phr of the consumption of silicon-dioxide, typically～5 to～80phr.When also there is carbon black, can be reduced to～1phr of the amount of silicon-dioxide; With silica volume, reduce, can use the processing aid of small amount, and if some silane.
One or more have the i.e. surface free energy value (γ in water of relatively high interfacial free energy pl) unconventional filler preferably use with carbon black and/or silicon-dioxide together or replace carbon black and/or silicon-dioxide.Term " relatively high " can for example be greater than in every way this value at water-air interface, preferably the several times of this value (for example, at least 2 *, at least 3 * or even at least 4 *) limit or characterize; Soft silica γ plat least several times of value (for example, at least 2 *, at least 3 *, at least 4 *, at least 5 *, at least 6 *, at least 7 *, at least 8 *, at least 9 * or even at least 10 *); With absolute terms for example at least～300, at least～400, at least～500, at least～600, at least～700, at least～750, at least～1000, at least～1500 and at least～2000mJ/m 2; With for example～300 to～5000mJ/m 2,～350 are to～4000mJ/m 2,～400 are to～5000mJ/m 2,～450 are to～4000mJ/m 2,～500 are to～5000mJ/m 2scope, and each seed ranges (sub-ranges).
The non-limiting example of material with the natural appearance of relatively high interfacial free energy comprises pyrite of F-phosphatic rock, pyrrhosiderite, rhombohedral iron ore, zincite, tenorite, gibbsite, quartz, kaolinite and form of ownership etc.Some synthesizing composite oxide also can show the high interfacial free energy of the type.
The material of aforementioned type is normally finer and close than carbon black or soft silica; Therefore, the unconventional filler of quality such as use to replace carbon black or the silicon-dioxide of extra fine quality conventionally that the volume that causes being present in the total filler in given compound is less.Therefore, replace conventionally based in etc. the relative equal-volume of weight carry out.Thereby (problem that this weight does not wait can by adopt non-standard particle for example the hollow particle of the particle of one or more unconventional fillers and relatively lighter coating have comprise that the surface of one or more unconventional filler formulations overcomes or eliminates).Normally, one or more conventional particulate filler materials of～5 to～60% can use the unconventional filler particles of approximately equal (～0.8 * extremely～1.2 *) volume to replace.In some embodiments, it is sufficient with other filler particles of approximately equal (～0.85 * to～1.15 *) volume, replacing one or more conventional particulate filler materials of～10 to～58%; In other embodiments, it is enough with other filler particles of approximately equal (～0.9 * to～1.1 *) volume, replacing one or more conventional particulate filler materials of～15 to～55%; In other embodiment, it is preferred with other filler particles of approximately equal (～0.95 * to～1.05 *) volume, replacing one or more conventional particulate filler materials of～18 to～53%.
Unconventional filler particles conventionally can with the approximately uniform size of the conventional fillers adopting in formulation.In other words, neither need great particle as in aforesaid U.S. Patent 5,066, those that adopt in 702 do not need minimum particle as in aforesaid U.S. Patent 6,972 yet, those that adopt in 307.Conventionally, in order can to obtain the object of reinforcement in tread surface and to guarantee a large amount of particles, preferably there is the particle of relatively little diameter.
Also can add other conventional rubber accelerator.These comprise, for example, and treated oil, softening agent, anti degradant (as antioxidant and antiozonidate) and solidifying agent etc.
Can use standard equipment for example Banbury or Bradley Bender (Brabender) mixing machine mixing all the components.Normally, in more than two stage, mix.In the first stage (being commonly referred to masterbatch stage), mix and normally at the temperature of～120 ° to～130 ℃, start and raise until reach so-called dump temperature (drop temperature), typically～165 ℃.
When formula comprises the filler except carbon black or also comprise other filler except carbon black, can adopt the independent stage of refining again for adding respectively one or more silane components.The temperature that this stage, (although conventionally slightly lower than) masterbatch stage adopted conventionally being similar to, that is, carry out from～90 ℃ of rise to～dump temperatures of 150 ℃.
Reinforced rubber formulation adopts conventionally～and for example sulphur or peroxide curing system solidify for one or more known vulcanizing agents of 0.2 to～5phr.For the general of suitable vulcanizing agent, disclose, referring to Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chem.Tech., 3d ed., (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1982), the 20th volume, 365-468 page.Vulcanizing agent, promotor etc. can add at final mix stages.For the chance that reduces less desirable incipient scorch and/or start prematurely to occur to vulcanize, this mixing step carries out conventionally at a lower temperature, for example, starts, and do not rise to higher than～105 ° to～110 ℃ at～60 ° to～65 ℃.
Then, the mixture of compounding (was for example processed before being shaped to any multiple assembly, grind) in flakes and then sulfuration, described sulfuration usually occur in higher than the top temperature adopting during mix stages～5 ° to～15 ℃ at, the most normally～170 ℃.
Following indefiniteness, illustrative embodiment can be used for detailed conditions of the invention process and material for reader provides.
embodiment
In an embodiment, at positive (positive) N 2under purging, by standby for the ownership system with the dry glass container of the diaphragm bushing of taking-up and the crown cap sealing of punching in advance.Use butadiene solution (in hexane), styrene solution (34.5 % by weight, in hexane), hexane, n-Butyl Lithium (in hexane), 2, (1.60M solution, in hexane, through C aH for two (2 '-tetrahydrofuran base) the propane solution of 2- 2store), and the butylated hydroxyl toluene in hexane (BHT) solution.
Be derived from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St.Louis, Mo.)--3,4-dihydroxy benaophenonel (97%), triethylamine (99.5%), 3,4-Dihydroxy benzaldehyde (97%), 2,5-Dihydroxy benzaldehyde (98%), 3 ', 5 '-dihydroxyl phenyl methyl ketone (97%), first base three phenyl phosphonium bromides (98%), 1-(3-bromo propyl group)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl--1-azepine-2,5-bis-sila pentamethylene (97%) and 4-bis-(methylamino) pyridine (DMAP, 99%); With
Be derived from ACROS Organics (Geel, Belgium)--tertiary butyl dimethyl chloride silicomethane (98%) and tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF, 1M, in the THF of comprise～5% water).
Test data is in an embodiment that the composition of the filling based on preparing according to the formula that is shown in table 1a (only adopting carbon black as the formula of particulate filler) and 1b (only adopting silicon-dioxide as the formula of particulate filler) carries out.In these tables, N-phenyl-N '-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-Ursol D is as antioxidant and the two benzothiazoles of 2,2 '-dithio, NBBS N tert butylbenzothiazole 2 sulfena mide and N, and N '-diphenylguanidine is promotor.
Table 1a: for the composition of vulcanized rubber, carbon black filler
Table 1b: for the composition of vulcanized rubber, silica filler
Corresponding to the data of " 60 ℃ of Dynastat tan δ ", use following condition from based on Dynastat tMmachinery spectrograph (Dynastatics Instruments Corp.; Albany, New York) test of carrying out obtains: 1Hz, 2kg rest mass and 1.25kg dynamic load, cylindric (9.5mm diameter * 16mm height) vulcanized rubber sample and 60 ℃.
Data corresponding to " bound rubber " are used by J.J.Brennan et al., RubberChem.and Tech., and 40,817 (1967) steps of recording are determined.
S cott is used in cold flow properties test tMtester carries out.Sample by the press with preheating in mould at 100 ℃ melting compacting 2.5g polymkeric substance within 20 minutes, prepare.Make the cylindric sample of gained with uniformly～12mm thickness be cooled to room temperature before removing from mould.Sample is placed separately under the weight of 5kg correcting weight.～30 minutes (from discharging the time measurement of weight) carried out in test, and thickness of sample is recorded as the function of time.Thickness of sample when reasonable time finishes is thought the acceptable index of cold-resistant fluidity.
Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4) value utilizes Alpha Technologies tMmooney's viscosimeter (ectotrochanter) adopts 1 minute heat-up time and 4 minute working time to measure; Drawing mechanical performance is used the standard step of describing in ASTM-D412 to determine; Paine's effect (Δ G ', that is, the G's ' under 0.25% strain and 14% strain is poor) and (tan δ) data that lag behind by the dynamic experiment acquisition of carrying out under 60 ℃ and 10Hz (strain sweep) and 2% strain and 10Hz (temperature scanning).About tensile property, M xthe modulus under X% extensibility, T bfracture tensile strength, and E bextension at break percentage ratio.
Embodiment 1-4: benzophenone and phenyl aldehyde synthetic
To the dry flask interpolation～6.0g 3 under nitrogen, 4-dihydroxy benaophenonel and～0.14g DMAP, thereby interpolation～100mL DMF provides solution subsequently.After adding 8.6mL triethylamine, the solution of interpolation～20.5mL tertiary butyl dimethyl chloride silicomethane (3.0M, in THF) dropwise.Interpolation～200mL hexane and～50mL NH 4before Cl saturated aqueous solution, the suspension of gained is at room temperature stirred～1 hour.By organic phase use～100mL water washing three times.Residuum by with hexane/ethyl acetate (85: 15, v/v) as silica gel column chromatography (purchased from Fisher Scientific, the 200-425 order) purifying of eluent (eluent).After removing solvent, obtain colorless solid (productive rate 93%).Proton and 13c NMR spectroscopic analysis (Varian tM300MHz spectrograph) confirm that product is two (tertiary butyl dimethyl Si base) benzophenone [3-(TBDMSO) BP, embodiment 1] of 3-.
Use similar step to be derived from 3,3 of 4-Dihydroxy benzaldehyde, two (tertiary butyl dimethyl Si base) phenyl aldehydes [3 of 4-, 4-(TBDMSO) BA, embodiment 2] (98%, rice white (off-write) solid), be derived from 2 of 2,5-Dihydroxy benzaldehyde, two (tertiary butyl dimethyl Si base) phenyl aldehydes [2 of 5-, 5-(TBDMSO) BA, embodiment 3] (90%, water white oil) and be derived from 3 ', 3 of 5 '-dihydroxyl phenyl methyl ketone ', 5 '-bis-(tertiary butyl dimethyl Si base) phenyl methyl ketone [3 ', 5 '-(TBDMSO) AP, embodiment 3] (90%, water white oil).
Embodiment 5: phenyl vinyl compound synthetic
At 0 ℃, to 40.0g, the three phenyl phosphonium bromides of the first base in 130mL THF add 47.2mL 1.6M n-butyllithium solution, and this causes forming orange suspension.After～20 minutes, by 41.4g in 120mL THF 3,4-(TBDMSO) BP (from embodiment 1) slowly inserts suspension, causes forming yellow suspension, and it is at room temperature stirred and spent the night.After solid is leached and removing solvent, by by hexane/ethyl acetate, (95: 5, the thick product of silica gel chromatography v/v), produced 38.0g water white oil (92.3% productive rate).Proton and 13c NMR spectroscopic analysis confirms that product is 1-[3, two (tertiary butyl dimethyl Si base) phenyl of 4-]-1-phenyl ethene [3,4-(TBDMSO) DPE].
Embodiment 6-14: styrene/butadiene copolymers
To the N that is equipped with agitator 2in the reactor purging, add 1.52kg hexane, 0.37kg styrene solution and 2.33kg butadiene solution (22.0 % by weight, in hexane).In reactor, pack 3.14mL 1.7M n-Butyl Lithium into, then pack 1.17mL 2 into, two (2 '-tetrahydrofuran base) the propane solution of 2-.Reactor jacket is heated to 50 ℃, and polymerization is carried out～75 minutes.After polymer cement is cooled to room temperature, drop in the Virahol that comprises BHT and drum-type dry.The performance of this unmodified comparison polymer (control polymer) (embodiment 6) is summarized in table 2 below.
To another, be equipped with the N of agitator 2in the reactor purging, add 1.60kg hexane, 0.37kg styrene solution and 2.33kg butadiene solution (22.8 % by weight, in hexane).To the initiator solution that packs independent preparation in reactor into, this comprise the s-butyl lithium of 3.75mL1.42M in hexane, 5.06mL 1.0M in hexane 3,4-(TBDMSO) DPE (from embodiment 5) and 1.17mL2, two (2 '-tetrahydrofuran base) the propane solution of 2-.Reactor jacket is heated to 50 ℃, and polymerization is carried out～75 minutes.After polymer cement is cooled to room temperature, partial discharge is to dry bottle and processing as described below:
Embodiment 7 use Virahols stop then adding TBAF solution (～5: 2 mol ratios, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 8 add 1.0M in hexane 3; 4-(TBDMSO) DPE (from embodiment 5) (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stirs～30 minutes at 50 ℃; add TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 9 is added on the 1-(3-bromo propyl group)-2 in hexane; 2; 5; 5-tetramethyl--1-azepine-2; 5-bis-sila pentamethylene (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stir～30 minutes at 50 ℃; add TBAF solution (～5: 2 mol ratios, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 10 add 1.0M in hexane 3; 4-(TBDMSO) DPE (from embodiment 5) (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stirs～30 minutes at 50 ℃; be added on the 1-(3-bromo propyl group)-2 in hexane; 2,5,5-tetramethyl--1-azepine-2; 5-bis-sila pentamethylene (～1: 1 mol ratio; with respect to initiator), add TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 11 is added on 3 in hexane; 4-(TBDMSO) BA solution (from embodiment 2) (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stirs～30 minutes at 50 ℃; add TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 12 is added on 2 in hexane; 5-(TBDMSO) BA solution (from embodiment 3) (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stirs～30 minutes at 50 ℃; add TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 13 is added on 3 in hexane; 4-(TBDMSO) BP solution (from embodiment 1) (～1: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) stirs～30 minutes at 50 ℃; add TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) with hydrolysising protection group
Embodiment 14 be added on 3 in hexane '; 5 '-(TBDMSO) AP solution (from embodiment 4) (～1: 1 mol ratio; with respect to initiator); at 50 ℃, stir～30 minutes; interpolation TBAF solution (～5: 1 mol ratio, with respect to initiator) rotates each sample bottle～2 hours before condensing with the Virahol that comprises BHT at each rubber cement with hydrolysising protection group and being dried with drum-type in the water-bath of 25 ℃.The performance of these functionalized polymerics is provided in table 2 below, wherein M pthe consumption that represents peak molecular weight and the divinyl of 1,2-microstructure percentage ratio based on total.
Table 2: polymer performance
The high heterogeneity index value that * may cause due to coupling
Embodiment 15-32: the preparation of vulcanized rubber and test
Use is from the formula of above table 1a and table 1b, the rubber compounding thing that comprises reinforced filling by embodiment 6-14 preparation.Formulation is solidified respectively to 15 minutes so that vulcanized rubber 15-23 (carbon black) and 24-32 (silicon-dioxide) to be provided at 171 ℃.
Physical testing result to the vulcanized rubber of being made by these polymkeric substance is summarized in table 3 and 4 below.For " temperature scanning " OK, the data on the upper column number lower hurdle according to the measurement from 0 ℃ are from the measurement at 60 ℃.
Data presentation from these tables: as the low temperature tan δ of the reduction of the reduction by high temperature tan δ, Δ G ' and increase etc. is confirmed, formula I type functionalized SBR interpolymer shows excellent and interaction carbon black and silica filler.
Also collected detailed strain sweep test result (tan δ).The common trend of result is as follows:
Carbon black: 15 < 16 < < 22 < 17 < 23 < 21 < 18 < 19 < 20
Silicon-dioxide: 24 < 25 < < 26 < 27 < 30 ≈ 31 < 28 ≈ 32 < 29
Table 3: compound and vulcanizate character, embodiment 15-23 (carbon black)
Table 4: compound and vulcanizate character, embodiment 24-32 (silicon-dioxide)

Claims (5)

1. the method that functionalized polymeric is provided, it comprises provides the initiator with following general formula, described initiator is introduced into and comprises the ethylenically unsaturated monomers of one or more polyenoid or the ethylenically unsaturated monomers that comprises one or more polyenoid is introduced into described initiator, described functionalized polymeric is provided thus
Wherein
M is alkali metal atom,
R is alkyl,
Each G pbe blocking group independently,
Each R 1and R 2be hydrogen atom or alkyl independently,
M is the integer of 1-5, and
N is the integer of 0-5.
2. method according to claim 1, it further comprises described functionalized polymeric is reacted with comprising one or more heteroatomic compounds.
3. method according to claim 1, wherein said initiator is by hydrocarbyl lithium compound is reacted to provide with the compound with following general formula,
Wherein
Each G pbe blocking group independently,
Each R 1and R 2be hydrogen atom or alkyl independently,
M is the integer of 1-5, and
N is the integer of 0-5.
4. method according to claim 3, wherein n=0.
5. method according to claim 4, wherein when m=2, described 2 OG pgroup bonding is to adjacent phenyl ring C atom.
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