CN102589736B - Detection method and detection system for metal powder laser rapidly-molded temperature field - Google Patents
Detection method and detection system for metal powder laser rapidly-molded temperature field Download PDFInfo
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- CN102589736B CN102589736B CN201110001724.4A CN201110001724A CN102589736B CN 102589736 B CN102589736 B CN 102589736B CN 201110001724 A CN201110001724 A CN 201110001724A CN 102589736 B CN102589736 B CN 102589736B
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Abstract
The invention provides a detection method of a metal powder laser rapidly-molded temperature field, belonging to the technical field of temperature field detection. The detection method comprises the following steps: pre-arranging a plurality of through holes and blind holes for containing high-temperature thermoelectric couples at different positions of a molded base plate; simultaneously detecting temperature and comparing according to the through holes and the blind holes, so as to obtain a specific principle of a difference between the temperature fields in a molded work piece and the base plate in a laser rapidly-molding process; and obtaining the temperature field in the molded work piece through a blind hole temperature measuring method. A temperature detection system is not easy to influence by an external machining process so that the measurement precision is ensured. A more accurate temperature field distribution is obtained through optimally arranging temperature measuring points. The advantages of direct temperature measurement and indirect temperature measurement are integrated and the thermoelectric couples in the blind holes are not directly contacted with the molded work piece and can be repeatedly used, so that the cost is saved. Through a plurality of times of experiments, a difference rule of the temperature fields in the molded work piece and the base plateis obtained; and the quantity of the thermoelectric couples in the through holes is gradually reduced and the cost is reduced. The stability of temperature measurement software is higher, the expandability is good and the function is strong.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to metal powder laser Rapid Prototyping technique and Temperature Field Detection, be specially a kind of detection method and detection system of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field of, blind hole thermometric logical based on thermopair.
Background technology
The direct Rapid Prototyping technique of laser metal is an advanced manufacturing technology that grows up in conjunction with synchronous coaxial feeding laser melting and coating technique on the rapid prototyping technology basis that occurs the latter stage eighties.It relates to the gordian technique in the fields such as machinery, laser, computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing, computer numerical control (CNC), material science.It has broken through the limitation of traditional fast forming process and moulding material, is most study in all multi-methods of present Quick-forming, the most rising new manufacture.But in the metal parts laser fast forming was made, the distortion that formation of parts often occurs and problems of crack were to hinder it to expand the biggest obstacle of using; The factor that causes these problems to occur is a lot, but basic reason is the temperature field skewness that the laser beam spot heating causes, and causes at formation of parts to have the stress concentration phenomenon, and then causes strain cracking.Therefore, announcement forming process temperature field Evolution is Optimizing Process Parameters, regulating and controlling temperature field distribution, reduces prerequisite and the basis of stress concentration and raising forming quality, is the necessary means of announcement forming process temperature field Evolution and the forming process temperature field is detected effectively in real time.
Temp measuring method commonly used mainly contains two kinds at present: contact temperature-measuring and contactless temperature-measuring.Normal employing is based on the contactless temperature-measuring method of infrared thermometer at present, but infrared thermometer is subjected to the interference ratio of processing environment larger, and involve great expense, the more important thing is that it only can detect bath temperature and the specimen surface temperature of forming process, can't detect Forming Workpiece internal temperature field, but the field distribution of Forming Workpiece internal temperature is directly to affect the principal element that the formation of parts internal stress distributes, and therefore, the field distribution of Forming Workpiece internal temperature is the emphasis of temperature detection.
Thermocouple temperature measurement directly contacts Forming Workpiece, belongs to the direct temperature measurement method, and temperature survey is accurate, is to detect the important method that the inside workpiece temperature field distributes.In addition, owing in new material Optimizing Process Parameters forming experiment, needing a large amount of repeated temperature fields test experience.And thermopair directly contacts the workpiece thermometric, and it namely is set in Forming Workpiece inside, belongs to once consumption not recycling, has increased testing cost.
Summary of the invention
For the technical matters of above-mentioned existence, the object of the invention is to provide a kind of detection method and detection system thereof of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field, realizes accurately and low-cost the detection.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
The detection method of a kind of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field of the present invention, comprise: in through hole and the blind hole of default several the built-in pyrometer couples of forming board diverse location, according to through hole and simultaneously thermometric contrast of blind hole, obtain the concrete rule of the inner and substrate internal temperature field difference of Forming Workpiece in the During Laser Rapid Forming, adopt again the method for blind hole thermometric to obtain the temperature field of Forming Workpiece inside.
The concrete rule that described During Laser Rapid Forming temperature field distributes, determine as follows: measure simultaneously on the forming board diverse location temperature of pyrometer couple in several through holes and blind hole, temperature measurement data by thermopair in same position blind hole and the through hole compares, obtain distribution situation and the variation tendency of the inner and substrate internal temperature field of Forming Workpiece under the different situations, Forming Workpiece inside and substrate internal temperature field are analyzed, obtain the concrete rule of difference between the two.
Adopt the detection system of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field detection method of the present invention, comprise: the computing machine of a plurality of pyrometer couples, transition card, data acquisition module and built-in temp measuring system software in forming board through hole and the blind hole of being placed in, thermopair is connected with data acquisition module, and data acquisition module connects on computers by the signal transition card.
Described thermopair places through hole or the blind hole of forming board by its mounting structure, its mounting structure comprises:
Substrate holder places the substrate below, and is fixed on the bracket base;
Bottom platen is positioned at substrate holder thermopair below, is respectively installed with and the contacted spring of bottom platen at each thermopair, and bottom platen is provided with at least three and the contacted set screw of bracket base.
Blind hole and through hole that forming board described in the present invention arranges, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole and upper surface of base plate is 0.1-2mm.The temperature-measuring range of described pyrometer couple is 0-1800 ℃, and the actual point for measuring temperature of thermopair is exposed outside.Described transition card is that the RS232 communication turns the RS485 communication.
The concrete control flow of described temp measuring system software is:
Step 1): carry out the serial ports parameter configuration;
Step 2): carry out the setting of data sampling cycle, the sampling period is made as more than 1000 milliseconds;
Step 3): write the serial communication order, the communications protocol of employing is ASCII command/response agreement, and namely the input command form is ASCII fromat;
Step 4): the temperature data of reading system data buffer, the described data layout that reads is character string forms;
Step 5): the string data that reads in the step 4) is carried out Data Format Transform;
Step 6): temperature data is removed the processing of making an uproar;
Step 7): temperature data is carried out filtering process, filtering mode is the pointwise medium filtering;
Step 8): carry out the real-time demonstration of temperature curve; Carry out simultaneously the setting of high low-temperature warning link;
Step 9): temperature data is written among the Microsoft Excel.
The present invention has following advantage:
1. simple in structure, save cost.The thermocouple temperature measurement system is not vulnerable to the impact of extraneous processing environment in the detection method that the present invention proposes, and can guarantee measuring accuracy; Secondly the thermocouple measurement system price is cheap, can obtain genuine and believable temperature field data with lower cost.
2. but point for measuring temperature preferred arrangement.The present invention can be according to concrete shape and the actual processing experience of formation of parts, at the position of shaping track complexity and the position of the cracking that easily deforms point for measuring temperature is set more, the finer temperature field that can obtain like this emphasis sensitive part distributes, and provides theoretical foundation for finding the method that suppresses strain cracking.
3. integrated direct temperature measurement and the indirect advantage of thermometric.The present invention adopts the scheme of logical blind hole thermopair contrast thermometric, and thermopair directly contacts Forming Workpiece in the through hole, belongs to the direct temperature measurement means, and temperature survey is accurate; And the thermopair in the blind hole does not directly contact Forming Workpiece, belongs to indirect thermometric, and is reusable, saves cost.By many experiments, find the difference rule of Forming Workpiece inside and substrate temperature field, can reduce gradually through hole temperature thermocouple quantity, reduce cost.
4. system stability is higher, extensibility good, software function is powerful.The present invention has used RS232 and has turned the RS485 transition card, has remedied some shortcomings of RS-232-C interface, has improved the stability of accuracy of data acquisition and temp measuring system.Can measure acquisition module, temp measuring system favorable expandability according to the coupling respective numbers of how much expanding of measurement point.The developing instrument of system software adopts in recent years popular in the world visual programming language-Labview, so that the thermometric software of native system has the advantages such as man-machine interaction is good, powerful.This software has realized that temperature data is measured in real time, collection and monitor is processed, and has real time temperature curve Presentation Function, forming temperature data Microsoft Excel export function and high low temperature warning function, has satisfied the needs of practical application.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the layout schematic diagram of substrate point for measuring temperature of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the A-A cross-sectional schematic of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the mounting structure schematic diagram of thermopair among the present invention.
Fig. 4 is temp measuring system structured flowchart of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the man-machine interface figure of temp measuring system software of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is temp measuring system software control flow chart of the present invention.
Among the figure: 1. substrate, 2. through hole, 3. blind hole, 4. substrate holder, 5. thermopair, 6. spring, 7. bottom platen, 8. set screw, 9. bracket base.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1: temperature field detection method of the present invention, be specially: in through hole 2 and the blind hole 3 of default several the built-in pyrometer couples of forming board 1 diverse location, according to through hole 2 and simultaneously thermometric contrast of blind hole 3, obtain the concrete rule of the inner and substrate 1 internal temperature field difference of Forming Workpiece in the During Laser Rapid Forming, adopt again the method for blind hole 3 thermometrics to obtain the temperature field of Forming Workpiece inside.
The concrete rule that described During Laser Rapid Forming temperature field distributes, determine as follows: the temperature of measuring simultaneously several through holes 2 and blind hole 3 interior pyrometer couples 5 on forming board 1 diverse location, temperature measurement data by same position blind hole 3 and through hole 2 interior thermopairs 5 compares, obtain distribution situation and the variation tendency of the inner and substrate 1 internal temperature field of Forming Workpiece under the different situations, Forming Workpiece inside and substrate 1 internal temperature field are analyzed, obtain the concrete rule of difference between the two.
Thermopair 5 in the described through hole 2 is directly measured the Forming Workpiece internal temperature, and temperature survey is accurate; Thermopair 5 in the blind hole 3 is measured substrate 1 internal temperature.Because the through hole temperature thermocouple directly contacts and is set in Forming Workpiece inside, belong to once consumption not recycling, and the blind hole temperature thermocouple can be realized reusing; And in new material Optimizing Process Parameters forming experiment, need a large amount of repeated temperature fields test experience, and adopt thermopair blind hole thermometric can reduce the quantity consumed of thermopair, reduce and measure cost.In conjunction with thermopair through hole thermometric and thermopair blind hole thermometric comparative analysis result, can guarantee the accuracy in thermopair blind hole thermometric reflection laser fast forming temperature field.
As shown in Figure 4, this routine described detection system comprises: the computing machine of a plurality of pyrometer couples 5, transition card, data acquisition module and built-in temp measuring system software in be placed in forming board through hole 2 and the blind hole 3, thermopair 5 is connected with data acquisition module, and data acquisition module connects on computers by the signal transition card.
Described thermopair is selected the larger platinum-rhodium alloy thermopair of temperature-measuring range, industrial high temperature thermopair commonly used all exists the long shortcoming (greater than 20s) of thermal response time, the present invention exposes processing to the actual point for measuring temperature of thermopair, greatly improve the response speed (thermal response time is 1s) of thermopair, satisfied actual thermometric requirement.WRR-010, high temperature resistant 0-1800 ℃.Transition card adopts the RS232 communication to turn the RS485 communication, remedies the defective that general microcomputer provides the RS-232-C interface of standard, has adopted this new interface standard of RS485 in the data acquisition link, has improved measuring accuracy and stability.The data acquisition module that adopts can be according to measurement point how much expand the coupling respective numbers, each data acquisition module contains the thermopair load module of 8 passages, and 24 sigma-delta ADC provide higher precision, precision〉0.1%, sampling rate 〉=10 HZ/ second, isolate 3000 VDC,, the input of 6 tunnel difference, 2 tunnel single-ended inputs, accessible thermocouple type has J, K, E, T, R, S, B etc., and built-in CJC is connected with thermopair, finishes the forming process temperature acquisition and measures.Computer-internal thermometric software has filtering, calibration link.
As shown in Figure 3, described thermopair 5 places through hole 2 or the blind hole 3 of forming board 1 by its mounting structure, and its mounting structure comprises:
As shown in Figure 6, this routine described temp measuring system software adopts Labview exploitation temp measuring system software, mainly utilizes the VISA module among the Labview to carry out the serial communication programming, and signal transfer protocol adopts ASCII command/response agreement.This software has realized that the temperature data of metal powder laser Rapid Prototyping Process is measured in real time, collection and monitor is processed, and has real-time forming temperature curve Presentation Function, forming temperature data Microsoft Excel export function and high low temperature warning function.Its concrete control flow is:
Step 1): carry out the serial ports parameter configuration; As: the serial port resource title is selected COM1; Configuration of baud rate is 9600Baud; Data bit-rate is set to 8 bps; Parity check bit is set to none;
Step 2): carry out the setting of data sampling cycle, the sampling period is made as more than 1000 milliseconds; Because data acquisition is the mode of scan round for the employing of 8 path thermocouple load modules, the scanning of each passage needs 125 milliseconds consuming time, so the employing cycle is made as more than 1000 milliseconds;
Step 3): write the serial communication order, the order that this example writes is that the log-on data acquisition module carries out temperature data acquisition, and the communications protocol of employing is ASCII command/response agreement, and namely the input command form is ASCII fromat;
Step 4): the temperature data of reading system data buffer, the described data layout that reads is character string forms;
Step 5): the string data that reads in the step 4) is carried out Data Format Transform: i.e. each in the reading character string successively is converted to metric numeric format one by one with it;
Step 6): temperature data is removed the processing of making an uproar; Therefore the temperature-measuring range of thermopair is 0-1800 ℃, less than 0 ℃ with greater than 2000 ℃ temperature measurement data, thinks that noise data is removed;
Step 7): temperature data is carried out filtering process, filtering mode is the pointwise medium filtering; The data structure of a stacking-type namely is set, gathers 5 temperature datas at every turn, data are carried out the size ordering, with the output of the data in the middle of coming, and then gather next group data;
Step 8): carry out the real-time demonstration of temperature curve, carry out simultaneously the setting of high low-temperature warning link; The temperature-measuring range of thermopair is 0-1800 ℃, therefore carries out high temperature alarm when real time temperature exceeds 1800 ℃; And pyrometer couple temperature measurement accuracy when temperature is lower than 200 ℃ is not high, therefore carries out low-temperature warning when real time temperature is lower than 200 ℃;
Step 9): temperature data is written among the Microsoft Excel; Be about to eight road temperature datas and be integrated into the array form, array is written among the Microsoft Excel, realized the Microsoft Excel output of temperature acquisition data.
Adopt temp measuring method of the present invention and system and device to carry out the idiographic flow that metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field detects as follows:
(1) point for measuring temperature preferred arrangement and drill through in advance blind hole
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, some to blind hole and through hole at laser beam scan path layout point for measuring temperature and the preboring of forming board 1, one group in twos of blind hole 3 and through hole 2, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and upper surface of base plate is 1mm.Drilling hole amount and position can process experience according to reality, and according to the deform sensitivity of cracking of the concrete size shape of formation of parts and formation of parts different structure position, in the actual measurement process, can also according to the concrete size shape of formation of parts, be optimized layout and boring to point for measuring temperature.Position in shaping track complexity arranges point for measuring temperature more, simultaneously according to actual processing experience, in easily the deform part of cracking of formation of parts point for measuring temperature and drill through in advance blind hole is set, to obtain more accurate, the finer temperature field distribution results of Forming Workpiece strain cracking sensitive part more.
(2) the installation of TC
As shown in Figure 3, thermopair 5 is inserted in each through hole 2 and the blind hole 3, by regulating the set screw 8 on the bottom platen 7, promote bottom platen 7 and vertically compress thermopair 5, fit tightly substrate 1 to guarantee blind hole 3 interior thermopair 5 points for measuring temperature.
(3) temperature field is detected
Start the temp measuring system software (the software human-computer interaction interface as shown in Figure 5) of computing machine, by data acquisition module control thermopair the During Laser Rapid Forming temperature field is detected in real time.As shown in Figure 6, be temp measuring system software control temperature detection idiographic flow;
(4) simultaneously thermometric and temperature field comparative analysis of thermopair through hole and blind hole
Adopt thermopair through hole and blind hole while thermometric: the thermopairs in the through hole 2 directly contact with Forming Workpiece, what measure is the temperature variation of inner certain point of Forming Workpiece, and the temperature data of gathering each point for measuring temperature different time has just obtained the regularity of distribution and the evolution trend in inside workpiece temperature field in the forming process; And the direct contact substrate 1 of thermopair in each blind hole 3, measurement be the temperature variation of forming board 1 inner certain point, gather each point for measuring temperature different time temperature data just obtained the regularity of distribution and the evolution trend of substrate 1 internal temperature field in the forming process; The temperature data of same position blind hole 3 and through hole 2 interior thermopairs is analyzed, can obtains temperature variations and the concrete difference of Forming Workpiece internal temperature field and substrate 1 internal temperature field, and sum up concrete rule.
(5) thermopair blind hole thermometric and temperature field analysis
In new material Optimizing Process Parameters forming experiment, need a large amount of repeated temperature fields test experience, adopt thermopair blind hole temp measuring method, the realization thermopair is reused, and reduces and measures cost.In conjunction with thermopair through hole thermometric and thermopair blind hole thermometric comparative analysis result, release Forming Workpiece internal temperature field with the substrate internal temperature field of thermopair blind hole thermometric gained is counter, but the also regularity of distribution and the variation tendency of accurate analysis Forming Workpiece internal temperature field.
Embodiment 2: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 2mm.
Embodiment 3: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 1mm.
Embodiment 4: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 0.5mm.
Embodiment 5: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 0.2mm.
Embodiment 6: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 0.8mm.
Embodiment 7: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 1.2mm.
Embodiment 8: this example is identical with embodiment 1 detection system structure and detection method, and different is: at blind hole 3 and through hole 2 that described forming board 1 is preset, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole 3 and substrate 1 upper surface is 1.5mm.
Claims (9)
1. the detection method of a metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field, it is characterized in that comprising: in through hole and the blind hole of default several built-in thermoelectric idols of forming board diverse location, according to through hole and simultaneously thermometric contrast of blind hole, obtain the concrete rule of the inner and forming board internal temperature field difference of Forming Workpiece in the During Laser Rapid Forming, adopt again the method for blind hole thermometric to obtain the temperature field of Forming Workpiece inside; The concrete rule of Forming Workpiece inside and forming board internal temperature field difference in the described During Laser Rapid Forming, determine as follows: measure simultaneously on the forming board diverse location temperature of thermopair in several through holes and blind hole, temperature measurement data by thermopair in same position blind hole and the through hole compares, obtain distribution situation and the variation tendency of the inner and forming board internal temperature field of Forming Workpiece under the different situations, Forming Workpiece inside and forming board internal temperature field are analyzed, obtain the concrete rule of difference between the two; The temperature-measuring range of thermopair is 0-1800 ℃.
2. according to the detection method of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: blind hole and through hole that described forming board arranges, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole and forming board upper surface is 0.1-2mm.
3. according to the detection method of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the actual point for measuring temperature of described thermopair is exposed outside.
4. adopt the detection system of the detection method of metal powder laser rapid shaping temperature field as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that comprising: the computing machine of a plurality of thermopairs, signal transition card, data acquisition module and built-in temp measuring system software in forming board through hole and the blind hole of being placed in, thermopair is connected with data acquisition module, and data acquisition module connects on computers by the signal transition card.
5. according to detection system claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: described thermopair places through hole or the blind hole of forming board by its mounting structure, its mounting structure comprises:
Substrate holder places the forming board below, and is fixed on the bracket base;
Bottom platen is positioned at substrate holder thermopair below, is respectively installed with and the contacted spring of bottom platen at each thermopair, and bottom platen is provided with at least three and the contacted set screw of bracket base.
6. according to detection system claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the actual point for measuring temperature of described thermopair is exposed outside.
7. according to detection system claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the blind hole that arranges on the described forming board and through hole, one group in twos, wherein the distance of the bottom of blind hole and forming board upper surface is 0.1-2mm.
8. according to detection system claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: described signal transition card is that the RS232 communication turns the RS485 communication.
9. according to detection system claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the concrete control flow of described temp measuring system software is:
Step 1): carry out the serial ports parameter configuration;
Step 2): carry out the setting of data sampling cycle, the sampling period is made as more than 1000 milliseconds;
Step 3): write the serial communication order, the communications protocol of employing is ASCII command/response agreement, and namely the input command form is ASCII fromat;
Step 4): the temperature data of reading system data buffer, the described data layout that reads is character string forms;
Step 5): the string data that reads in the step 4) is carried out Data Format Transform;
Step 6): temperature data is removed the processing of making an uproar;
Step 7): temperature data is carried out filtering process, filtering mode is the pointwise medium filtering;
Step 8): carry out the real-time demonstration of temperature curve; Carry out simultaneously the setting of high low-temperature warning link;
Step 9): temperature data is written among the Microsoft Excel.
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| CN102794565B (en) * | 2012-09-04 | 2015-01-21 | 徐州工程学院 | LabView-based real-time monitoring system for laser cladding/laser re-melting process temperature field |
| CN105675161A (en) * | 2016-01-19 | 2016-06-15 | 河南理工大学 | Method for measuring temperature of laser processing workpiece via thermocouple |
| CN107290383B (en) * | 2017-08-03 | 2024-01-02 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Experimental device for depicting temperature field distribution |
| CN107677387B (en) * | 2017-09-19 | 2020-05-26 | 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 | Device and method for measuring laser temperature of Raman spectrometer |
| CN108593127B (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2023-07-28 | 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 | Thermocouple point distribution tool and point distribution method |
| CN110657892B (en) * | 2019-09-27 | 2021-05-07 | 北京航空航天大学 | Device and method for measuring surface temperature field of titanium alloy electric arc welding molten pool |
| CN112743222B (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2024-01-23 | 江苏科技大学 | Rapid temperature measuring method for friction stir welding weld joint core area |
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| CN101608953A (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2009-12-23 | 北京航空航天大学 | The measuring method and the device of a kind of firing chamber internal face temperature and heat flux distribution |
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| JPS5367480A (en) * | 1976-11-29 | 1978-06-15 | Hitachi Ltd | Thermocouple mounting method in metal body |
| JPH0875559A (en) * | 1994-09-08 | 1996-03-22 | Souzou Kagaku:Kk | Mechanism for securing temperature measuring sensor to semiconductor substrate |
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| CN2725892Y (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2005-09-14 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | On-line detector for state of circular blank continuous casting machine |
| CN101608953A (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2009-12-23 | 北京航空航天大学 | The measuring method and the device of a kind of firing chamber internal face temperature and heat flux distribution |
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| JP特开平8-75559A 1996.03.22 |
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