CN102553838A - Battery sorting method based on alternating-current impedance spectrum - Google Patents

Battery sorting method based on alternating-current impedance spectrum Download PDF

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CN102553838A
CN102553838A CN2012100335379A CN201210033537A CN102553838A CN 102553838 A CN102553838 A CN 102553838A CN 2012100335379 A CN2012100335379 A CN 2012100335379A CN 201210033537 A CN201210033537 A CN 201210033537A CN 102553838 A CN102553838 A CN 102553838A
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battery
cpe
sorting method
sei
impedance
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CN102553838B (en
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高飞
杨凯
李大贺
王丽娜
刘皓
胡晨
甄浩
惠东
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Xuchangxu Relay Energy Storage Technology Co ltd
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
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Abstract

The invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery, in particular to a sorting method based on an alternating-current impedance spectrum. The method comprises the steps of (1) acquiring the alternating-current impedance spectrum; (2) analyzing equivalent-circuit parameters; and (3) conducting statistic analysis on the equivalent-circuit parameters. In the method provided by the invention, an electrode structure inside a battery system can be detected without damaging a battery, the inner information such as health condition of the battery, the electrolyte concentration, diaphragms and SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) membranes are accurately reflected; and according to the information, the coefficient of concordance is calculated by utilizing the principle of statistics, so that the consistency of the inner structure of the sorted battery can be ensured sufficiently, the differences of the sorted batteries are reduced obviously, and the defects of a sorting method in prior arts can be overcome.

Description

A kind of battery sorting method based on ac impedance spectroscopy
Technical field
The present invention relates to lithium rechargeable battery, be specifically related to a kind of battery sorting method in groups, relate in particular to a kind of method for separating based on ac impedance spectroscopy.
Background technology
Under available dynamic battery technology level, energy-storage system must use battery pack to satisfy high power, jumbo requirement.Because there is difference in the parameter value at aspects such as voltage, internal resistance, capacity between same type, same specification, same size battery; Be that battery performance exists uniformity difference; Make power battery pack performance indications when being used for energy-storage system not reach the level of estimating by cell; The service life of battery pack and cell reduced in comparison several times even tens times have a strong impact on the application of energy-storage system.
The reason that the battery problem of inconsistency occurs; Mainly contain that voltage is inconsistent, capacity is inconsistent, internal resistance is inconsistent, self-discharge rate is inconsistent or the like; Existing battery sorting method is a foundation with capacity, internal resistance, the self-discharge rate of battery mostly also; Carry out the sorting of battery, these method for separating are primarily aimed at the surface of battery, and separating effect is general.Carry out sorting with voltage, the method utilizes the voltage uniformity to classify, and the voltage condition when having considered bringing onto load but can't be eliminated the influence of factors such as charged time, loads change and output capacity; Carry out sorting with capacity; Can only explain that the capacity under the condition of setting that discharges and recharges is approaching relatively; But only parameter of discharge capacity of the cell can not reflect the combination property of battery, because other performance indications of cell are inconsistent in the assembly, can cause the battery pack lost of life, capacity to reduce; Overall performance decreases, and is the main cause of damaging in the assembled battery short time.Carry out sorting with the internal resistance of cell; Though guaranteed that battery uses the resistance uniformity at initial stage, after long-term the use, because the deterioration of inside battery ion channel, electron channel; And the active reduction of inside battery chemical substance; All can make internal resistance of cell increase in various degree, increase the weight of the polarization difference property of battery, battery capacity can't in time be discharged; Because this method is under the frequency of 1KHz, to measure, so fully do not reflect the matching degree of battery under various charge status.
Summary of the invention
Above-mentioned defective to the existence of existing battery sorting technology; The present invention proposes a kind of based on electrochemical AC impedance spectrum (Electrochemical impedance spectrum; EIS) battery sorting method is carried out the consistency detection of battery; This method detects the inner electrode structure of battery system under the situation of not damaging battery, accurately reflect battery health degree, electrolyte concentration and barrier film, solid electrolyte interface film SEI internal information.According to these information, utilize Principle of Statistics, calculate consistency coefficient, can guarantee the structural uniformity of the inside battery that sub-elects on this basis, the battery otherness that sub-elects is obviously reduced, thereby solve the deficiency of traditional method for separating.
The objective of the invention is to adopt following technical proposals to realize:
A kind of battery sorting method based on ac impedance spectroscopy, its improvements are that said method comprises the steps:
(1) gathers ac impedance spectroscopy;
(2) resolve equivalent circuit parameter;
(3) the said equivalent circuit parameter of statistical analysis.
A kind of optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: said step (1) comprising: lithium rechargeable battery is discharged and recharged, and (State of Charge SOC) keeps 100% to make the lithium rechargeable battery state-of-charge; After leaving standstill 6h-12h, the battery under the 100%SOC state is carried out ac impedance measurement, gather ac impedance spectroscopy with electrochemical workstation.
Second optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: the condition of the AC impedance of said test battery comprises: said battery is in the 100%SOC state-of-charge, and constant voltage mode, frequency are 10kHz~1mHz, amplitude within ± 10mV.
The 3rd optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: the ac impedance spectroscopy of said battery comprises high frequency circular arc (1kHz~10Hz), intermediate frequency circular arc (10Hz~0.1Hz) and low frequency oblique line (0.1Hz~10mHz).
The 4th optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: in the said step (2): resolve the equivalent circuit parameter that characterizes inside battery information and comprise: with equivalent circuit said ac impedance spectroscopy is carried out the match of least square method mathematics; Said equivalent circuit parameter comprises battery contact resistance R H, battery electrode surperficial SEI film R SEI, the electric double layer capacitance CPE that forms of SEI film surface interface electric double layer SEIThe reaction resistance R of (because have capacitive properties, but being different from pure electric capacity again), cell electrochemical reaction so represent with normal phase angle element Ct, lithium ion embeds or deviate from the reaction capacitor C PE that reaction forms Ct(same because see character with electric capacity from performance; But not pure electric capacity; So also represent with normal phase angle element) and the capacitor C PEw that causes in electrode material bulk diffusion process of lithium ion (same because see character with electric capacity from performance; But be not pure electric capacity, so also represent) with normal phase angle element.
The 5th optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: said CPE is a normal phase angle element; The impedance expression of said normal phase angle element is following:
Z CPE = 1 Y 0 ( jω ) - n ;
Wherein, Y 0Be admittance; N is nondimensional index;
N got 0 o'clock, and element equivalence in the normal phase angle of CPE is a resistance R; N gets the normal phase angle of CPE element equivalence in 0.5 o'clock and is the Warburg diffusion impedance; N got 1 o'clock, and element equivalence in the normal phase angle of CPE is a capacitor C.
The 6th optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: said battery contact resistance R HSurperficial SEI film R with battery electrode SEICorresponding to said high frequency circular arc; The reaction resistance R of said cell electrochemical reaction CtThe capacity effect CPE that causes with electrochemical reaction CtCorresponding to said intermediate frequency circular arc; The diffusion capacitance CPEw of said electric charge is corresponding to said low frequency oblique line.
The 7th optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: said equivalent circuit parameter comprises R H, R SEI, R Ct, Y 0-CPE SEI, n-CPE SEI, Y 0-CPE Ct, n-CPE Ct, Y 0-CPE WAnd n-CPE W
The 8th optimized technical scheme provided by the invention is: said step (3) comprising: the average value mu and the meansquaredeviation that calculate the equivalent circuit parameter of battery cell; Calculate the consistency coefficient ζ of said battery cell, said consistency coefficient add with; The consistency coefficient ζ expression formula of calculating said battery cell is following:
ζ i = 1 - σ i μ i ;
According to the uniformity maximization principle, select the battery cell that adds and be worth maximum, be final sorting schemes.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect that reaches of the present invention is:
1, battery sorting method provided by the invention detects the inner electrode structure of battery system under the situation of not damaging battery, accurately reflects health degree, electrolyte concentration, barrier film and the solid electrolyte interface SEI film internal information of battery;
2, battery sorting method provided by the invention is according to the internal information of battery; Utilize Principle of Statistics; Calculate the consistency coefficient of battery; Can guarantee the structural uniformity of the inside battery that sub-elects on this basis, the battery otherness that sub-elects is obviously reduced, thereby solve the deficiency of traditional method for separating.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart according to the inventive method;
Fig. 2 is according to ac impedance spectroscopy sketch map of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is according to equivalent circuit of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the AC impedance EIS spectrum according to 41 battery cells of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the AC impedance EIS spectrum of 10 battery cells selecting according to the present invention.
The specific embodiment
Do further detailed description below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing specific embodiments of the invention.
Battery sorting method based on ac impedance spectroscopy provided by the invention may further comprise the steps, and is as shown in Figure 1:
(1) ac impedance spectroscopy of collection 100%SOC state-of-charge: lithium rechargeable battery is discharged and recharged; Make the lithium rechargeable battery state-of-charge keep the 100%SOC place, leave standstill 6h-12h after, utilize electrochemical workstation battery to be carried out the ac impedance measurement of constant voltage mode; Frequency is between 10kHz~1mHz; Amplitude measures the ac impedance spectroscopy of 100%SOC state-of-charge in ± 10mV, as shown in Figure 2.
Among Fig. 1, impedance representes with Z, and its expression formula representes with plural form, i.e. Z=Z '+Z " j, j is-1 square root.Wherein, transverse axis is Z ', and Z ' is a real, also is the active component of impedance Z, and the longitudinal axis is Z ", Z " be the imaginary part of plural number, also be the reaction component of impedance Z, unit representes with m Ω.
(2) resolve the equivalent circuit parameter value that characterizes inside battery information: the equivalent circuit that proposes with the present invention carries out the match of least square method mathematics to ac impedance spectroscopy, and equivalent circuit is as shown in Figure 3, wherein R HExpression battery contact resistance, corresponding ac impedance spectroscopy medium-high frequency part and the crossing point of real axis; R SEIAnd CPE SEIFilm resistance and the surperficial capacity effect that forms of film of representing the surperficial SEI of battery electrode respectively, the circular arc of corresponding HFS; Rct and CPEct represent the reaction resistance of cell electrochemical reaction and the capacity effect that causes because of electrochemical reaction, the circular arc of corresponding intermediate-frequency section respectively; CPE WThe diffusion impedance of expression electric charge, the oblique line of corresponding low frequency.
CPE is normal phase angle element (Constant phase element), and the impedance expression at normal phase angle is following:
Z CPE = 1 Y 0 ( jω ) - n
N got 1 o'clock, and normal phase angle element is exactly pure electric capacity, Y 0=1/R;
N got 0 o'clock, and normal phase angle element is exactly a pure resistance, Y 0=C;
N got 0.5 o'clock, and normal phase angle element is exactly Warburg (being called for short a W) diffusion impedance.
Have 3 resistance R in the equivalent circuit, 3 normal phase angle element CPE, wherein normal phase angle element CPE contains two parameters, i.e. Y 0And n; Therefore equivalent circuit has 9 parameters, through the least square fitting to ac impedance spectroscopy, resolves to the performance of ac impedance spectroscopy one group of 9 parameter value: R of equivalent circuit H, R SEI, R Ct, Y 0-CPE SEI, n-CPE SEI, Y 0-CPE Ct, n-CPE Ct, Y 0-CPE W, n-CPE W
(3) statistical analysis: the ac impedance spectroscopy for the 100%SOC state of x battery cell carries out match and parsing respectively; Obtain x group parameter value; Each of the parameter of battery cell is added up; Select the immediate battery cell of numerical value, calculate the average value mu and the meansquaredeviation of all 9 parameter values of the battery cell of selecting, calculate the consistency coefficient ζ of these battery cells of selecting according to following formula; Then the consistency coefficient of these 9 parameters add with, the expression formula of calculating consistency coefficient ζ is following:
ζ i = 1 - σ i μ i
Wherein, iRepresent the numbering of battery cell.
One has 9 parameters, adds and the result so have 9, according to the uniformity maximization principle, selects that Battery pack monomer that adds and be worth maximum, is final sorting schemes.
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment the present invention is elaborated.
Embodiment
Embodiment provided by the invention carries out sorting to certain 15Ah of producer Soft Roll ferric phosphate lithium cell, and 10 uniformity that process sub-elects from 41 battery cells are battery cell preferably.
The first step, to 41 battery cells with the 1C constant-current charge to 100%SOC, shelve 12h; Under open-circuit voltage; Utilize electrochemical workstation that battery is carried out the ac impedance measurement of constant voltage mode, frequency is between 10kHz~1mHz, and amplitude is in ± 10mV; Measure the AC impedance EIS spectrum of state-of-charge, the ac impedance spectroscopy of 41 battery cells is as shown in Figure 4.As can be seen from Figure 4, the AC impedance EIS of 41 batteries spectrum is very discrete.
Second step, the equivalent circuit that proposes according to the present invention, as shown in Figure 3, AC impedance EIS spectrum is carried out the match of least square method mathematics, resolve the parameter value of each element in the equivalent circuit, as shown in table 1.
Table 1 battery cell EIS composes each parameter fitting value
Figure BDA0000135769730000051
In the 3rd step, statistical analysis is at first from R HBeginning is to the R of 41 battery cells HAdd up, select R HImmediate 10 battery cells calculate the consistency coefficient of these 10 all 9 fitting parameters of battery cell, itself and be 33.78.Then; Successively in this manner; Other 8 fitting parameters to 41 battery cells are added up, and select corresponding immediate 10 battery cells of each autoregressive parameter, calculate corresponding immediate 10 battery cells of these 8 fitting parameters; Their consistency coefficient sum is respectively 32.50,33.03,33.75,33.13,32.82,32.66,33.19,3.71.Through relatively knowing, with parameters R HCarry out 10 battery cells that statistical is selected, the consistency coefficient sum is maximum, therefore finally selects 10 battery cells, and the AC impedance EIS spectrum of 10 battery cells is as shown in Figure 5.
Can know that from Fig. 5 the AC impedance EIS of 10 battery cells selecting spectrum is very approaching, explain that than as 41 overall batteries of sample, the uniformity of passing through 10 batteries that sub-elect is significantly improved.
Should be noted that at last: above embodiment is only in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described but not to the restriction of its protection domain; Although the present invention has been carried out detailed explanation with reference to the foregoing description; The those of ordinary skill in affiliated field is to be understood that: those skilled in the art still can carry out all changes, revise or be equal to replacement to the specific embodiment of invention after reading the present invention; These changes, modification perhaps are equal to replacement, and it is all within the claim scope that its application is awaited the reply.

Claims (9)

1. the battery sorting method based on ac impedance spectroscopy is characterized in that said method comprises the steps:
(1) gathers ac impedance spectroscopy;
(2) resolve equivalent circuit parameter;
(3) the said equivalent circuit parameter of statistical analysis.
2. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, said step (1) comprising: lithium rechargeable battery is discharged and recharged, make lithium rechargeable battery state-of-charge SOC keep 100%; After leaving standstill 6h-12h, the battery under the 100%SOC state is carried out ac impedance measurement, gather ac impedance spectroscopy with electrochemical workstation.
3. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, the condition of the AC impedance of said test battery comprises: said battery is in the 100%SOC state-of-charge, and constant voltage mode, frequency are 10kHz~1mHz, amplitude within ± 10mV.
4. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, the ac impedance spectroscopy of said battery comprises high frequency circular arc, intermediate frequency circular arc and low frequency oblique line.
5. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in the said step (2): resolve the equivalent circuit parameter that characterizes inside battery information and comprise: with equivalent circuit said ac impedance spectroscopy is carried out the match of least square method mathematics; Said equivalent circuit parameter comprises battery contact resistance R H, battery electrode surperficial SEI film R SEI, the electric double layer capacitance CPE that forms of SEI film surface interface electric double layer SEI, cell electrochemical reaction reaction resistance R Ct, lithium ion embeds or deviate from the reaction capacitor C PE that reaction forms CtThe capacitor C PEw that causes in electrode material bulk diffusion process with lithium ion.
6. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, said CPE is a normal phase angle element; The impedance expression of said normal phase angle element is following:
Z CPE = 1 Y 0 ( jω ) - n ;
Wherein, Y 0Be admittance; N is nondimensional index;
N got 0 o'clock, and element equivalence in the normal phase angle of CPE is a resistance R; N gets the normal phase angle of CPE element equivalence in 0.5 o'clock and is the Warburg diffusion impedance; N got 1 o'clock, and element equivalence in the normal phase angle of CPE is a capacitor C.
7. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, said battery contact resistance R HSurperficial SEI film R with battery electrode SEICorresponding to said high frequency circular arc; The reaction resistance R of said cell electrochemical reaction CtThe capacity effect CPE that causes with electrochemical reaction CtCorresponding to said intermediate frequency circular arc; The diffusion capacitance CPEw of said electric charge is corresponding to said low frequency oblique line.
8. like each described battery sorting method among the claim 5-7, it is characterized in that said equivalent circuit parameter comprises R H, R SEI, R Ct, Y 0-CPE SEI, n-CPE SEI, Y 0-CPE Ct, n-CPE Ct, Y 0-CPE WAnd n-CPE W
9. battery sorting method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, said step (3) comprising: the average value mu and the meansquaredeviation that calculate the equivalent circuit parameter of battery cell; That calculates said battery cell causes property coefficient ζ, said consistency coefficient add with; The consistency coefficient ζ expression formula of calculating said battery cell is following:
ζ i = 1 - σ i μ i ;
According to the uniformity maximization principle, select the battery cell that adds and be worth maximum, be final sorting schemes.
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CN109762971A (en) * 2019-01-28 2019-05-17 浙江大学 The electrochemical impedance experimental system and its method of solid-liquid contact characterization in quenching process
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CN110376525A (en) * 2019-07-29 2019-10-25 国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院 A method of evaluating retired ferric phosphate lithium cell life time decay performance
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