CN102499767A - Vacuum forming improved Activator appliance and production method thereof - Google Patents
Vacuum forming improved Activator appliance and production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102499767A CN102499767A CN2011103403621A CN201110340362A CN102499767A CN 102499767 A CN102499767 A CN 102499767A CN 2011103403621 A CN2011103403621 A CN 2011103403621A CN 201110340362 A CN201110340362 A CN 201110340362A CN 102499767 A CN102499767 A CN 102499767A
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- dental arch
- lamina membranacea
- lower jaw
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vacuum forming improved Activator appliance, which comprises an upper jaw dental arch diaphragm plate and a lower jaw dental arch diaphragm plate which are adhered into a whole through transparent adhesive, wherein the upper and the lower jaw dental arch diaphragm plates are closely adhered with each other and are parallel and level to dental necks, and lower jaw back oeclusals at the two sides are planar guide plates; the dental arch diaphragm plate of a lower jaw dental lingual side is provided with a flange which extends to a part 5mm-10mm below a dental neck edge, and the flange is arranged aside and undercut; lower jaw lingual back dental arch parts at the two sides of the dental arch diaphragm plate of the lower jaw dental lingual side are windowed, and a front dental lingual arch diaphragm plate is reserved; and the upper jaw dental arch diaphragm plate and the oeclusal part of the dental arch diaphragm plate of the lower jaw dental lingual side are adhered into a whole through the transparent adhesive. The vacuum forming improved Activator appliance has a reasonable structure, is easy for patients to cooperate, and is not toxic, is tasteless, is comfortable to wear and has the invisible effect because the appliance is made by transparent materials, and the benzene and dust pollution during the manufacturing process is solved. Clinical tests prove that the clinic therapeutic effect can be improved and the therapeutic time is shortened.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance and making thereof, the vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of processing is mainly used in treatment for tooth phase and the Angle II class tooth property at permanent teeth initial stage, functional and slight bone property mistake
odd-shaped rescuing.
Background technology
Angle class II wrong
is one of clinical common mistake
; China II class wrong
accounts for second of wrong teratogenesis; Fu Min chief report in 2000 Chinese II class is ground one's teeth, and to close for tooth phase prevalence be 25.77%; The permanent teeth initial stage accounts for 19.41%; The single factors of 1 type of misfit of Chinese's iS-One II is that master contract accounts for 49% with the mandibular retrusion; The normal person in upper jaw position accounts for 62%, and the malposition person accounts for 38%.Bigger to the physically and mentally healthy influence of patient, clinical prescription on individual diagnosis rate is high.In 18 end of the centurys, " just abnormal father " Kingsley of the U.S. was at design interlock saltatory appliance in 1879, and the guiding lower jaw has been carried out the orthopedic beginning of function forward; The back just abnormal doctor Andresen of 1936 Denmark has invented activator Activator appliance, becomes one of wrong
clinical common method of orthopedic Angle class II.Yet traditional Activator appliance is to bend steel wire by hand to do support, uses the self-curing plastic plastic-coated, the benzene heavy contamination, and it is time-consuming to polish, and dust is many, and substrate thickness is difficult to grasp, and ordinary skilled artisan is difficult to be competent at, and the skilled craftsman needed accomplish in 4 hours.Just during band the patient thick and heavy because of appliance, flavor is arranged, be difficult to cooperate, function of deglutition needs the long period to adapt to; Mute; Clinical application is difficult, and the simpler hommization of environmental protection, structure and the good high-quality Activator appliance of biological property that adopt easier manufacture method to make attempted on just abnormal for many years boundary, and carried out a lot of improvement and trial; But all do not break away from from gel and steel wire; Made the autopath can't wear appliance, in order to enlarge indication and to apply, just abnormal boundary has carried out unremitting effort.
The history of vacuum film pressing forming technique existing two more than ten years, China introduces the nearly more than ten years, but only limits to make simple appliance such as press mold keeper, develops the Activator appliance with the vacuum film pressing forming technique and does not have detailed bibliographical information.
Summary of the invention
Defective or deficiency to above-mentioned prior art exists the objective of the invention is to, and a kind of Improvement type Activator appliance is provided, and this Improvement type Activator appliance can improve clinical efficacy, shorten treatment time.
In order to realize above-mentioned task, the present invention adopts following technical solution:
One dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea, this dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea are close to upper jaw corona and are concordant with the neck edge, and the mandible posterior of both sides to close face be flat bite plate;
One lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, this lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea has the wing plate that extends to 5mm～10mm under the neck edge, and wing plate gets out of the way recessed;
Windowing in the dental arch place, lower jaw cheek rear flank of lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea both sides, keeps labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea;
The tooth of dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea closes face portion and is integral through transparent adhesive tape is bonding.
The manufacture method of above-mentioned vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance is characterized in that, follows these steps to carry out:
1) select transparent hard matrix band material for use, physicochemical property is tasteless, transparent;
2) the actual tooth form by the patient prepares model, on model, fills recessedly with greasy filth, then with making dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea with matrix band on the vacuum machine, and on lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch template, reserves wing plate;
3) cutting dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea close face with the following both sides mandible posterior of maxillary teeth lamina membranacea and process flat bite plate; Wing plate on the lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea is extended to 5-10mm under the neck edge;
4) window at the lower jaw cheek side dental arch place, both sides of lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, only keep labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea;
5) close frame and blending on, with dental arch of maxilla lip cheek lamina membranacea and mandibular dental arch lamina membranacea to close face portion bonding with an amount of transparent adhesive tape, trimming polishedly promptly get.
Vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of the present invention adopts human oriented design, and is rational in infrastructure, patient Yi Hezuo; Owing to adopted the transparent material making, nontoxic, tasteless, comfortable wearing and have stealthy effect, and solved the pollution of the benzene and the dust of manufacturing process; Can adopt machine to replace manpower, can be made into appliance half an hour, raise the efficiency; Through clinical trial certificate, clinical efficacy reaches 100%, has favorable economic benefit and social benefit.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of Fig. 1;
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is done further detailed description.
The specific embodiment
Referring to Fig. 1～Fig. 2, present embodiment provides a kind of vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance that has carried out brand-new design at aspects such as structure, manufacture method and material application, comprises dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 2.
Dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 is close to upper jaw corona and is concordant with the neck edge, and the mandible posterior of both sides to close face be flat bite plate 5.
Lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 has the wing plate 2 that extends to 5mm～10mm under the neck edge, and wing plate 2 gets out of the way recessed.
Windowing in the dental arch place, lower jaw cheek rear flank of lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 both sides, keeps labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea; The tooth of dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 closes face portion through transparent adhesive tape 3 bonding being integral.
Dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 are all selected the transparent hard matrix band material of 2mm～3mm for use, make with vacuum forming machine.
The vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance that present embodiment provides, its design principle with classical Activator appliance identical point is: lead lower jaw forward, suppress upper jaw bone and grow; Control lower incisor lip inclination and elongation; Difference is: maintenance is good, and is in light weight, and it is low that wing plate need not go deep into mouth, and muscular strength stretches lasting.Relatively both principles can be known, the present invention changes the loosening type of traditional Activator appliance into retention form, and traditional activator is retention form because of improvement, and the passive stretching of muscular tissue changes mouthful all muscular strengths; Weight saving means that muscular tissue strength changes.
It is to adopt to bend steel wire by hand that traditional Activator appliance is made, and from the gel plastic-coated, benzene pollutes, the dust operation, and general the completion with 4 hours of skilled technician is made, and the appliance of processing do not have maintenance, vacillates in the oral cavity clinical efficacy instability.
Vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of the present invention; Difference is that maintenance is good, replaces manual operation with machine, has simplified processing technology; Can under nontoxic, no dust condition, operate; The whole treatment device does not have steel wire, and it is simple and reasonable for structure, and ordinary skilled artisan only needs to complete half an hour; The substrate thickness uniformity of the appliance of processing, is worn comfortablely, nonpoisonous and tasteless at stealth in light weight, transparent, and biological property is good, make the patient be easy to accept.With the data-searching that the applicant carried out, the content relevant with the present invention at home and abroad do not appeared in the newspapers at present.
Vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of the present invention, it is different from traditional Activator appliance, through clinical trial, can improve clinical therapeutic efficacy, and curative effect certainly, shortens treatment time.
Below be the manufacture method of vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance:
1) material:
Select commercially available transparent hard matrix band material for use, physicochemical property is tasteless, transparent, and it is color to add various colors; The bubble of water logging below 50 ℃ is indeformable; The medicining liquid dipping invariant color; Hard sheet can divide secondary (two-layer) hot pressing plastotype, and ethylene-like polymer is fit, and is nontoxic, no sensitization, and no teratogenesis, no carcinogenic.Hot strength>=40Mp/mm
2Percentage elongation>=6; Elastic modelling quantity>=1000.
2) make:
By patient's actual tooth form preparing model, recessed with the greasy filth filling, make dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 with vacuum machine at matrix band then, and on lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4, reserve the size of wing plate 2;
With taper wolfram steel bistrique cutting dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea 1 and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4, wherein:
The both sides mandible posterior of maxillary teeth tongue side bow lamina membranacea 1 is closed face process flat bite plate; Wing plate on the lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4 is extended to 5-10mm under the neck edge.
Windowing in lower jaw cheek side dental arch place, both sides at lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea 4, only keeps labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea;
On close frame and blending, with dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea to close face portion bonding with an amount of transparent adhesive tape, trimming polishedly promptly get.
To the transparent molded piece has a certain strength and adjustable modified (changed mill, hot stretching IRA), 2-3 mm thickness of the diaphragm is designed; for the vacuum forming both improved Activator retention appliance also easy to pick wear, sludge production process with tooth preparation undercuts; retention force to make a good guide jaw lasting stability, and good self-cleaning effect, maxillary arch membrane plate 1 and lower teeth lingual arch diaphragm 4 and close on the lower jaw and the crown is flush with the neck edge; appliance to make more stable, plus palatal expansion device at the same time on the lower jaw arch, do not hurt the tongue side of the alveolar mucosa and appliance easy to place, mandibular lingual arch membrane plate 4 extends to the tooth neck flap 2 margin of 5-10mm, and to allow open flap 2 undercut; order to guide the lower jaw forward without resistance, and can be expected along the direction of the treatment and correction of mandibular height the mandibular lingual arch on both sides of the diaphragm 4 mandibular posterior teeth Jia side arch windows, leaving only the anterior labial arch diaphragm and diaphragm maxillary arch on both sides of a mandibular occlusal side guide plate 5 is made flat.
Remove II class relation for making, the clinical wax dyke branch of maxillary mandibular relation of asking is processed with diaphragm, and grinds diaphragm and become wax dike height, with bonding dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea of a small amount of transparent adhesive tape and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, makes appliance in aggregates; In order to correct following high altitude, rising is ground one's teeth in sleep, and corrects the Spees curve, favourable lower jaw rotation, the mandible posterior flat bite plate of the dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea of can polishing one by one in rescuing.
Production Time is half an hour only, does not need skilled technician to accomplish, nontoxic no dust operation.
3) concrete case:
The land, woman, 9 years old, maxillary protrusion, mandibular retrusion, convex-surface type; Mixed denture, grind one's teeth in sleep, canine tooth be far away in relation; Hereditary history is arranged.
X-ray measures demonstration: the ANB angle: 5.3 °, and the L1-NA angle: 33.5 °, L1-NA:6.5mm, the U1-L1 angle: 110.3 °, GoGn-Sn angle: 34 °.
Diagnosis: be laminated with dark covering deeply, Angle II class I classification.
Therapeutic effect: be laminated with and cover normally, grind one's teeth in sleep, the canine tooth indifference relation; The face type is the type of facing directly; Do not need the second phase to correct.
X-ray measures demonstration: the ANB angle: 3.1 °, and the L1-NA angle: 24.7 °, L1-NA:3.4mm, the U1-L1 angle: 120 °, GoGn-Sn angle: 35 °.
Below be to adopt vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance 10 routine patient's statistical results of the present invention:
With statistical procedures 10 example treatment fore-and-aft survey results, with x-ray measurement data before and after Steomer analytic process and the Tweed analytic process analysis treatment, and with SPSS13.0 paired t-test statistical data.10 routine patient treatment fore-and-aft survey results are shown in table 1 and table 2:
Table 1: go up mandibular bone measurement result and t assay before and after the treatment
Annotate: P＜0.05* has remarkable statistical significance; P＜0.01** has the highly significant statistical significance.
Know from table 1: there is remarkable statistical significance SND ° of p＜0.05; SNB °, ANB °, opSN, Wit ' s, there is the highly significant statistical significance p＜0.01.
Table 2: teeth groove measurement result and t assay before and after the treatment
Annotate: P＜0.05
*, remarkable statistical significance is arranged; P＜0.01
*, the highly significant statistical significance is arranged.
Know from table 2: U1-NA °＜0.01 has the highly significant statistical significance, and U1-NA has the highly significant statistical significance apart from p＜0.01.
In sum, vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance main innovate point of the present invention is:
1, rescue principle: maintenance is good, and is in light weight, and it is low that wing plate need not go deep into mouth, and muscular strength stretches lasting.The loosening type of more traditional Activator appliance changes retention form into, and traditional activator changes for the passive stretching of muscular tissue of retention form makes mouthful all muscular strengths because of improvement; Weight saving means that muscular tissue strength changes.
2, selection contrast: vacuum forming technology improvement Activator appliance is selected commercially available transparent hard matrix band material for use; Physicochemical property is nontoxic, tasteless; Transparent, and prior art traditional F RIII type appliance material has benzene to pollute with methyl methacrylate, not environmental protection.
3, manufacturing technology contrast: traditional handicraft is made benzene pollution, dust pollution in the Activator appliance, is bent steel wire, needs 4 hours, makes complicated; And appliance is thick and heavy, and flavor is arranged, and the patient is difficult for cooperation when wearing; Certainly, narrow application range is not difficult to apply bone property II class curative effect.
Making of the present invention replaces manpower with machine, and nontoxic, no dust operation can be made into appliance half an hour; Raise the efficiency, the vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of processing is light and handy stealthy, beautiful and comfortable, hommization and the good Activator appliance of biological property nonpoisonous and tasteless, no teratogenesis of patient Yi Hezuo, to bone property II class curative effect certainly; Applied widely; Patient Yi Hezuo when wearing, good effect is prone to apply.
4, contour structures: process dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea with matrix band, the both sides mandible posterior of maxillary teeth tongue side bow lamina membranacea is closed face process flat bite plate; Wing plate on the lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea is extended to 5-10mm under the neck edge; Windowing in lower jaw cheek side dental arch place, both sides at lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, only keeps labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea; The tooth of dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea is closed face portion bond together, constitute an integral body with an amount of transparent adhesive tape.Total does not have steel wire, has only matrix band; The dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea is fitted and concordant neck edge with whole dental arch, makes the appliance maintenance on upperdental arch, transparent stealth.
5, curative effect: vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of the present invention, to Angle II class bone property patient curative effect certainly, total treatment time shortens 3-5 month.
Above embodiment only supplies to explain the present invention; But not limitation of the present invention, the technical staff in relevant technologies field is under the situation that does not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention; Can also make the increase or the equivalent variations of various technical characterictics, all should belong to protection category of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance is characterized in that, comprising:
One dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea (1), this dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea (1) is close to upper jaw corona and is concordant with the neck edge, and the mandible posterior of both sides to close face be flat bite plate (5);
One lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4), this lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4) has the wing plate (2) that extends to 5mm～10mm under the neck edge, and wing plate (2) gets out of the way recessed;
Windowing in the dental arch place, lower jaw cheek rear flank of lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4) both sides, keeps labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea;
The tooth of dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea (1) and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4) closes face portion through bonding being integral of transparent adhesive tape (3).
2. vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea (1) and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4) select for use transparent hard matrix band material to make.
3. vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea (1), lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea (4) and wing plate (2) thickness are 2mm～3mm.
4. the manufacture method of one of them described vacuum forming Improvement type Activator appliance of claim 1 to 3 is characterized in that, follows these steps to carry out:
1) select transparent hard matrix band material for use, physicochemical property is tasteless, transparent;
2) the actual tooth form by the patient prepares model, on model, fills recessedly with greasy filth, on matrix band, makes dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea with vacuum machine then, and on lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, reserves wing plate;
3) cutting dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea close face with the both sides mandible posterior of maxillary teeth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea and process flat bite plate; Wing plate on the lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea is extended to 5-10mm under the neck edge;
4) window at the lower jaw cheek side dental arch place, both sides of lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea, only keep labial teeth lip side dental arch lamina membranacea;
5) close frame and blending on, it is bonding with an amount of transparent adhesive tape that the tooth of dental arch of maxilla lamina membranacea and lower jaw tooth tongue side dental arch lamina membranacea is closed face portion, trimming polishedly promptly gets.
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|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103690252A (en) * | 2013-12-15 | 2014-04-02 | 李岩峰 | Method for manufacturing silicone rubber flat guide plate |
| CN103735323A (en) * | 2013-12-15 | 2014-04-23 | 李岩峰 | Elastic flat guide plate for opening occlusion in orthodontics |
| CN105407831A (en) * | 2014-07-10 | 2016-03-16 | 威斯布拉斯有限公司 | Orthodontic aligners |
| CN105434061A (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-30 | 财团法人金属工业研究发展中心 | Corrective auxiliary device and manufacture method and use method thereof |
| CN106361451A (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2017-02-01 | 谢语博 | Individual jaw growth improved appliance |
| CN109009502A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2018-12-18 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of appliance |
| CN110063802A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-07-30 | 四川大学 | Mandibular deviation invisible orthotic device |
| CN111000640A (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2020-04-14 | 中国医科大学附属口腔医院 | Manufacturing method and application of pressed film material functional appliance |
| CN111096814A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-05-05 | 上海牙典医疗器械有限公司 | Method and device for generating appliance |
| CN111231325A (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2020-06-05 | 北京大学口腔医学院 | Design and manufacturing method of tooth row inverted concave firm retention tooth body preparation guide plate |
| CN111839763A (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2020-10-30 | 上海正雅齿科科技股份有限公司 | Design method, manufacturing method and system of digital shell-shaped tooth appliance |
| CN115998469A (en) * | 2023-03-24 | 2023-04-25 | 四川大学 | Shell-shaped retainer with adjustable flat guide and inclined guide integrated structure |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103735323A (en) * | 2013-12-15 | 2014-04-23 | 李岩峰 | Elastic flat guide plate for opening occlusion in orthodontics |
| CN103690252A (en) * | 2013-12-15 | 2014-04-02 | 李岩峰 | Method for manufacturing silicone rubber flat guide plate |
| CN105407831A (en) * | 2014-07-10 | 2016-03-16 | 威斯布拉斯有限公司 | Orthodontic aligners |
| CN105434061A (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-30 | 财团法人金属工业研究发展中心 | Corrective auxiliary device and manufacture method and use method thereof |
| CN106361451A (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2017-02-01 | 谢语博 | Individual jaw growth improved appliance |
| CN109009502B (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2023-08-08 | 佛山科学技术学院 | Oral cavity corrector |
| CN109009502A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2018-12-18 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of appliance |
| CN110063802A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-07-30 | 四川大学 | Mandibular deviation invisible orthotic device |
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| CN111000640A (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2020-04-14 | 中国医科大学附属口腔医院 | Manufacturing method and application of pressed film material functional appliance |
| CN111096814A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-05-05 | 上海牙典医疗器械有限公司 | Method and device for generating appliance |
| CN111231325A (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2020-06-05 | 北京大学口腔医学院 | Design and manufacturing method of tooth row inverted concave firm retention tooth body preparation guide plate |
| CN111839763A (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2020-10-30 | 上海正雅齿科科技股份有限公司 | Design method, manufacturing method and system of digital shell-shaped tooth appliance |
| CN111839763B (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-11 | 正雅齿科科技(上海)有限公司 | Design method, manufacturing method and system of digital shell-shaped tooth appliance |
| CN115998469A (en) * | 2023-03-24 | 2023-04-25 | 四川大学 | Shell-shaped retainer with adjustable flat guide and inclined guide integrated structure |
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| CN102499767B (en) | 2013-08-28 |
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