CN102493451B - Preparation method of rock bolt system based on fiber reinforced plastic bolt and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium - Google Patents
Preparation method of rock bolt system based on fiber reinforced plastic bolt and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN102493451B CN102493451B CN201110456040.3A CN201110456040A CN102493451B CN 102493451 B CN102493451 B CN 102493451B CN 201110456040 A CN201110456040 A CN 201110456040A CN 102493451 B CN102493451 B CN 102493451B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a rock bolt system based on a fiber reinforced plastic bolt and an ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium. The preparation method comprises the following implementation steps of: 1, determining a bolt material and an anchoring and bonding medium; 2, designing an anchor system; 3, anchoring two ends of a bolt by using an anchorage device; 4, performing delivery inspection on the bolt; 5, mounting the rock bolt system on site; 6, tensioning the bolt; and 7, sealing an anchor. According to the rock bolt system, the fiber reinforced plastic is taken as the bolt, an ultrahigh-performance cement-based material is taken as a bonding medium at two ends, a group anchor specially designed serves as an overground anchor and an underground anchor-taper cap combination, excellent characteristics of the two high-performance materials are exerted, and a problem of low durability due to steel bar corrosion and grouting ageing in the conventional rock bolt system is solved. The rock bolt system is safe, reliable and high-efficiency, and has good physical properties and a wide application prospect.
Description
One, technical field
The present invention relates to prestressing force ground anchoring, relate in particular to a kind of based on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bond-anchorage medium rock anchor system and preparation method.
Two, background technology
Rock anchor system is that tension member is imbedded to rock mass or the soil body being reinforced, and by both interaction of asking formation anchoring bodys, jointly bears a kind of structural system of external loads.Tradition rock anchor system generally adopts high tensile steel wire or steel strand as underground anchoring medium, common presstressed reinforcing steel ground tackle, to expose the anchoring system of stretching end as anchor cable, conventional cement mortar as anchor cable, yet traditional steel and light water mud, because its intensity is low, decay resistance is poor, cause its actual application surface to face following subject matter:
(1) rock anchor system is embedded in underground common steel presstressed reinforcing steel and conventional cement mortar, under complicated geological environment, very easily there is corrosion and aging, it is not in tune far away that its application life and mega-construction project reach century-old projected life, has a strong impact on safety and the durability of structure.
(2) adopt traditional cement mortar and steel, because its intensity is lower, cause its material usage and underground construction amount generally larger.What is more important, due to the underground construction characteristic of rock anchor structure, causes it to build up later maintenance, reinforces very difficulty.Therefore, the possibility of large-scale maintenance in the future and replacing is not considered in the design of rock anchor system substantially, once build up, should be consistent with the bulk life time of engineering structures to the requirement of its service life.This material just rock anchor system being used has proposed requirements at the higher level, and material therefor must have very-high performance, to guarantee rock anchor system in adverse circumstances work stability and the durability under action of long-term load.And facts have proved: adopt its result of use of rock anchor system of traditional reinforcing bar and cement mortar not reach this requirement far away.
Three, summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to overcome the deficiency of above-mentioned technology, and propose Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors that a kind of good corrosion resistance, intensity are high and rock anchor system and the preparation method of ultrahigh-performance cement-based bond-anchorage medium.
In order to solve the technical problem of above-mentioned existence, the technical scheme that the present invention proposes is: a kind of preparation method of the rock anchor system based on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bond-anchorage medium, comprises following implementation step:
Step 1, determine the particular type of fiber reinforced plastic rod, using it as anchor pole material, determine raw material and the proportioning of ultra high performance cementitious, using it as anchoring bond medium;
The preparation method of the above rock anchor system, the clear distance between plurality of fibers reinforced plastic muscle anchor pole is greater than the diameter of one times of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors.
The preparation method of the above rock anchor system, described upper end, ground anchor cylinder or lower end, ground anchor cylinder inwall are made as conical cavity, and the tapering of conical cavity is 3～8 °.
The preparation method of above rock anchor system, anchor cylinder anchoring section Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors is for being in tilted layout, and inclination angle is 2～6 °.
The preparation method of above rock anchor system, described upper end, ground anchor cylinder anchor plate-end is provided with internal thread for connecting tensioning screw rod.
The preparation method of above rock anchor system, described lower end, ground anchor cylinder is provided with internal thread for connecting tapered cap.
The present invention compared with prior art has the following advantages: (1) is because fiber wall with strong rib material of plastic material intensity is high, lightweight and exempt from the ideal substitute that the excellent properties such as corrosion become conventional steel anchor cable in the underground rock anchor of extreme natural environment system; Ultrahigh-performance cement-based material-the RPC or the equal cloth material of high fine and close ultra-fine grain that in civil engineering, have actual application prospect, by improving the fineness and activity of component, make the defect of material internal drop to the end, can obtain the maximum load capacity that determined by its component material and excellent durability, have that intensity is high, toughness large and the distinguishing feature of good endurance.By fiber reinforced plastic rod and RPC or the equal cloth material of high fine and close ultra-fine grain in conjunction with and form Novel underground rock anchor structure and possess reliable and efficient advantage, and can overcome traditional rock anchor system due to corrosion of steel bar, the aging Structural Endurance Problem causing of body is in the milk.(2) feature of comprehensive above-mentioned bi-material, has designed group's anchor bond-anchorage system, shows as the anchor device structure of rock anchorage epimere, anchor pole end, parts such as anchor cylinder, end cap, anchor slab, keeper, hold-down rings, consists of, (3) designed compound anchor solid system under rock anchorage, be mainly the ground tackle-guiding cap composite unit structure that has designed anchor pole end, this inside configuration is also with ultrahigh-performance cement-based material binding anchoring fibre reinforced plastic reinforcement anchor pole, Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors ground tackle-guiding cap assembly in decentralization process is used as guide frame, the ground tackle of later stage as anchor pole end used, when the grouting of underground anchoring section and Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors be together embedded in grouting material, after the underground anchoring section bonding failure of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors, it changes supporting body into, the now underground anchoring of anchor pole changes pressure-bearing type into by tension type, make anchor pole have the advantage of tension type and two kinds of traditional anchor poles of bearing type concurrently, significantly reduced underground anchorage depth.
As known from the above, rock anchor system of the present invention adopts fiber reinforced plastic rod as anchor pole, ultrahigh-performance cement-based material-RPC or the equal cloth material of high fine and close ultra-fine grain are as two ends cementing medium, adopt custom-designed bonded group's anchor ground tackle as upper end, ground ground tackle, anchor pole ground lower end design ground tackle-guiding cap assembly, not only brought into play the advantageous feature of two kinds of high performance materials, overcome existing rock anchor system due to corrosion of steel bar, the aging Structural Endurance Problem causing of injecting cement paste, this rock anchor architecture security, reliably, efficiently, and there is good physical and mechanical property and wide application prospect.
Four, accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is rock anchor system cross-sectional view of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the present invention's ground upper end ground tackle or lower end, ground ground tackle cross-sectional view;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of anchor slab 19 in ground tackle of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of keeper 20 in ground tackle of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the cross-sectional view of hold-down ring 21 in ground tackle of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of pre-buried fixing steel plate 8, embedded steel tube 9 in rock anchor system of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is rock anchor system site operation schematic flow sheet of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is the cross section structure schematic diagram of two kinds of underground sections of rock anchor system of the present invention;
Fig. 9 is the anchor pole stretching-drawing structure schematic diagram of rock anchor system of the present invention.
Shown in attached number in the figure, name is called: 1-protective cover; Upper end, 2-ground anchor cylinder; 3-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors; 4-ultra high performance cementitious; 5-nut; 6-billet; 7-anchoring base; The pre-buried fixing steel plate of 8-; 9-embedded steel tube; 10-steel concrete pad pier; 11-scar; 12-Grouting Pipe; 13-centering rack; 14-conventional cement mortar; 15-hole wall; 16-ultra high performance cementitious; Lower end, 17-ground anchor cylinder; 18-end cap; 19-anchor slab; 20-keeper; 21-hold-down ring; 22-tapered cap; 23-anchor cylinder external screw thread; 24-anchor cylinder internal thread; 25-tensioning screw rod; 26-spike; 27-centre-hole jack; 28-instrument nut.
Five, the specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the specific embodiment of the present invention is elaborated further, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited to this.
A kind of rock anchor system based on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bond-anchorage medium of the present invention, concrete preparation method's implementation step is as follows:
(1) determine anchor pole material and anchoring bond medium: determine the particular type of fiber reinforced plastic rod, using it as anchor pole material, determine raw material and the proportioning of ultra high performance cementitious, using it as anchoring bond medium;
(2) design anchoring system: carry out wood property research after material decision, by pull-out test, determine the adhesion strength of plurality of fibers reinforced plastic muscle anchor pole in bond-anchorage system 3 and the contact interface of ultrahigh-performance cement-based material, ultrahigh-performance cement-based slip casting and on-the-spot subterranean body, take conclusion (of pressure testing) as foundation, rock anchor system is carried out to size and drafts, main design content be the quantity of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 and arrangement mode, upper end ground tackle critical size, rock anchor system underground section length, lower end ground tackle-guiding cap assembly critical size etc.;
(3) ground tackle anchoring rod two ends: first a plurality of centering racks 13 are evenly arranged in to Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 stage casings, again Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 one end are passed successively to hold-down ring 21, keeper 20 and upper end, the ground anchor cylinder 2 of ground tackle, then Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 corresponding anchor hole from anchor slab 19 is passed, finally Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 is located and is fixed on the rear end of upper end, ground anchor cylinder 2; Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 other ends are provided with lower end, ground ground tackle, and the structure and installment order of lower end, ground ground tackle is basic identical with upper end, ground ground tackle; Then keeper 20 ends to upper end, ground anchor cylinder 2 and lower end, ground anchor cylinder 17 pour into ultrahigh-performance cement-based material 4 in chamber, slight vibration compacting after slurry overflows, again fixed positioning piece 20, screw hold-down ring 21, finally ultrahigh-performance cement-based material 4 is carried out to maintenance, treat that it reaches desired strength;
(4) anchor pole exfactory inspection: the Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 completing in factory is fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly that the equal anchoring in two ends has ground tackle.Reliability for checking two ends anchor structure, needs to carry out assembly stretch-draw check before fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly dispatches from the factory, and according to rock-bolt length, chooses stretch-draw place and equipment; The anchor drum outer wall at two ends is provided with nut as bearing surface; Putting of fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly must make two anchor cylinder axis on same straight line, fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly one end is fixed, the other end applies stretching force by jack pushing tow, stretching force reach design load can judge qualified;
(5) rock anchor system is on-the-spot installs: Fig. 7 shows the site operation flow process of this rock anchor system, concrete installation steps are as follows: (1) carries out excavation of foundation pit and boring according to designing requirement, hole site depth has more 40～60cm than Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 length, make Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 all maintain suspended state after installation, before slip casting, this processing method can keep the straight linear of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3, avoids fiber wall with strong rib material of plastic bending to be cut; (2) colligation concrete mats pier steel mesh reinforcement, installs pre-buried fixing steel plate 8 and embedded steel tube 9, then concreting, then concrete is carried out to maintenance, treats that it reaches desired strength; (3) check that whether each anchor pole is intact, the overcoat and the accessory that damage are repaired, then accessory and the anchor pole suspension apparatus such as tapered cap 22 are installed, then fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly and Grouting Pipe 12 are put into boring in place; (4) by reserved Grouting Pipe 12, ultrahigh-performance cement-based material 16 slurries that configure are poured into position, hole hypomere, then to building material, carry out maintenance, treat that it reaches desired strength.Because fibre-reinforced plastics material itself is different from steel severe, select the fibre-reinforced plastics material of different fibers, different shape can cause the longitudinal rigidity of made Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 to have greatest differences, when carrying out 4 grouting of underground section ultra high performance cementitious, can carry out than choosing following two kinds of grouting process: if Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 is more soft, can first Grouting Pipe 12 and Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 be put into hole, after-pouring ultra high performance cementitious 16 simultaneously; If Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 rigidity are large, also can first Grouting Pipe 12 be put into hole, then descend over the ground anchoring section to be in the milk, finally Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 is inserted in ultra high performance cementitious 16;
(6) anchor pole stretch-draw: treat that underground anchoring section grouting reaches desired strength, can carry out entire beam tension to each Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3, first tensioning screw rod 25 is screwed and connected with upper end, ground anchor cylinder 2 internal threads 24, then lay spike 26, centre-hole jack 27 and instrument nut 28, each component axis is consistent, finally use 27 pairs of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 of centre-hole jack to apply stretching force, when stretching force reaches designing requirement, can lock upper end, ground ground tackles by fastening nut 5;
(7) sealing off and covering anchorage: before sealing off and covering anchorage, Wei Wei filled section, ground hole, can pour into conventional cement mortar 14 and fill, then end cap 18 is installed and protective cover 1 seals ground anchored end.
Above-mentioned implementation step has following characteristics: Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 upper end, ground anchoring medium and lower end, ground anchoring medium all adopt ultra high performance cementitious as bond-anchorage medium, due to different from the technique of field fabrication in factory, so select two kinds of different mixture ratio and two cover maintenance measures, to bring into play the optimum performance of material.Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 upper end, ground anchoring medium adopt the ultra high performance cementitious perfusion anchoring that is suitable for plant produced, ultra high performance cementitious grouting material is usingd 40-70 object quartz sand as aggregate, adopts 80 ℃ of above 3～5 days intensity of hot bath maintenance can reach 130MPa; The underground anchoring medium of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 adopts and is suitable for the Ultrastrength cement based composites slurry perfusion that on-the-spot slip casing by pressure machine uses, Ultrastrength cement based composites is selected without aggregate grouting material, and added nano material to improve its mobile performance, taked 12～16 days intensity of solution cavity maintenance of simulate formation environment can reach 110MPa.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 upper end, ground ground tackles and lower end, ground ground tackle are to design and produce for fibre-reinforced plastics and ultrahigh-performance cement-based properties of materials, feature comprises: in rock anchor system, the arrangement of multiple fibre reinforced plastic muscle anchor pole 3 should be followed dispersion, symmetry principle, avoid muscle material to concentrate stressed or inhomogeneous stressed, the reasonable clear distance of each Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 should be greater than one times of muscle material diameter, and arrange in the position, hole on definite keeper 19, anchor slab 20 on this basis; Upper end, ground anchor cylinder 2 or lower end, ground anchor cylinder 17 inwalls are made as conical cavity, and wedgewise after slurry perfusion, can improve its bond-anchorage effect, and the reasonable range of taper of conical cavity is at 3～15 °; Anchor cylinder anchoring section Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 is established inclination angle equally, and reasonably inclination angle scope is 2～12 °, when improving anchoring effect, can avoid muscle material to be cut; The adhesion strength of consideration bi-material is determined anchor tube length degree, the plurality of fibers reinforced plastic muscle that the present embodiment adopts and the average adhesion strength of ultrahigh-performance cement-based material reach about 20MPa, the about 250mm of theoretical anchorage length, anchor cylinder Design of length also needs to consider certain safety factor; Ground upper end anchor cylinder 2 or lower end, ground anchor cylinder 17 outer walls are established external screw thread 23, in its effect Shi factory during assembly stretch-draw at two ends anchor cylinder mounting nuts 5 for fixing and apply jacking force, after the stretch-draw of on-the-spot rock anchor, fastening nut 5 carries out load locking; In addition, each anchor cylinder anchor slab 19 ends are established internal thread 24, and its effect is while holding on the ground 2 stretch-draw of anchor cylinder, to be used for connecting tensioning screw rod 25, and lower end, ground anchor cylinder 17 internal threads are transferred front installation tapered cap 22 for anchor pole.
Ground tackle-guiding cap assembly of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 ground lower ends is similar to upper end, ground anchor device structure, and it is front that anchor pole is installed (lower rope) at the scene, first the external screw thread of tapered cap 22 is screwed and is connected with lower end, ground anchor cylinder 17 internal threads, makes end tapered.It uses as guiding device in anchor pole decentralization process, the ground tackle of later stage as anchor pole end used, can be by Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 in underground anchoring, after the underground anchoring section bonding failure of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3, it changes supporting body into, the now underground anchoring of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 changes pressure-bearing type into by tension type, make Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors 3 have the advantage of tension type and two kinds of traditional anchor poles of bearing type concurrently, significantly reduced underground anchorage depth.
The specific embodiment of the invention is in sum only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to limit the restriction of protection domain of the present invention.Therefore, any change of doing within technical characterictic of the present invention, modification, substitute, combination or simplify, all should be equivalent substitute mode, within being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a preparation method for the rock anchor system based on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bond-anchorage medium, is characterized in that, comprises following implementation step:
Step 1, determine the particular type of fiber reinforced plastic rod, using it as anchor pole material, determine raw material and the proportioning of ultra high performance cementitious, using it as anchoring bond medium;
Step 2, design anchoring system: main design content be the quantity of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) and arrangement mode, upper end ground tackle critical size, rock anchor system underground section length, lower end ground tackle-guiding cap assembly critical size;
Step 3, ground tackle anchoring rod two ends: first a plurality of centering racks (13) are evenly arranged in to Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) interlude, again Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) one end is passed successively to hold-down ring (21), keeper (20) and the ground upper end anchor cylinder (2) of ground tackle, then Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) corresponding anchor hole from anchor slab (19) is passed, finally Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) is located and is fixed on the rear end of ground upper end anchor cylinder (2); Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) other end is provided with lower end, ground ground tackle, and the structure and installment order of lower end, ground ground tackle is basic identical with upper end, ground ground tackle; Then keeper (20) end to upper end, ground anchor cylinder (2) and ground lower end anchor cylinder (17) pours into ultrahigh-performance cement-based material (4) in chamber, slight vibration compacting after slurry overflows, again fixed positioning piece (20), screw hold-down ring (21), finally ultrahigh-performance cement-based material (4) is carried out to maintenance, treat that it reaches desired strength; Described upper end, ground anchor cylinder (2) and ground lower end anchor cylinder (17) intra-bladder instillation have ultra high performance cementitious (4); Under rock anchorage, anchoring section also adopts ultra high performance cementitious (16) as grouting agent; Underground anchoring system is combined into compound anchor solid system by ground tackle-guiding cap assembly of anchoring section ultra high performance cementitious (16) grouting and Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) end;
Step 4, anchor pole exfactory inspection: use fiber reinforced plastic rod-ground tackle assembly of jack pair two ends anchoring to apply pushing tow stretching force, stretching force reaches design load can judge that two ends anchored end supporting capacity is qualified;
Step 5, the on-the-spot installation of rock anchor system: concrete installation steps are as follows: 1. excavate and hole, hole site depth has more 40～60cm than Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) length, makes Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) all maintain suspended state after installation, before slip casting; 2. make steel concrete pad pier; 3. skyhook; 4. build ultra high performance cementitious;
Step 6, anchor pole stretch-draw: use centre-hole jack (27) to apply stretching force to Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3), when stretching force reaches designing requirement, get final product upper end, fastening nut (5) locking ground ground tackle;
Step 7, sealing off and covering anchorage: end cap (18) and protective cover (1) are installed ground anchored end is sealed.
2. the preparation method of rock anchor system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the clear distance between plurality of fibers reinforced plastic muscle anchor pole (3) is greater than the diameter of one times of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3).
3. the preparation method of rock anchor system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described upper end, ground anchor cylinder (2) or ground lower end anchor cylinder (17) inwall are made as conical cavity, and the tapering of conical cavity is 3～8 °.
4. the preparation method of rock anchor system according to claim 1, is characterized in that: anchor cylinder anchoring section Fiber Reinforced Polymer Anchors (3) is for being in tilted layout, and inclination angle is 2～6 °.
5. according to the preparation method of rock anchor system described in claim 1 or 3, it is characterized in that: described upper end, ground anchor cylinder (2) anchor slab (19) end is provided with internal thread (24) for connecting tensioning screw rod (25).
6. according to the preparation method of rock anchor system described in claim 1 or 3, it is characterized in that: described lower end, ground anchor cylinder (17) is provided with internal thread for connecting tapered cap (22).
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| CN201110456040.3A CN102493451B (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2011-12-30 | Preparation method of rock bolt system based on fiber reinforced plastic bolt and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium |
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| CN201110456040.3A CN102493451B (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2011-12-30 | Preparation method of rock bolt system based on fiber reinforced plastic bolt and ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium |
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| CN103528950B (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2016-03-02 | 闫楠 | Bond strength testing method between a kind of anchorage body and weathered rock |
| CN104005410B (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2015-12-02 | 湖南大学 | A kind of stretching and anchoring device based on prestressing without bondn reinforced earth technology |
| CN105544392B (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2017-01-04 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Root keyed bearing mechanism and assemble method in anchor hole, root keyed anchor cable, method to anchor hole slip casting |
| CN108035492A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-05-15 | 扬州大学 | A kind of new FRP tendons crotch anchoring process |
| CN109057170A (en) * | 2018-09-26 | 2018-12-21 | 湖南大学 | A kind of fibre reinforced composites linked system and implementation method based on cement base cementing medium |
| CN109853547B (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2023-12-15 | 华侨大学 | U-shaped centering bracket for anchor rod and anchor rod |
| CN110487715B (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2022-05-27 | 淮阴工学院 | High-ductility cement-based material single fiber pulling-out test device and test method |
| CN114108810A (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-03-01 | 扬州大学 | Composite enhanced steel sleeve joint for assembling FRP pipe truss and installation method |
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