CN102489578B - Method for processing ultrathin cylindrical stainless steel thin-film tube - Google Patents
Method for processing ultrathin cylindrical stainless steel thin-film tube Download PDFInfo
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- CN102489578B CN102489578B CN 201110403801 CN201110403801A CN102489578B CN 102489578 B CN102489578 B CN 102489578B CN 201110403801 CN201110403801 CN 201110403801 CN 201110403801 A CN201110403801 A CN 201110403801A CN 102489578 B CN102489578 B CN 102489578B
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 29
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of ultrathin cylindrical stainless steel thin-film tubes, and more particularly relates to a method for processing an ultrathin cylindrical stainless steel thin-film tube. The method comprises the following steps of: a, manufacturing a die with a continuous multi-stage stroke processing function; b, primarily stretching a plate; c, arranging a cylinderbody on a puncher pin of the die, fixing the cylinder body by the puncher pin, driving the puncher pin to be pressed into the die once, cooling the puncher pin, heating each stage of stroke processing die, and realizing temperature-difference stretching stroke processing molding; and d, releasing the fixing of the cylinder body from the puncher pin, extracting the puncher pin and demolding to obtain the ultrathin cylindrical stainless steel thin-film tube. According to the method, the puncher pin is cooled, each stage of stroke processing die is heated, and once multi-stage stroke processing is realized according to temperature difference, so that martensitic transformation is avoided, and the plasticity of a stainless steel material is improved; furthermore, by the method, the raw material utilization rate is increased, and the production efficiency is improved; and the method is simple and practical.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film Manifold technology field, specifically, relate to a kind of processing method of ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe.
Background technology
Current printer, used in copy machines ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film are to smooth out with the fingers by the deep-draw of thin plate material to process, and its thickness requirement is below 0.1mm.
Traditional processing method has two kinds, the first: go out the cup-shaped material by elementary drawing and forming first, then make annealing in process, could progressively produce the cylindric periosteum of thin slice through repeatedly smoothing out with the fingers processing again, thisly smooth out with the fingers machine-shaping and produce only the thick cylindric periosteum of thin slice of the about 0.1mm of minimum thickness, if adopting this processing method to be processed into thickness is the following cylindric periosteum of thin slice of 0.1mm, this tubular periosteum can produce about diameter deviation 20 μ m, size with respect to the cylindric periosteum of thin slice below the thick 0.1mm, the change large percentage, can not be as the high material production method of required precision, and be very large because diameter change is the words of 20 μ m, smooth out with the fingers to add and in the large part of diameter change stress occurs man-hour and concentrate, produce in its part and cut off or split.Diameter change occurrence cause is to cause by smoothing out with the fingers the inhomogeneities that adds man-hour, it is inhomogeneous to smooth out with the fingers the distortion that the upper intra-face anisotropy that occurs of the Zhou Fangxiang that adds the cylinder in man-hour causes, intra-face anisotropy is in process, at the inner processing set tissue that forms of stainless steel, cause in 45 degree pitch the inhomogeneous phenomenon of processing capacity occurs, be out of shape on the large orientation of relative quantity relatively thickness attenuation.And the inhomogeneous of distortion also can have influence on circularity.Particularly make the following ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film of thick 0.05mm, because be the worker that forces who surpasses 35% working modulus, the intensity of material causes that the side with the frictional force of mould becomes large, and bottom of cylinder occurs disrumpent feelings.
It two is: compare with said method smoothing out with the fingers to add and adopt the multistage machine-shaping of smoothing out with the fingers man-hour, but this method is owing to be to carry out at normal temperatures, the austenite stainless steel plate material is through elementary stretching, smooth out with the fingers processing and just produce required products formed through multistage again, this process can produce more serious martensite phase transformation (being work hardening), and martensite has the characteristics of high rigidity, poor plasticity, causes stainless working modulus greatly to reduce, and process also causes drawing crack easily.In addition, this method also requires will just can make final products formed through 4 procedures (1 operation of annealing redraws 3 operations) after cup-shaped material blank is made in elementary stretching.
It three is: said method is at first prepared the cylindrical shell with marginal ridge, stretches, and with pipe fitting two tip cut-offs, keeps the middle part body after the stretching again, namely obtains ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe, and this kind method can be wasted a lot of raw materials, and raw material is not fully utilized.
Summary of the invention
The present invention has overcome shortcoming of the prior art, and a kind of processing method of ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe is provided, and raw material is fully used, and the ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe diameter deviation of manufacturing is little, establishment the martensite phase transformation.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of processing method of ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe may further comprise the steps:
A. preparation is smoothed out with the fingers the mould of processing with continuous multi-stage;
B. sheet material is carried out elementary stretching, prepare cylindrical shell;
C. cylindrical shell is installed on the drift of mould, drift is fixed cylindrical shell, drives drift and compresses into punch die once, simultaneously drift is cooled off, and every one-level is smoothed out with the fingers the processing punch die heat, and the realization differential-temperature drawing is smoothed out with the fingers machine-shaping;
D. remove fixing to cylindrical shell of drift, extract the drift demoulding out, namely make required ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film.
Further, drift adopts electromagnet that cylindrical shell is fixed.
Further, drift adopts vacuum cup that cylindrical shell is fixed, and vacuum cup connects vavuum pump.
Further, adopt the cooling medium/device of being located in the drift that drift is cooled off.
Further, adopt and to be located at the electrical heating elements of smoothing out with the fingers in the processing punch die and to heat.
Further, the drift chilling temperature is controlled at-5 ℃～15 ℃, at different levels smooth out with the fingers processing punch die heating and temperature control at 80 ℃～180 ℃.
Further, to compress into the process velocity of punch die be 50～900mm/ second to drift.
Further, adopt temperature sensor to drift and smooth out with the fingers the processing punch die and carry out thermometric.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The present invention cools off drift, smoothes out with the fingers the processing punch die to every grade and heats, and utilizes that differential temperature is once multistage smoothes out with the fingers processing, thereby avoid the generation of martensite phase transformation, improve the plasticity of stainless steel material, the present invention has improved raw material availability in addition, simple and practical, improved production efficiency.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing is used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, is used for together with embodiments of the present invention explaining the present invention, be not construed as limiting the invention, in the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of smoothing out with the fingers processing mold that redraws of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is mechanical performance and the temperature dependent graph of a relation of experiment material SUS304 of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the anisotropic graph of a relation of temperature of the present invention and 0.2% endurance;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of elementary drawing and forming product wall thickness measuring position;
Fig. 5 is the elementary drawing and forming product Thickness Distribution schematic diagram of corresponding measuring position shown in Figure 4;
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram that each sample processing of corresponding measuring position shown in Figure 4 has lured the martensite variable;
Fig. 7 A be redraw that rate is 60%, elementary extensibility is respectively 2.6 Thickness Distribution contrast figure;
Fig. 7 B be redraw that rate is 60%, elementary extensibility is respectively 2.0 Thickness Distribution contrast figure
Fig. 8 A be redraw that rate is 55%, elementary extensibility is respectively 2.6 Thickness Distribution contrast figure;
Fig. 8 B be redraw that rate is 55%, elementary extensibility is respectively 2.0 Thickness Distribution contrast figure;
Fig. 9 is that the processing that elementary drawing and forming product are done after the annealing in process has lured martensitic phase variable schematic diagram;
Figure 10 is that material is smoothed out with the fingers the schematic diagram of processing the martensitic phase variable that has lured because redrawing;
Figure 11 is the graph of a relation of the interior differential temperature stretch process temperature of high temperature range and stress.
Among the figure, 1---drift;
2---punch die.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described, should be appreciated that preferred embodiment described herein only is used for description and interpretation the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
The processing method of a kind of ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
A. preparation is smoothed out with the fingers the mould of processing with continuous multi-stage;
B. sheet material is carried out elementary stretching;
C. cylindrical shell is installed on the drift 1 of mould, drift 1 is fixed cylindrical shell, drives drift 1 and compresses into punch die 2 once, simultaneously drift 1 is cooled off, and every one-level is smoothed out with the fingers processing punch die 2 heat, and realizes that differential-temperature drawing smoothes out with the fingers machine-shaping;
D. remove the fixing of 1 pair of cylindrical shell of drift, extract drift 1 demoulding out, namely make required ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film.
In the present embodiment, drift 1 adopts electromagnet that cylindrical shell is fixed, control the fixing of cylindrical shell by the switch of electromagnet, the cooling medium/device that employing is located in the drift 1 cools off drift 1, employing is located at the electrical heating elements of smoothing out with the fingers in the processing punch die 2 and is heated, drift 1 chilling temperature is controlled at-5 ℃～15 ℃, to at different levels smooth out with the fingers processing punch die 2 heating and temperature control at 80 ℃～180 ℃, the process velocity that drift 1 is compressed into punch die 2 is 50～900mm/ second, adopts temperature sensor to drift 1 and smoothes out with the fingers processing punch die 2 and carry out thermometric.
Also can, drift 1 adopts vacuum cup that cylindrical shell is fixed, vacuum cup connects vavuum pump, controls vacuum cup by the switch of vavuum pump cylindrical shell is fixed.
Describe the present invention in detail below in conjunction with experimental data.
Continuous multi-stage is smoothed out with the fingers to process to have redrawn directly to redraw with reverse and is redrawn two kinds, here explain directly to redraw as example, make mould as shown in Figure 1, the drift 1 shoulder radius of mould is 3mm, punch die 2 shoulder radiuses are 4mm, and redrawing rate (redrawing punch diameter/elementary punch diameter * 100) is 80,70,65,60,55,50 and 45%.The rate of redrawing represents that numerical value is less, and the moulding difficulty of making not only narrow but also dark tubing is higher.
Test material
Test material uses SUS304 (nominal plate thickness 0.8mm).The extension test of test material is mutually 0 degree by adopting with rolling direction, and the 13B test film of the JISZ2201 of 45 degree and 90 degree directions utilizes accurate omnipotent test machine to test.Test condition is, initial stage crossbeam speed 3mm/min, and deformation is 10mm/min below 5%.Probe temperature is 20 ℃, 100 ℃, and 150 ℃.
Mechanical performance and temperature dependency are as shown in Figure 2.Hot strength under 150 ℃ reduces about 40% with 20 ℃ compare.0.2% endurance reduces 25% approximately.And elongation at break reduces about 40%.The anisotropy of 0.2% endurance as shown in Figure 3.Fig. 3 shows that this studies employed SUS304, the anisotropy when being in 45 degree direction with rolling direction a little less than.
Redraw and smooth out with the fingers the elementary drawing and forming product that use in the processing, punch diameter
Draw ratio (initial stage blank diameter/elementary draw punch diameter) is 2.0,2.4 and 2.6 3 kind.The condition of molding of elementary stretching is as shown in table 1.
The elementary drawing and forming condition of table 1
Method of testing
Redraw and smooth out with the fingers in the processing test, the mould that trial-production cylinder out redraws is estimated, investigate the martensitic phase variable that its processing has lured, and the thickness of slab of products formed and products formed quality.Mouldability redraws rate evaluation by crack-free moulding feasible.
Test condition is that pressure-pad-force is 10kN, and the temperature of punch die 2 and flanging is 80～180 ℃, and the drift temperature is-5～15 ℃.After lubricant is elementary stretching, to outside coating water-soluble punching press (press) working oil in the products formed (the Japanese working oil strain formula meeting System G-2576W of society).Testing arrangement uses the moulding processing test machine of oil pressure.The martensitic phase variable that processing has lured uses ferrite analyzer (Ferrite Scope) to measure.
Test result
The wall thickness measuring position of elementary drawing and forming product (draw ratio 2.6) as shown in Figure 4, Thickness Distribution is as shown in Figure 5.
As can see from Figure 5, the thickness of slab of drift 1 head has reduced.And because the anisotropic character of test material, so near the difference of the thickness of slab of the circumferencial direction drift 1 shoulder and the flange is larger.It is among 2.0 and 2.4 the products formed that this problem is present in draw ratio too.
Show among the figure as a comparison, in the result of room temperature (30 ℃) compacted under products formed.The products formed of differential-temperature drawing is that its drift 1 will cool off.Also can reduce the limit thickness of slab of drift 1 shoulder, so the martensitic phase variable that has lured because of processing on drift 1 shoulder, about 8% in the draw ratio 2.6, about 1% is out measured in the draw ratio 2.0.But what can confirm is, compares with room temperature forming, and the differential-temperature drawing products formed can significantly suppress phase variable.Such as Fig. 6, any one moulding, the martensitic phase variable of their drift 1 shoulder has all increased, but sidewall sections is shown as 0 mostly.
Redraw and smooth out with the fingers processing forming
Redrawing that to smooth out with the fingers the processing test result as shown in table 2, is that it is 80% that the limit redraws rate in 30 ℃ the situation in punch die 2 flanging and drift temperature.Relative therewith, because raise punch die 2 and flanging temperature, so the limit of moulding has also improved.And when the punch die temperature is 120 ℃, the flanging temperature is 80 ℃, and when the drift temperature was 15 ℃, the limit redrew rate and brings up to 60%.Moreover when punch die 2 and flanging temperature are 180 ℃, when the drift temperature was-5 ℃, the limit redrew rate and becomes 55%.Learn thus, redraw and smooth out with the fingers processing forming and depend on the forming temperature condition.In addition, the condition of this test is not subject to the impact of elementary draw ratio.
Table 2 redraws smoothes out with the fingers the processing test result
In redrawing the process of smoothing out with the fingers processing, cause drift 1 shoulder to break because exceedingly reducing thickness of slab.In order to improve the intensity of crackly drift 1 shoulder, the cooling of drift 1 shoulder is very important.In addition, the temperature of punch die 2 and flanging can have influence on the flow resistance of material.Therefore, for improving forming limit, it is effective method that higher punch die 2 and flanging temperature are set.The differential-temperature drawing processing method can be conducive to redraw smoothes out with the fingers processing, and to produce the rate of redrawing be 55%, and positive (aspect) is than the very dark products formed that is 3.3 (forming height/(redrawing punch diameter+thickness of slab * 2)).
Redraw the quality of smoothing out with the fingers the rear finished product of processing
The rate of redrawing is that 60% Thickness Distribution is shown in Fig. 7 A, 7B.Redraw and smooth out with the fingers after the processing, the wall thickness of drift 1 shoulder presents the reduction of locality.And, in the elementary drawing process, present drift 1 shoulder that the locality thickness of slab reduces, with shown positions are conformed to each other among the figure.But the thickness of slab change of this part is little.
We think that this phenomenon is subject to processing hardening effect.Drawn by above, in the process of elementary stretching, the minimizing of drift 1 shoulder thickness of slab can not produce large impact to redrawing the forming limit of smoothing out with the fingers processing.
After redrawing, draw ratio is that 2.6 sidewall Thickness Distribution is even.In the elementary drawing process, draw ratio is that the wall thickness of 2.6 drift 1 head has reduced a lot, so differ larger with the sidewall wall thickness.Learn that thus the Thickness Distribution of elementary stretching can have influence on through redrawing the product quality after smoothing out with the fingers processing.
The rate of redrawing is that the martensitic phase variable that lured of 55% processing is shown in Fig. 8 A, 8B.
Draw ratio is that the phase variable of 2.0 drift 1 shoulder is about 5%, draw ratio be 2.6 be 7-17%.The reason that produces this variation is that punch die temperature and flanging temperature are unstable, must will examine heater etc.In addition, the martensitic phase variable maximum of shown sample 3 is set to 7% among the figure.The martensitic phase variable of processing relevant with cracking (it is generally acknowledged that 10% above martensitic phase variable is cracking danger line 2).Learn thus, for the problem of cracking, taked the method for equilibrium temperature condition, can omit to a great extent the operation of final annealing.
Reduce the method for smoothing out with the fingers processing temperature that redraws
Before this, carried out redrawing the research of smoothing out with the fingers machine-shaping about differential temperature, therefore can hold the relation of forming temperature and mouldability.If punch die 2 and flanging temperature have raise, mouldability also can improve, and redraws rate thereby obtain 55% the limit.Yet, essential will be punch die 2 with the Temperature Setting of flanging at 180 ℃, but also wish simultaneously aspect practical, to realize low temperature.To redraw the forming temperature of smoothing out with the fingers processing in order attempting reducing, to have carried out processing afterwards about elementary stretching the research of the impact that the martensitic phase variable that lured brings to forming temperature and mouldability.
Also carry out differential-temperature drawing processing during elementary stretching, the finished product after the moulding (draw ratio 2.0) is annealed.Fig. 9 shows the martensitic phase variable that the processing after the annealing has lured.After the annealed processing of martensitic phase variable that processing has lured, become 0%.
Same, be draw ratio that 2.4 and 2.6 products formed is annealed, it is as shown in table 3 then to redraw the result who smoothes out with the fingers the processing test.
Table 3 redraws formability (after the annealing)
Draw ratio is that 2.0 the rate that redraws is 45%, draw ratio be 2.4 and 2.6 all be 50%.In addition, be just can moulding under 150 ℃ the state in the temperature of punch die 2 and flanging.The martensitic phase variable that lured of processing to mouldability with redraw impact that temperature conditions brings as shown in figure 10.
Above-mentioned draw ratio is 2.0, directly carries out differential-temperature drawing when smoothing out with the fingers processing without annealing in process, and it is 0.5% that the processing of drift 1 bottom has lured the martensitic phase variable, drift 1 shoulder be 0.74%.And it is 55% that the limit redraws rate, and punch die 2 must be 180 ℃ with the flanging temperature.On the contrary, annealed processing can improve forming limit, reduces forming temperature.Learn that thus the martensitic phase variable that lured of processing is smoothed out with the fingers processing forming and with the temperature conditions that redraws relation arranged with redrawing, the processing that can suppress after the elementary stretching has lured the martensitic phase variable, has effectively reduced redrawing the temperature of smoothing out with the fingers processing.
The differential-temperature drawing processing method by adding hot die 2 and flanging, reduces the flow resistance of material.Improve crackly drift 1 shoulder intensity by drift 1 cooling, thereby improve forming limit.This temperature range is exactly that hot strength changes 0-100 ℃ maximum scope.So the hot strength of stainless steel SUS304 even be in the said temperature scope, is also tended to along with the rising of temperature reduce gradually.And because in the temperature range more than 90 ℃, can not produce the martensitic phase variable, so in order in elementary stretching, to suppress the martensitic phase variable, the temperature setting of drift 1 is set to 80 ℃, and punch die 2 and flanging temperature are 22 ℃, attempt utilizing the temperature difference of high-temperature scope to carry out drawing and forming.This way as shown in figure 11.Condition of molding is as shown in table 4, and the result is as shown in table 5.When processing in this temperature range, have maximum drift 1 shoulder of martensitic phase variable that processing has lured originally, its phase variable reduces to 0%.
The elementary drawing and forming condition of table 4
The drift shoulder of the elementary drawing and forming product of table 5
The processing of section has lured the martensitic phase variable
| The punch die |
100℃ | 220℃ |
| The |
100℃ | 220℃ |
| The |
0 |
80℃ |
| Phase variable | 1.4％ | 0％ |
Under this temperature conditions, do not redraw test.But the sample with annealed processing is the same, and hope can improve mouldability and reduction redraws temperature.On the mould engineering, hope can the low temperature processing difficult control temperature redraw operation, and the method for the 1st grade of single stretching process of high temperature processing, as the stronger method of mould practical.
Stretching of the present invention is smoothed out with the fingers processing method and is had the following advantages:
(1) in order to use the differential-temperature drawing technology to reach the purpose that shortens operation, carried out differential temperature and redrawn the moulding test.It is 80% that the limit under the room temperature state redraws rate, relative therewith, and it is 55% that differential temperature redraws rate.The result shows, can cut down 3 operations that comprise annealing operation.
(2) result shows, can smooth out with the fingers the martensitic phase variable that processing has lured after the machine-shaping and is suppressed at below 10% redrawing, and can omit the later annealing operation of 3rd level stretching.
(3) because redraw in the manufacturing of smoothing out with the fingers processing mold, be difficult to the temperature of control mould, redraw temperature methods so studied to reduce.Obtained the martensitic phase variable that the processing the same with the sample of competing to seize annealing in process has lured by improving elementary draft temperature compared with the past.The result shows, can reduce redrawing the forming temperature of smoothing out with the fingers in the manufacturing procedure.
It should be noted that at last: above only is the preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not limited to the present invention, although with reference to embodiment the present invention is had been described in detail, for a person skilled in the art, it still can be made amendment to the technical scheme that aforementioned each embodiment puts down in writing, and perhaps part technical characterictic wherein is equal to replacement.Within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any modification of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. the processing method of a ultrathin cylinder stainless steel film pipe is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
A. preparation is smoothed out with the fingers the mould of processing with continuous multi-stage;
B. sheet material is carried out elementary stretching, prepare cylindrical shell;
C. cylindrical shell is installed on the drift of mould, drift adopts electromagnet or vacuum cup that cylindrical shell is fixed, drive drift and compress into punch die once, the process velocity that drift is compressed into punch die is 50～900mm/ second, adopt the cooling medium/device of being located in the drift that drift is cooled off to drift simultaneously, employing is located at and is smoothed out with the fingers the electrical heating elements of processing in the punch die and every one-level is smoothed out with the fingers the processing punch die heat, the realization differential-temperature drawing is smoothed out with the fingers machine-shaping, wherein the drift chilling temperature is controlled at-5 ℃～15 ℃, heating and temperature control of smoothing out with the fingers the processing punch die at different levels at 80 ℃～180 ℃, are adopted temperature sensor to drift and smooth out with the fingers the processing punch die and carry out thermometric;
D. remove fixing to cylindrical shell of drift, extract the drift demoulding out, namely make required ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film.
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| CN103008461A (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2013-04-03 | 无锡市金杨新型电源有限公司 | Thin-wall battery case stretching forming mold structure |
| JP6095477B2 (en) | 2013-05-16 | 2017-03-15 | かがつう株式会社 | Forging apparatus and forging method |
| JP6066896B2 (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2017-01-25 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | Molding material manufacturing method |
| CN104525672A (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2015-04-22 | 宁波市普力升工贸有限公司 | Warm stretching technology of stainless steel stretching workpiece |
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| JPH05237558A (en) * | 1992-02-28 | 1993-09-17 | Furukawa Alum Co Ltd | Warm deep drawing method |
| JP2006218501A (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2006-08-24 | Nippon Steel Corp | Press-forming die and forming method for butt-welded metallic sheet |
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| US5377520A (en) * | 1992-08-21 | 1995-01-03 | Mercedes-Benz Ag | Method and device for inserting sheet bars into drawing tools |
| CN2829932Y (en) * | 2005-09-13 | 2006-10-25 | 长安汽车（集团）有限责任公司 | Flangeless thin changing stretching appts. for tube shaped piece |
| RU2408447C2 (en) * | 2007-10-01 | 2011-01-10 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает государственный заказчик - Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Method of deep drawing parts from thin-sheet blanks and press to this end (versions) |
| CN101767139A (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2010-07-07 | 刘江 | Stroke processing method of ultrathin cylinder stainless steel tube film for printer and duplicator |
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