CN102466597B - Nondestructive test and evaluation method of metal member / material residual life - Google Patents
Nondestructive test and evaluation method of metal member / material residual life Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nondestructive test and evaluation method of a metal member / material residual life. The method comprises steps of: acquiring a relation curve between a metal member / material residual life and an ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value; carrying out ultrasonic second harmonic signal measurement on a metal member / material to be measured and obtaining a residual life score corresponding to the measured second harmonic normalized value according to the relation curve; predicting a residual life of the metal member / material to be measured according to the residual life score and a loading time of the metal member / material to be measured. The nondestructive test and evaluation method of the metal member / material residual life of the invention can carry out detection and evaluation on creep deformation damage of a working metal member / material part, rapidly and effectively predict the residual life of the working part and provide basis for safe service of the metal member / material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of a kind of hardware/material residual life.
Background technology
Metal material is widely used in numerous areas such as petrochemical industry, aviation, electric power, nuclear power as austenitic stainless steel, titanium alloy, nickel-base alloy etc.Parts by these material manufacturings are generally worked under rigorous environment, as long-time running at high temperature, high-temperature creep injury will inevitably can take place in these parts, cause the variation of mechanical property and the physical property of material, for safety in production hides some dangers for, therefore these are carried out health monitoring and detect to obtain its residual life just seeming particularly necessary and urgent at labour equipment or parts.How to realize hardware/material at high temperature creep impairment is carried out quick and effective safety detection and the residual life quantitative forecast remains an important topic that needs to be resolved hurrily.
At present, traditional creep test can obtain the parameter of material creep performances such as creep strain rate, creep strength, creep rupture strength, and these parameters can be used as the prediction material foundation in serviceable life.But traditional creep test needs to obtain bigger sample on the equipment under arms, also need after the sampling to carry out repair by welding at sampling point, this repairing meeting produces suitable adverse influence to the overall performance of equipment, and the material of these creep tests can only be obtained in the subrange of structure, namely based on the limited statistics basis, can not reflect the whole mechanical property of member, and too much sampling can cause the analytic process time and effort consuming again, be unfavorable for the fast detecting analysis.In addition, creep test sampling scope generally can only be carried out at surface portion, can not reflect the actual damage state of inside configuration.Existing Non-Destructive Testing or assessment technique for hardware/material creep damage mainly contains: technology such as magnetic detecting technique, low-angle neutron scattering technology, surperficial compound film technology, EDDY CURRENT etc.The shortcoming of magnetic detection technique is to be applicable to ferromagnetic metal component/material, and for the nonferromagnetic alloy material that uses under a lot of high temperature, it is unsatisfactory to detect effect.The shortcoming of low-angle neutron scattering technology is that equipment is huge, is unfavorable for portablely, only is applicable in lab analysis.The surface compound film technology need be got a lot of different experimental points and different grinding depth at equipment usually and knows reliable more and the material microstructure variable condition that causes of creep impairment accurately.Simultaneously, this method relatively depends on individual's experience to be judged, experimental analysis also is unusual time and effort consuming.EDDY CURRENT generally also just is applicable to material surface status detection and evaluation.This shows that the purpose of Nondestructive Evaluation hardware/material creep damage is also failed effectively, reached fast to present Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement and method, especially also fail the residual life of quantitative forecast material.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiency that exists in existing hardware/material predicting residual useful life technology, Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of a kind of new type of metal member/material residual life are provided, utilize the residual life of the quantitatively harmless prediction hardware/material of ultrasonic second harmonic.
Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of hardware of the present invention/material residual life may further comprise the steps:
(a), the selection starting material sample identical with hardware to be measured/material material be not as damaging sample, utilizes the tertiary creep experiment to make N the sample that the creep impairment degree is different;
(b), do not damage the measurement that sample carries out ultrasonic second harmonic to described:
With described upper surface and fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer or the focused transducer coupling that does not damage sample, lower surface and second harmonic compressional wave transducer are coupled;
Produce a fundamental frequency signal by the fundamental frequency signal generation systems, and produce fundamental frequency acoustic vibration ripple with this signal de-energisation fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer described damage in the sample, the acoustic vibration ripple can not produce ultrasonic second harmonic described the damage in the sample in inside in the communication process, see through and to convert voltage signal to after the described sound wave that does not damage sample is received by secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer and show at digital oscilloscope, and obtain fundamental frequency A by fast fourier transform
1With second harmonic A
2Amplitude;
Calculate the described equivalent non-linear parameter that does not damage in the sample
(c), N the different sample of creep impairment degree carried out the measurement of ultrasonic second harmonic, measure identically with step (b), obtain N corresponding fundamental frequency A
1With second harmonic A
2Amplitude;
Calculate the equivalent non-linear parameter β in N the sample
1～β
N
Calculate β
i/ β
0, wherein i=1～N obtains ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value;
Test the load time and corresponding β of adopting according to the described tertiary creep of N sample
i/ β
0Value obtains the relation curve between metal material residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value;
(d), hardware/material to be measured is carried out the measurement of ultrasonic second harmonic signal, measure identically with step (b), obtain the fundamental frequency A of hardware/material to be measured
1With second harmonic A
2Amplitude;
Calculate hardware to be measured/material equivalence non-linear parameter β
dAnd carry out normalized, obtain β
d/ β
0Normalized value;
(e), the relation curve between metal material residual life mark and ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value obtains β
d/ β
0Corresponding residual life mark;
Load time according to residual life mark and hardware/material to be measured is the residual life time that degree of injury is predicted this hardware/material to be measured.
According to the present invention, the quantity N of the sample that the creep impairment degree is different 〉=8.
According to the present invention, the temperature of described tertiary creep experiment is identical with the residing working temperature of hardware/material to be measured, be loaded into stress on the sample in the described tertiary creep experiment greater than the residing operating mode stress of hardware/material to be measured, the sample fracture time in the described tertiary creep experiment was greater than 100 hours.
According to the present invention, described N the sample that the sample that the creep impairment degree is different obtains for the continuity creep test namely carries out continuous creep loading to sample, can take out sample when reaching corresponding creep time mark and carry out ultrasonic measurement; The perhaps sample that obtains for the disruptive creep test: namely same sample is carried out creep loading, whenever obtain behind fixing load time mark, taking out sample and carry out ultrasonic measurement, put back to creep testing machine after to be measured the finishing again and continue to load, so repeat, until the sample creep rupture.
According to the present invention, described fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer and secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer are made with lithium niobate, quartz or piezoceramic material, fundamental frequency≤5 megahertzes, and secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer is the broadband, is used for receiving fundamental frequency signal.
According to the present invention, described fundamental frequency signal generation systems mainly is made up of signal generator, power amplifier and wave filter.
According to the present invention, the relation curve between described hardware/material residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value is monotone increasing curve, monotone decreasing curve, unimodal curve or single paddy curve.
According to the present invention, the load time of described hardware/material to be measured is that active time is known.
Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of hardware of the present invention/material residual life, can the creep impairment in labour hardware/material components be detected and estimate, reach the residual life of fast, effectively predicting at the labour parts, being on active service for the safety of hardware/material provides reliable foundation.Detection speed is fast, and to not damaging at labour equipment, it is low to detect cost; The accuracy in detection height, error can engineering demands; Detect and cover the surperficial and inner of hardware; Especially suitable tracking hardware/material is early stage, creep impairment or the fatigue damage in mid-term, and this existing other nondestructiving detecting means is difficult to match in excellence or beauty.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the experiment measuring block diagram of ultrasonic second harmonic.
Fig. 2 is titanium alloy T i60 creep impairment residual life time score (t/tr) and the ultrasonic second harmonic non-linear parameter normalized value (β/β that obtains according to the embodiment of the invention
0) between graph of relation.
Embodiment
Technical conceive of the present invention is such: performance degradation and the ultrasonic nonlinear effect of propagating in material behind the hardware/tired loading of material process, the creep loading equivalent damage are in close relations, be the material property degradation material nonlinearity mechanical behavior of certain form that invariably accompanies, thereby cause that ultrasound wave propagates the generation of non-linear harmonic wave.Dislocation string model in the metal material (Dislocation String Model) [Hikata A, Chick B, Elbaum C.Dislocation contribution to the second harmonic generation of ultrasonic waves.J.Appl.Phys.1965,36 (1): 229-236] think that dislocation and the interaction of dislocation or inner point defect etc. in the crystal can form anchoring point (Pinning Point) at dislocation line, on these anchoring points, dislocation line is not easy motion, but between two adjacent anchoring points, dislocation line can produce the forced vibration that is similar to the fixing string in two ends under the effect of stress, this vibration can produce the harmonic wave of other frequency, thereby makes the frequency wave of itemizing produce the high-frequency harmonic component.Same, the time validity response that metal material takes place in the creep impairment process also can form the anchoring effect to dislocation line in the material as the generation of precipitated phase, thereby cause ultrasonic increase of propagating the time-harmonic wave composition at material internal.Derogatory behaviour (as fatigue damage, creep impairment, fatigue and creep interaction damage etc.) can take place in the process in hardware under arms, cause that wherein dislocation changes, precipitated phase changes, the variation of hole etc., these variations can cause the variation of non-linear generating effect in the material internal transonic process, and the degree of impairment of this ultrasonic second harmonic Nondestructive Evaluation hardware/material for the present invention utilizes provides theoretical foundation.On this basis, the applicant has finished the present invention.
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention will be further described.Should be understood that following examples are only for explanation the present invention but not for limiting the scope of the invention.
Metal material to be measured is a kind of high temperature resistant titanium alloy Ti60 material, and its nominal composition is: Ti-5.8Al-4.0Sn-3.5Zr-0.4Mo-0.4Nb-1.0Ta-0.4Si-0.06C.
Select the Ti60 starting material not damage the sample preparation for the sample of tertiary creep experiment usefulness, size of sample is with reference to GB GB/T 2039-1997 " metal stretching creep and duration running method ", the quantity of the sample that the creep impairment degree is different, preferably 〉=8, in the present embodiment, utilize the tertiary creep experiment to make the sample of 10 different creep impairment degree.The temperature of described tertiary creep experiment should be identical with the residing working temperature of metal material to be measured, the stress that is loaded in the described tertiary creep experiment on the sample should be greater than the residing operating mode stress of metal material to be measured, and the sample fracture time in the described tertiary creep experiment should be greater than 100 hours.In the present embodiment, consider that the Ti60 material is to be on active service under 600 conditions of spending in temperature generally, so the tertiary creep experimental temperature also should be chosen as 600 degree; In order to obtain the rupture time of Ti60 sample after loading under this temperature greater than 100 hours, the stress that we apply in the tertiary creep experiment is 240MPa, and it is 210 hours that test obtains the rupture time of Ti60 sample under this temperature and stress.
Earlier the Ti60 starting material are not damaged the measurement that sample carries out ultrasonic second harmonic, as shown in Figure 1, specific as follows: it is that 5 megahertzes, periodicity are 10 ultrasonic signal that fundamental frequency signal generation systems 1 produces a centre frequency; Being applied to centre frequency is on the fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer 2 of 5 megahertzes; Compressional wave is applied to the Ti60 starting material by coupling liquid and does not damage on the sample 3, is secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer 4 receptions of 10 megahertzes by centre frequency by propagating the signal of coming in the material; The signal that receives obtains fundamental frequency signal A through digital oscilloscope 5 storages and by Fourier transform FFT
1With second harmonic signal A
2Corresponding amplitude.Calculate the raw-material equivalent non-linear parameter of Ti60
Wherein, described fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer and secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer are made by lithium niobate, quartz or piezoceramic material, and secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer is the broadband, are used for receiving fundamental frequency signal.Those skilled in the art as can be known, described fundamental frequency signal generation systems mainly is made up of signal generator, power amplifier and wave filter.
Sample to 10 different creep impairment degree carries out ultrasonic second harmonic measurement successively again, obtains 10 equivalent non-linear parameter β
1～β
10, calculate ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value β then
i/ β
0(i=1～10), its normalized value is followed successively by: β
1/ β
0=1.07, β
2/ β
0=1.11, β
3/ β
0=1.12, β
4/ β
0=1.122, β
5/ β
0=1.21, β
6/ β
0=1.41, β
7/ β
0=1.56, β
8/ β
0=1.70, β
9/ β
0=1.67, β
10/ β
0=1.36.According to 10 different degree of injury sample load times and β
i/ β
0The value of (i=1～10) is drawn the relation curve between Ti60 material creep residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic non-linear parameter normalized value, as shown in Figure 2.
To be measured at labour hardware/material in order to simulate, we select same Ti60 original material to make 1 creep sample.This sample is carried out the creep loading test, load temperature and be service temperature 600 degree; Consider that the stress that the actual Service Environment of Ti60 material loads is generally less, if the stress of selecting Service Environment to load, then the rupture time of this sample may reach tens thousand of hours, even hundreds thousand of hours, therefore, to be measured in the final fracture time of labour hardware/material in order to shorten simulation, we make simulation to be measured at labour hardware/material the time loading stress selected higher than actual condition stress, the simulated condition stress of Xuan Zeing is 160MPa in this example.Under this temperature and stress, we will simulate earlier and to be measured load 500 hours at the labour sample, stop then loading, and take out to be measured the carrying out ultrasonic second harmonic measure behind the labour sample of simulation, obtain β
d/ β
0=1.118, it is 1.118 point that the ordinate in Fig. 2 finds numerical value, and its corresponding horizontal ordinate creep residual life time score is 0.211, shown in Fig. 2 dotted line.Show like this this simulation to be measured at the labour sample after through 500 hours military service, its amount of damage is 0.211 of bulk life time, so we can derive and draw this simulation whole of life using as a servant sample to be measured and be about 500/0.211=2370 hour.Therefore, this simulation residual life at the labour sample to be measured should also have 2370-500=1870 hour.
In order to verify the final service life of said sample, we then load this interruption sample, and temperature is 600 degree, and loading stress is 160MPa, and up to sample fracture, the subsequent load time that obtains sample is 1543 hours.Can learn thus and adopt the error of this method prediction residual life to be approximately (1870-1543)/1870=17.5%.Experimental result shows that it is feasible utilizing the method for the quantitatively harmless prediction hardware/material residual life of second harmonic, and experimental error can engineering demands.
Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of hardware of the present invention/material residual life, can the creep impairment in labour hardware/material components be detected and estimate, detection speed is fast, to not damaging at labour equipment, the detection cost is low, and the accuracy in detection height, error can engineering demands.Sensing range covers the surperficial and inner of hardware, especially suitable tracking hardware/material is early stage, creep impairment or the fatigue damage in mid-term, the present invention can detect and estimate the residual life at the labour parts rapidly, effectively, and being on active service for the safety of hardware/material provides reliable foundation.
Should be noted that at last; above embodiment is only in order to illustrate technical scheme of the present invention; but not limiting the scope of the invention; although with reference to preferred embodiment the present invention has been done to explain; those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that; can make amendment or be equal to replacement technical scheme of the present invention, and not break away from essence and the scope of technical solution of the present invention.As, those skilled in the art as can be known, N sample that the different sample of creep impairment degree can adopt the continuity creep test to obtain: namely sample is carried out continuous creep loading, can take out sample when reaching corresponding creep time mark and carry out ultrasonic measurement; The sample that perhaps adopts the disruptive creep test to obtain: same sample is carried out creep loading, whenever obtain behind fixing load time mark, taking out sample and carry out ultrasonic measurement, put back to creep testing machine after to be measured the finishing again and continue to load, so repeat, until the sample creep rupture.Relation curve between described hardware/material residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value can also be monotone increasing curve, monotone decreasing curve or single paddy curve except unimodal curve.To produce a centre frequency be 5 megahertzes for fundamental frequency signal generation systems 1 among the above embodiment, when fundamental frequency during less than 5 megahertzes, also can finish technical scheme of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. Non-Destructive Testing and the evaluation method of hardware/material residual life is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
(a), the selection starting material sample identical with hardware to be measured/material material be not as damaging sample, utilizes the tertiary creep experiment to make N the sample that the creep impairment degree is different;
(b), do not damage the measurement that sample carries out ultrasonic second harmonic to described:
With described upper surface and fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer or the focused transducer coupling that does not damage sample, lower surface and second harmonic compressional wave transducer are coupled;
Produce a fundamental frequency signal by the fundamental frequency signal generation systems, and produce fundamental frequency acoustic vibration ripple with this signal de-energisation fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer described damage in the sample, the acoustic vibration ripple can not produce ultrasonic second harmonic described the damage in the sample in inside in the communication process, see through and to convert voltage signal to after the described sound wave that does not damage sample is received by secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer and show at digital oscilloscope, and obtain the amplitude A of fundamental frequency and second harmonic by fast fourier transform
1, A
2
Calculate the described equivalent non-linear parameter that does not damage in the sample and become β
0=A
2/ A
1 2
(c), N the different sample of creep impairment degree carried out the measurement of ultrasonic second harmonic, measure identically with step (b), obtain the amplitude A of N corresponding fundamental frequency and second harmonic
1, A
2
Calculate the equivalent non-linear parameter β in N the sample
1～β
N
Calculate β
i/ β
0, wherein i=l～N obtains ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value;
Test the load time and corresponding β of adopting according to the described tertiary creep of N sample
i/ β
0Value obtains the relation curve between hardware/material residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value;
(d), hardware/material to be measured is carried out the measurement of ultrasonic second harmonic signal, measure identically with step (b), obtain the fundamental frequency of hardware/material to be measured and the amplitude A of second harmonic
1, A
2
Calculate hardware to be measured/material equivalence non-linear parameter β
dAnd carry out normalized, obtain β
d/ β
0Normalized value;
(e), the relation curve between hardware/material residual life mark and ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value obtains β
d/ β
0Corresponding residual life mark;
According to the load time of residual life mark and hardware/material to be measured, predict the residual life time of this hardware/material to be measured.
2. according to the described Non-Destructive Testing of claim l and evaluation method, it is characterized in that N 〉=8.
3. Non-Destructive Testing according to claim 1 and evaluation method, it is characterized in that, the temperature of described tertiary creep experiment is identical with the residing working temperature of hardware/material to be measured, be loaded into stress on the sample in the described tertiary creep experiment greater than the residing operating mode stress of hardware/material to be measured, the sample fracture time in the described tertiary creep experiment was greater than 100 hours.
4. Non-Destructive Testing according to claim 1 and evaluation method is characterized in that, described N the sample that the sample that the creep impairment degree is different obtains for the continuity creep test, the perhaps sample that obtains for the disruptive creep test.
5. according to the described Non-Destructive Testing of claim l and evaluation method, it is characterized in that described fundamental frequency compressional wave transducer and secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer are made fundamental frequency≤5 megahertzes with lithium niobate, quartz or piezoceramic material, secondary harmonics compressional wave transducer is the broadband, is used for receiving fundamental frequency signal.
6. according to the described Non-Destructive Testing of claim l and evaluation method, it is characterized in that described fundamental frequency signal generation systems mainly is made up of signal generator, power amplifier and wave filter.
7. Non-Destructive Testing according to claim 1 and evaluation method, it is characterized in that the relation curve between described hardware/material residual life time score and the ultrasonic second harmonic normalized value is monotone increasing curve, monotone decreasing curve, unimodal curve or single paddy curve.
8. Non-Destructive Testing according to claim 1 and evaluation method is characterized in that, the load time of described metal material to be measured is active time, are known.
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