CN102459848A

CN102459848A - Adsorption-enhanced compressed air energy storage

Info

Publication number: CN102459848A
Application number: CN201080033558XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: T.F.哈弗尔
Original assignee: ENERGY COMPRESSION LLC
Current assignee: ENERGY COMPRESSION LLC
Priority date: 2009-05-27
Filing date: 2010-05-27
Publication date: 2012-05-16
Also published as: AU2010254067B2; IL216546A0; WO2010138677A3; EP2435679A4; CA2763642A1; WO2010138677A2; EP2435679A2; AU2010254067A1

Abstract

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, an energy storage device is presented. The energy storage device includes a porous material that adsorbs air and a compressor. The compressor converts mechanical energy into pressurized air and heat, and the pressurized air is cooled and adsorbed by the porous material. The temperature of the porous material is controlled so that the pressure over it remains essentially constant during the storage and discharge processes. The cooling of the porous material during the storage process, and the heating of the porous material during the discharge process, is assisted by a heat pump which may be either a vapor- compression heat pump, an absorption heat pump, or an adsorption heat pump. The energy storage device also includes a tank used to store the pressurized and adsorbed air and a motor.; The motor is driven to recover the energy stored as compressed and adsorbed air by allowing the air to desorb and expand while driving the motor.

Description

Absorption strengthens Caes

The cross reference of related application

Present patent application is the part continuation application of the international application No. PCT/US2009/001655 that submits on March 16th, 2009 of the interests of the U.S. Provisional Application No. sequence No. 61/036,587 that advocates to submit on March 14th, 2008.Present patent application has been advocated the U.S. Provisional Application sequence No. 61/181 in submission on May 27th, 2009 by Timothy F. Havel; 492, the U.S. Provisional Application sequence No. 61/225 that submits on July 14th, 2009; 399 and the interests of the U.S. Provisional Application sequence No. 61/248,057 that submits on October 2nd, 2009.The full content of each in these applications is herein incorporated through quoting.

Technical field

The present invention relates to the field of accumulation of energy.Specifically, of the present invention what openly be directed against is a kind of energy storage apparatus, and energy storage apparatus has comprised comprising and is used for the pressure chamber of porous material of absorbed air.

Background technique

Caes is well-known with its acronym " CAES ".In number of C AES device, air compressor is by motoring, and is used for subsequently the air engine or the turbo machine that are connected to electromagnetic generator are driven, and forms the function equivalent of electrochemical cell thus.If enough carry out charge-discharge cycles lentamente so that its approx isothermal (mean that the heat that is produced by compression dissipates and can be between compression period the temperature of remarkable rising air; And between the phase of expansion prevent equally that from the heat that environment absorbs/draws air from cooling off significantly), then the electric power of this form stores and can have good efficiency.

The CAES system also can be designed to compare with chemical cell have higher reliability, lower maintenance and longer operating life; And if the mode that has cheap store compressed air can use, then the cost of CAES system can be suitable with the system based on battery.Unfortunately, expensive, the weight of the pressurized container in order to the storing therein air of manufacturing (such as, cylinder of steel) and large scale have stoped the CAES device to be competed with battery in their the common application at all.

Up to now, CAES has been used for three kinds of commercial objects.First and the most widely purposes be not as accumulation of energy mode self, but in order in workshop and factory, to drive pneumatic tool and machine.Compare with electric tool, pneumatic tool has higher weight--to-power ratio, and compare miniature motor in these instruments also to tend to be efficient lower with the big motor of drive air compressor.Pressurized air is stored in the jar, and said jar is enough greatly to be used as buffer and to guarantee that the pressure in the system keeps constant.The overall efficiency of these systems due to the fact that and be restricted: they abandon/discharge the heat of compression, and during the rapid expanding of air, do not reheat air.Pressure (usually less than ten barometric pressure) through using appropriateness limits this poor efficiency, and this has also reduced the capital cost of this CAES system.

Second purposes of CAES is the interim standby power supply that for example is used under computer data center or hospital, situation in power failure, keeping necessary machine run.In this case; The demand of floor space is very big; Need use 100 or more atmospheric pressure to obtain relative high energy density; But high reliability and the high power that it can provide under the situation of power failure immediately by this system have proved that then the cost that is used for compressed-air actuated high compressed steel storage tank is reasonable.Subsequently, if desired, more long-term standby system (similarly being diesel generator) is worked online.Though can obtain identical functions from electrochemical cell; But the battery system that enough power can be provided also will be stored than waiting for that long-term standby system gets into the state that works online energy needed more energy simultaneously, and this makes battery become relatively expensive solution.The CAES system also needs maintenance still less, has the longer life-span, and does not have the processing cost that is associated with the chemical product that environment is had harm.Other this short-term standby power supply solution comprises equally relatively expensive ultracapacitor and flywheel.

The 3rd commercial use that said CAES has been come into operation is the cost that reduces by generating of public company and/or distribution power supply.This can realize that wherein modal method is enhancing center generate output or electric motor power with some kinds of methods.The large-scale central power station (such as, coal-fired plant and nuclear power plant) stop and starting very expensive, and less power station (such as, combustion gas turbine) is closed easily and is opened, but operation cost is relatively expensive.Therefore; If the energy from big power station can be stored and when demand is high, be used for generating when demand is low; Then can reduce the needs of installation and operation small peak duty value power station, also reduce the average of generating or " equilibrium/flat accurate (levelized) " cost thus.

Summary of the invention

In an embodiment of the present invention, a kind of energy storage apparatus is provided.This energy storage apparatus comprises the porous material and the compressor of absorbed air.Compressor converts mechanical energy to forced air and heat, and forced air is by porous material cooling and absorption.This energy storage apparatus also comprises jar and the motor that is used to store through pressurization and the air that adsorbed.Through in drive motor, allowing air to remove absorption and expansion, then having driven motor is the energy through the air that pressurizes and adsorbed with recovering and storing.

In another embodiment of the present invention, another kind of energy storage apparatus is provided.This energy storage apparatus comprises porous material, in this porous material, has adsorbed suitable fluid.This device also comprises compressor and the barrier that converts mechanical energy to forced air and heat.Through allowing heat flow to cool off forced air through barrier, heat is transmitted to the porous material that has adsorbed fluid, and heat raises the temperature of porous material, causes that fluid is from its desorption.Through allowing fluid to be adsorbed onto porous material again, heat is resumed and the temperature that is used to prevent expanded air descends and reduce when device drive motor time institute work.

In another embodiment, another kind of energy storage apparatus is provided.This energy storage apparatus comprises the porous material of absorbed air and the thermal energy storage system of storing heat.This device also comprises the compressor that converts mechanical energy to forced air and heat.Forced air is by porous material cooling and absorption, and through allowing heat flow through preventing to control through the barrier of pressurization and the air leakage that adsorbed the temperature of porous material and surrounding atmosphere.Heat is directed into heat energy system and is stored in the there.In addition; This device comprises the jar to storing through the air that pressurizes and adsorbed; And be stored in heat in the thermal energy storage system through barrier and cause the air desorption and allow it in this process, to expand and do work through guiding, then recover the energy that jar is comprising when needed.

Description of drawings

Exemplary embodiment is illustrated among Fig. 1 to 11 with relevant extrapolation laboratory data.The laboratory data of second exemplary embodiment and other extrapolation is illustrated among Figure 12 to 23.

Fig. 1 describes the adsorption isotherm of the main component of the air on the zeolite NaX;

Fig. 2 has described the ratio of nitrogen molecular number and oxygen molecule number and has had at the ratio of nitrogen oxygen pressure between the nitrogen pressure under the situation of fixed value 4.0 to concern;

Fig. 3 is that absorption strengthens quality and the schematic representation of energy stream among the Caes embodiment, these streams during the front half part of demonstration charging process;

Fig. 4 is that absorption strengthens quality and the schematic representation of energy stream among the Caes embodiment, these streams during the latter half part of demonstration charging process;

Fig. 5 is that absorption strengthens quality and the schematic representation of energy stream among the Caes embodiment, these streams during the front half part of demonstration discharge process;

Fig. 6 is that absorption strengthens quality and the schematic representation of energy stream among the Caes embodiment, these streams during the latter half part of demonstration discharge process;

Fig. 7 illustrates absorption to strengthen the process flow diagram how Caes embodiment works in more detail during the front half part of charging process;

Fig. 8 illustrates absorption to strengthen the process flow diagram how Caes embodiment works in more detail during the latter half part of discharge process;

Fig. 9 is the graphics of the array of the air absorption cylinder in the temperature-controlled chamber;

Figure 10 is the graphics that during the latter half part of the front half part of charging process and discharge process, has carried out preparatory work respectively and be used for promoting the adsorption heat pump of the heat of being stored;

Figure 11 is the graphics of mixer-sparger air turbine that is used for the energy of air that during discharge process recovering and storing is pressurized air, absorption and heat;

Figure 12 describes from the adsorption isotherm of the air on the zeolite NaX of four kinds of different temperatures of the data extrapolation of announcing;

Figure 13 describes the density as isothermal, the NaX sheet bed expection stored energy function of steady job pressure, that be based on Figure 12 on-40 to 100 ℃ of temperature swing (temperature swing) scope;

Figure 14 describes four sections of the storage circuit that second absorption strengthens Caes embodiment, and the flowing of the heat between embodiment's the main hot thesaurus;

Figure 15 illustrates second absorption during the storage circuit first section (perhaps front half part of charging process) to strengthen the simplification process flow diagram that quality and energy among the Caes embodiment flow;

Figure 16 illustrates second absorption during the storage circuit second section (perhaps latter half part of charging process) to strengthen the simplification process flow diagram that quality and energy among the Caes embodiment flow;

Figure 17 illustrates second absorption during the storage circuit the 3rd section (the perhaps front half part of discharge process) to strengthen the simplification process flow diagram that quality and energy among the Caes embodiment flow;

Figure 18 illustrates second absorption during the storage circuit the 4th section (the perhaps latter half part of discharge process) to strengthen the simplification process flow diagram that quality and energy among the Caes embodiment flow;

Figure 19 shows that second absorption strengthens the detailed process flow figure of the mass flow between them during Caes embodiment's first section of internal structure and the storage circuit of key subsystem;

Figure 20 shows that second absorption strengthens the detailed process flow figure of the mass flow between them during Caes embodiment's second section of internal structure and the storage circuit of key subsystem;

Figure 21 shows that second absorption strengthens the detailed process flow figure of the mass flow between them during Caes embodiment's the 3rd section of internal structure and the storage circuit of key subsystem;

Figure 22 shows that second absorption strengthens the detailed process flow figure of the mass flow between them during Caes embodiment's the 4th section of internal structure and the storage circuit of key subsystem;

Figure 23 describes another storage circuit pressure-volume diagrammatic sketch; Wherein some outside heat have been caught through with constant volume the NaX bed that charges fully being heated before in expansion; Compensate the energy loss in triphasic adiabatic compression and inflation process thus, wherein following isobaric cooling and heating after each stage respectively.

Embodiment

The invention provides the purposes of the physical process that is used for adsorbing at porous material, this has improved the economic effect of Caes (CAES) to a great extent.In addition, disclosure of the present invention provides for compressed-air actuated stored in form energy and also can be with several kinds of improvement of the device of some energy of stored in form of sensible heat or latent heat.

In order to use CAES so that the center generate output becomes cost efficient, pressurized air is current be stored in the subsurface geology thesaurus (such as, natural aqueous layer or artificial discarded gas well or oil well) in but not be stored in the jar of manufacturing.Through using pressurized air that combustion gas turbine is carried out turbosupercharging, further improved economic effect, make turbo machine avoid expending the energy that air self is compressed thus.This allows in recovering and storing when rock gas produces other energy at airborne energy to be compressed.Though be used for the required pressure of turbosupercharging considerably high (about 50 barometric pressure), turbosupercharging allows the energy of storage to be provided and with the energy of about 70% overall efficiency recovering and storing in high power levels.

Wait to be called " senior adiabatic CAES " in the slightly different method for public purpose use CAES of commercial deployment.In AA-CAES, be stored and between the phase of expansion, reheat during at air driven air engine or turbo machine air at the heat that extracts from air between compression period.In principle, this allows recovering and storing to be heat and to be stored as compressed-air actuated energy, so the efficient of AA-CAES can be in principle near 100%.In fact, especially in high power levels, be difficult to store and the heat that recovers to compress and not significantly loss.In the embodiment of the AA-CAES of up to now all propositions, air is stored in the underground storage storehouse under the situation of high temperature once more, and heat usually with temperature far above 200 ℃ with sensible heat but not the latent heat stored in form.

Accumulation of energy has the potentiality that reduce the operation cost of electric power facility equally with some other methods, but these methods all are not widely used as yet.These methods comprise that transmission line capability postpones and congested minimizing, various assistant service, electricity price arbitrage and in other load transfer of end-user level or equilibrium/put down standardization in batches.Yet in the future, the purposes of the most worthy of accumulation of energy is likely that renewable capacity solidifies (renewable capacity firming).Renewable energy sources (such as, wind and solar energy) to be tending towards be intermittent, thus make their capacity change in time and often be not enough to satisfy electricity needs.If energy can be stored when capacity surpasses demand and be used for generating during in demand exceed capacity, then these renewable energy sourcess will become more cost efficient many.

The major defect of the existing CAES system in any application during use the front is: suitable underground storage storehouse neither generally can not be transported again.If cost efficient, the modular system that then can assemble and be adjusted to the size of the power station anywhere will be of value to center generate output and the curing of renewable capacity more there.In addition; If can on the electrical network near electric substation (substation) or terminal use's selected appropriate location provide cheaply, independence/complete self-holding (self-contained) CAES system, then CAES can provide above-mentioned other cost reduce in serving some or whole.This CAES system is current be not cost-efficient main cause be again to make be used for the expensive of compressed-air actuated storage tank.It should be noted: for first approximation, the cost of jar and the pressure independent of storing air, because rising pressure allows jar to be made littler but requires its wall to become thicker pro rata, vice versa.

A kind of more cost effective method of CAES system that makes of many concerns that do not cause is to utilize such fact: compression of air is the easy mode that is pumped into heat from a place another place with expanding.This means: can easily develop the CAES system so that heat, cooling and the electric power of combination to be provided to the terminal use.If this CAES system is installed in the family or company that for example exists period every day electricity price; Then it can be during electricity relatively cheap night charging and offer building to heat simultaneously, and its electricity of producing is used or sells back to electrical network and air conditioning also is provided simultaneously at peak value time durations on daytime.During winter, in the time need not cooling off, flat panel solar collector can be used in water heating, and this hot water is used between the phase of expansion only significantly increasing power output under the limited increase condition of cost for air provides heat.The economic effect of this system will depend on many factors, comprises public utility charges, main weather, also comprises the cost of gas holder certainly.

Through suitable porous material (such as, active carbon, silica gel or zeolite) in absorption can realize the storage of gas and heat.Store gas under the situation of this material more easily existing; Because it is much close that free gas is compared in absorption; Therefore reduced the volume of the required jar of the gas of the given quality of storage under the situation of setting pressure, perhaps reduced with being equal at the required pressure of given volume.In addition, can use sorbent material, because the process consumption of calorie of desorption with latent heat stored in form heat.Adsorb again through allowing adsorbate (for example, water vapor) to be adsorbed agent, can produce heat subsequently again.In addition, the heat that when the condensation of the steam of desorption, discharges can be the sensible heat stored in form, and through using it to adsorb with evaporation that promotes condensation product and the steam that allows subsequently to be obtained, then can recover this heat again.This device can comprise absorption refrigerating machine or heat pump.Yet, attempt to use as yet in any method in these methods absorption process so that the CAES system more cheaply, heat-power application and/or the more safely deployment that more efficiently maybe can transport, be more suitable for making up.

The present invention improves the economic effect of Caes with four kinds of methods that are mutually related.First method is to use the sorbent of air so that reduce with pressure and/or volume of a container in the required container of the energy of compressed-air actuated stored in form specified rate.Second method is the desorption of water or a certain other suitable fluid, maybe with the storage combination of the low level sensible heat that discharges when the steam generation condensation that produced thus, as the mode of the heat of store compressed so that make AA-CAES more economically.The third method is the heat of storage by the absorption generation of air; The heat of store compressed also, and when sorbent material and/or pressurized air expand, use this energy rising sorbent material and/or compressed-air actuated temperature to come in that the time is recovered this energy after a while.The 4th kind of method is the new [thermodynamic of CAES, and wherein compressed-air actuated temperature change is so that keep the pressure approximately constant of the air of storing during charge/discharge cycle.This " temperature variation/swing " circulation is especially useful when like the sorbent of said use air just, and is stored so that it is also suitable when for example using by means of the sorbent of water or a certain other suitable fluid subsequently when the heat of compression and/or absorption.Serviceability temperature changes widely acceptance of circulation (for example, referring to the open No. 2006/0230930 of USPTO) in based on the gas separation process of absorption.

It should be noted, can come stored energy, and proposed the regeneration brake system (for example, referring to United States Patent(USP) No. 7,152,932) that uses sorbent material to strengthen this process through the gas of compression outside the deacration.This has such advantage: compare with air, other gas maybe more compressible and also maybe be more consumingly by common sorbent reception/absorption; Situation when using air as working fluid is compared permission stored energy more thick and fast.Main difference between this system and those systems considered here is: use any fluid outside the deacration must have a kind of can recirculation and reuse the locking system of this fluid.By contrast, can freely obtain air and discharging air and do not have environmental consequence once more from environment.This causes open system, and for for the extensive accumulation of energy in terminal use, electric substation or level other places, power station, this open system more economically.The invention describes: the use of using the sorbent of air in extensive, static accumulation of energy; Water or the desorption of a certain other suitable fluid and/or the absorption of air as the mode of the heat of store compressed; Change circuit CAES system with serviceability temperature.These processes all are not suitable on a small scale, move and use, such as regenerative braking.

Though the known nitrogen of air and the some kinds of porous materials of oxygen composition of on a certain degree, adsorbing, absorption of the present invention strengthen CAES embodiment and use zeolitic material to be used for this purpose.Under the situation of the pressure of appropriateness and ambient temperature, to compare with oxygen, zeolite is adsorption of nitrogen more consumingly, and therefore has been widely used in oxygen and nitrogen component for industry and medical purpose separation of air.Yet, to CAES, in interested relative elevated pressures, to zeolite or other porous material studying in great detail seldom to the absorption of air.For example, the air-fluidized temperature and pressure border in the zeolite is not marked as yet in detail.This process (being also referred to as capillary condensation) is not normally being observed far above the temperature of the transition point of adsorbate gas (perhaps under the situation at air approximately-140 ℃).Strengthen in the CAES device in cost-efficient absorption, will be difficult to realize this low temperature.

Therefore; By the new purposes of the absorption in the porous material that the disclosure of invention provided is the mode as the volume of the required jar of a kind of air that reduces the given quality of storage under the situation of setting pressure and temperature, perhaps alternately as through reducing at given volume and giving the thickness of the wall that the required pressure of air of the given quality of storage under the situation of fixed temperature reduces jar or the mode of the intensity of the material made jar.Then can realize the arbitrary scheme in these two kinds of schemes through being placed on suitable porous material the inside, the compressed-air actuated pressure chamber of preservation; Wherein compare the air of said porous material absorption more volume from the occupied volume of compressed-air actuated temperature and pressure in the pressure chamber with said porous material.This porous material is owing to the following fact exists: with the state of equilibrium of the temperature and pressure that is fixed in desired value under, the air molecule that is in adsorbed state is compared with the gaseous air around their has the mobility that greatly reduces and much higher density.

Likewise, the new purposes of another of the absorption in the porous material is: as the above first new purposes, and the mode of heat that produces by compressed-air actuated process as a kind of storage and/or the heat that produces by the process of the absorption of air.Through the porous material of adsorbed water or a certain other suitable fluid being arranged to be in thermo-contact but be positioned at air compressor and/or the outside, pressure chamber, realized this second new purposes with air compressor and/or pressure chamber.The porous material of the second new purposes needs not be the material with the material identical type of the first new purposes.Heat has increased the temperature of this porous material, and therefore promotes water or other fluid from its desorption.In the molecule rank, this process converts kinetic energy to potential energy, replys to contacting with porous material and by absorption again, can storing potential energy subsequently indefinitely through the steam that prevents to be produced by desorption.This point can be described like this: heat is by with the latent heat stored in form.Reduced compressed-air actuated temperature from pressurized air to the second transmission of the heat of the porous material of purposes newly, the size or the intensity that have also reduced its required merit of further compression thus and stored its jar.Similarly, when from the heat of the porous material transmission of the first new purposes absorption, follow the cooling of porous material of the first new purposes of generation to increase the amount of the air that adsorbs under its situation at any setting pressure.

For the latent heat with sensible heat form recovering and storing, the steam that is produced by the desorption of fluid must can be used for adsorbing when needed again.Unfortunately, the big volume that is occupied by steam makes and is difficult to this stored in form, and its form with sensible heat that makes of compression or condensation discharges less but still the energy of significant quantity.Yet, can store this sensible heat, and use the expansion of steam or the process of evaporation of liquid to obtain this heat and therefore produce steam again subsequently.The advantage of operation like this (being alternative in directly with the sensible heat stored in form by compression of air and/or heat that absorption was produced) is such fact: in the former case, sensible heat can be more easily be contained in the material under by the situation of the heat insulation and low temperature that avoids damage.Although be difficult to obtain this low grade heat (that is, being delivered to the place that needs it) usually, expand or evaporating course is used for freezing this material, therefore compare more fast and effectively from its extraction/pumping heat with the situation that adopts alternate manner.Also can directly realize this point as refrigeration agent in principle, but be difficult to not only be delivered to a large amount of low grade heat the air of expansion but also catch the mechanical energy that is produced simultaneously from solid or fluent material through using pressurized air.Also consumes energy is to convert low grade heat to the required senior heat of desorption of convenient rapid expanding and/or promotion air.

The steam that needs of acquisition howsoever; Through the porous material of the second new purposes being arranged to be in thermo-contact and being allowed water simultaneously or other fluid steam is adsorbed onto it again, then can recover the air that latent heat and energy are stored as compression and/or absorption with mechanical type with air engine or turbo machine.When pressurized air expands in air engine or turbo machine, be produced as sensible heat that water or other fluid adsorb again and conducted or otherwise be delivered to pressurized air, thereby raise it temperature and pressure so that it more serviceably do work.Therefore further simultaneously, the porous material of the second new purposes has been cooled off in the transmission of this heat, and promotes water or a certain other suitable fluid is spontaneous is adsorbed onto it again.Similarly; Under the situation that is delivered in the pressure the pressure chamber of the heat of the porous material of the new purposes of this porous material to the first, promote air, and this pressurized air can be converted back to mechanical energy via air engine or turbo machine subsequently as just said from its desorption.

When porous material is included in the CAES device for the arbitrary purposes in these two kinds of new purposes, will calls absorption to the process that is obtained and strengthen CAES or AE-CAES and call AE-CAES device or AE-CAES system to energy storage apparatus self.

The disclosure of invention also provides new purposes for the industrial process of the temperature variation absorption of the mode that has been widely used as separation fluid mixtures.In this process; The temperature of the porous material of air and absorbed air reduces when the CAES device is filled energy and when the CAES device is released energy, raises once more, and the speed with the compressed-air actuated pressure approximately constant in the chamber that keep-ups pressure pumps into air or allows air to leave the pressure chamber always.

Constant air pressure will be simplified the structure and the operation of any CAES device, but for the object of the invention, the more important thing is such fact: temperature changing process is the mode easily that increases the amount of the air of being stored and being discharged by the porous material as in the first new purposes of any specified rate.Its realize this point be because, raise with its temperature and reduce fast by the amount of the gas of the known porous material absorption of the overwhelming majority, vice versa.Therefore; If the minimum temperature that when the AE-CAES device is in its charged state, obtains is enough low to guarantee enough to make most air from this material desorption under the situation of height with the working pressure guaranteeing installing at the main saturated and maximum temperature that when the AE-CAES device is in its discharge condition, obtain of porous material that made by air under the situation of the working pressure of device; Then at least under the situation of the method that need not become the expensive of time air pressure and consume energy; With if working pressure has changed circulation and has compared, will be from the bigger benefit of porous material acquisition of the first new purposes selected.This comprises: have steady temperature, or have in discharge condition and be issued to its minimum temperature and be issued to the variation in pressure circulation of the spontaneous temperature variation of variation in pressure circuit of its maximum temperature in charged state.

There are various porous materials in every kind of new purposes in two kinds of new purposes of the physical process of the above absorption that provides, through said various porous materials, can construct useful embodiment of the present invention.In the AE-CAES embodiment that will describe in detail now, the first new purposes is realized by the zeolite that is called NaX.This is the widely available zeolite that comprises the faujasite type of sodium ion, and it is sold according to the Aeroart of 13X usually.

According to mole fraction, dry air is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% argon.Zeolite as most naturally occurring zeolites and/or commercially available acquisition; Compare NaX adsorption of nitrogen more consumingly with oxygen or argon; Promptly; On mole foundation, when being placed in these clean gas, compare it and adsorb more nitrogen with oxygen or argon in setting pressure and temperature (--be generally the relatively low pressure that the purpose that purifies oxygen or nitrogen is considered at least).In addition, oxygen and argon mainly are attracted to the chemical same area on the NaX hole wall and also have similar adsorption isotherm, and nitrogen mainly is attracted to not overlapping with the position of oxygen and argon different parts place.Because these facts, can be that oxygen is simplified analysis through partly being regarded as like it below, and this can not produce enough greatly so that the invalid any mistake of principle the argon of air, AE-CAES embodiment should be an example.In addition, more than observation shows with the laboratory data that is provided by E. A. Ustinov (Russ. J. Chem. 81,246,2007) together: can suppose that the amount of adsorbed nitrogen is independent of the amount of the oxygen of absorption (and argon), vice versa.

Going out the complete thermoisopleth (referring to G. W. Miller, ALChE Symp. Ser. 83,28,1987) that nitrogen, oxygen (and argon) are adsorbed onto NaX until about 4 atmospheric pressure and four thermometrys that obviously separate between-70 ℃ and 50 ℃.Sips that confirms through these data of match and the parameter value in the Langmuir equation at constant temperature also provide in this paper, and can be used for being extrapolated to higher pressure to these measurement results.

Fig. 1 is depicted in four kinds of different temperatures and is known as the adsorption isotherm of the main component (that is, nitrogen and oxygen) of the air of the zeolite of the commercially available acquisition of NaX or 13X in utilization under the situation of 20 atmospheric pressure.The thermoisopleth of the nitrogen that obtains from Sips isothermal formula is utilized solid line and describes, and obtains the thermoisopleth of oxygen and the thermoisopleth of oxygen utilizes dotted lines from Langmuir thermoisopleth (special circumstances of Sips).Therefore the chart that shows is extrapolated to cost-efficient absorption to the data of Miller and strengthens the required higher pressure of Caes device.

Fig. 2 describes at the nitrogen molecular number that is adsorbed onto NaX of the pressure of the four kind temperature identical with Fig. 1 and the ratio of oxygen molecule number, wherein the pressure of the oxygen at the point of each on chart place be nitrogen pressure 25% and therefore be approximately equal to dividing potential drop at the airborne oxygen of 125% nitrogen pressure.Use the extrapolation thermoisopleth that shows among Fig. 1 to calculate these ratios.Horizontal dotted line shows the position that this ratio has value 4.0, thereby this absorption ratio is approximately equal to the ratio of the dividing potential drop of nitrogen and oxygen in the air.The corresponding pressure at-40 ℃ temperature place by vertical dotted line indication is contemplated to the reasonably cost-efficient nitrogen partial pressure that is used for strengthening based on the temperature variation circuit absorption with minimum temperature of-40 ℃ the embodiment of Caes.This is because compare with the situation of realization under low-pressure more and higher temperature; Become high pressure more or more low temperature will increase the amount of the air of absorption with lower speed, thereby make and will become so not favourable through the cost-effectiveness that uses the NaX sorbent to obtain.

Fig. 3 to 8 shows complete AE-CAES (absorption strengthens Caes) embodiment's schematic representation.These diagrammatic sketch are graphics versions of processes well known flow chart and by the associated symbols of common machinery, fluid and the electric component of widely used chemistry of engineering circle and material processing system.Process flow diagram should tone conduct not be used for the blueprint of particular design, but allows the those of ordinary skill of chemistry and material processing field to use this standarized component to design the system that can reproduce special process.Therefore these diagrammatic sketch provide describes suitable method of the present invention, and this mode provides technology, according to said technology, can use the absorption in the porous material but not specific device or design strengthen the CAES system.At the parts that adopt not is in those parts of embodiment of complete standard, provides more detailed accompanying drawing, and these accompanying drawings magnifying show in Fig. 9 to 11.

Four the some places of Fig. 3 to 6 in the charge-discharge cycles of AE-CAES system provide the high-level diagram of main quality and flux of energy through the exemplary embodiment of AE-CAES system.These flux when Fig. 3 is presented at the beginning of charging process, this moment through the NaX bed 1 of pressurization near 100 ℃, and therefore have the air of the minimum flow that is adsorbed in it, and mainly utilize water to make uninflated NaX bed 41 saturated.Fig. 4 shows flux how in the only about half of change of charging process, and the temperature of the NaX bed 1 that pressurizes this moment has been reduced to main ambient air temperature and the NaX bed 41 that do not pressurize has lost its most of water.Flux when Fig. 5 is presented at the beginning of discharge process, the NaX bed 1 that pressurizes this moment are in-40 ℃ and the air that therefore have the maximum flow that is adsorbed in it, and the NaX bed 41 that do not pressurize remains heat and dry.Fig. 6 shows these flux how in the only about half of change of discharge process, the temperature of the NaX bed 1 that pressurizes this moment near ambient air temperature and water vapor now just by carrying to the NaX bed 41 that do not pressurize to produce the required heat that discharges fully.

AE-CAES embodiment's when Fig. 7 is presented at the beginning of the process of filling energy more detailed view (comparison diagram 3), this moment, the NaX bed 41 that do not pressurize of adsorption heat pump just was heated to drive adsorbed water away.Fig. 8 shows the intermediate point same embodiment (comparison diagram 6) afterwards of discharge process, and this moment, water vapor was just transmitted through the NaX bed 41 that do not pressurize to produce the required high temperature that discharges fully.Fig. 9 shows the cutaway view Amplified image of pressurized air memory module, and this module comprises the cylinder 2 of filling with zeolite sheet 1 in being used to control the condensation/vaporizing chamber 4 of temperature.Figure 10 demonstrates comprising and is used to store by the enlarged view of compression of air with the adsorption heat pump 40 of the zeolite beds 41 of the absorption heat that produces; Adsorption heat pump 40 has comprised that the atmosphere that is used to guarantee between charge period, to be transported to its outside to water vapor is making the air stream inside interdischarge interval is transported to water vapor its become reverse baffler 42 haply, to realize maximal efficiency.Figure 11 shows the enlarged view comprise the mixer/educator air turbine that is labeled as 53,54 and 55 parts, and this mixer/educator air turbine is used for during discharge process returning with the transformation of energy that is stored as heat and being mechanical energy being stored as pressure.

The hypothesis of front has hinted with figured extrapolation in Fig. 1: under-40 ℃ and 10 atmospheric situation, the nitrogen of absorption will be about 4 (Fig. 2) with the ratio of the amount of oxygen.Because also to be ratio and the NaX of nitrogen and the dividing potential drop of oxygen in about air mainly utilize nitrogen under this temperature and 8 atmospheric situation and saturated for this, so the amount of the air of absorption should not be in high pressure more or more rolls up under the situation of low temperature.Therefore AE-CAES embodiment has used-40 ℃ the minimum temperature that when device is full of energy fully, obtains, and 10 atmospheric working pressures.

Similarly, the approximate and extrapolation shown in Fig. 1 has hinted: under the situation of 10 barometric pressure and 24 ℃, by desorption, and at 50 ℃, these percentages are respectively 53.5% and 82.5% at 34.5% and 74.5% oxygen of the nitrogen of-40 ℃ of absorption.Therefore, if under 10 atmospheric situation, rise to 100 ℃, then at least 75% nitrogen and all basically oxygen will be by desorption.This has hinted then: will be 100 ℃ of desorption at least 80% of whole air of-40 ℃ of absorption.Will make device become more complicated and expensive because surpass 100 ℃; So AE-CAES embodiment has used 100 ℃ the maximum temperature that is obtained when discharging fully when device; Such as just discussion, this has hinted at least 80% among the AE-CAES embodiment's dutycycle.

Under-40 ℃ and 10 atmospheric dry airs, our approximate and extrapolation thermoisopleth further indicates: every kilogram anhydrous crystal NaX, NaX will adsorb 4.24 and 1.14 moles nitrogen and oxygen respectively.Under the situation of the density of the crystallization NaX of the molecular volume of 24.8 liters surrounding atmospheres and 1.53 Kgr/L (Kgr/L=kg/liter), this means: under these conditions, every liter NaX will adsorb the surrounding atmosphere of about 204 L.Under-40 ℃ and atmospheric situation is the air of about 160 L, under this temperature and 10 atmospheric situation, is the air of 16.0 L perhaps.

Yet; Be not to use microcrystalline powder to carry out work; Be necessary to form NaX by means of the tackiness agent of heat conduction and will allow easily the flow through sheet of the zeolite beds of using in the device of air, said electrically-conducting adhesive also will be realized transmitting through the heat rapidly of zeolite beds.Typically, these sheets are the about 20% of tackiness agent according to volume, and can be filled with about 80% density according to volume, thereby are reduced to every liter NaX sheet about 0.8 to the volume of adsorbed air under the situation of working pressure and minimum temperature ²* 16.0=10.25L.Consider 20% voids (void fraction); In state of equilibrium; Therefore at the bed of having filled the NaX sheet and be in abrim in-40 ℃ of jars with 10 atmospheric air, the total amount of air will be 10.45 times in the air quantity of in identical jar, being stored under the situation of uniform temp and pressure.With 80% dutycycle of above conservative estimation, this caused making can be under the situation of AE-CAES embodiment's working pressure and minimum temperature storage and the amount of jar required structural material that discharges the air of specified rate be reduced to original 1/8.35.

The calculation display of front: when charging fully, every cubic metre NaX sheet bed among the AE-CAES embodiment will be stored about 133 cubic metres surrounding atmosphere.Supposing ideally to store in this device and recover heat in operation, but suppose 80% dutycycle once more, is required merit of many air isothermal compression to 10 barometric pressure so 24.5 MJ/M in every cubic metre zeolite beds then ³Or 6.8 kilowatt-hours.The volume energy density of the zeolite sheet bed among the AE-CAES embodiment therefore be typical lead-acid battery volume energy density about 1/10th.Be discussed below the efficient that to recover this energy in the practice.

Before the remaining part that AE-CAES embodiment continue to be discussed, we will estimate: be adsorbed onto the heat that the NaX bed discharges and be merely by air and reduce by 140 ℃ and the amount of the heat that must obtain from it to its temperature.Miller (in above-mentioned quoted passage) estimates: to be adsorbed onto the heat of NaX be 18.87 KJ/ (mol K) to nitrogen on the scope of the load that is used in an embodiment, is about 13.09 KJ/ (mol K) and oxygen is adsorbed onto the heat of NaX.Therefore conclude that adsorbing 4.24 moles nitrogen and 1.14 moles the energy that oxygen discharged is 94.9 KJ (KJ=kilojoules).Consider because we use through reducing of being caused of the NaX sheet bed of filling and suppose that as before 80% dutycycle, this result are about 48.6 MJ (million Jiao) or 13.5 KWHr/M ³(every cubic metre kilowatt-hour).This is about twice of the amount of the every cubic metre of energy that can store and recover.Though E.A. Ustinov (in above-mentioned quoted passage) has found under 10 atmospheric situation oxygen and has been adsorbed onto some declines of the heat that low a little any heat and nitrogen of NaX is adsorbed onto NaX; But be clear that very much, in the rationally efficient embodiment of AE-CAES, must store and recover the major part of the heat of absorption.

Yet, the heat of absorption will be significantly less than on 140 ℃ range of temperature, the NaX bed self being cooled off and reheating required sensible heat.This specific heat capacity will change and on a certain degree, change with temperature with how preparing said, but typically is the order of magnitude of about 1 KJ/ (Kgr K), and this hypothesis with above filling density about sheet has been indicated about 1 MJ/ (M ³K) volumetric heat capacity amount.Multiply by 140 and convert to and kilowatt-hour draw 38.9 to it, this is more much bigger than the energy that every cubic metre of institute stores and recovers.Fortunately; Will see like us; Recover easily to be elevated to 100 ℃ of required higher relatively heats to the temperature of NaX bed from ambient temperature, and a denier air has been removed from the pressure chamber and the valve that leads to it has just been closed and needn't be kept high temperature certainly.Similarly, in order to drop to-40 ℃ and the heat of the relatively low level that must remove need not be stored and recover to the temperature of bed from ambient temperature, because can be when device is discharged easily from this heat of environment acquisition.We turn to the mechanism that in AE-CAES embodiment, is used to accomplish all above tasks now.

Referring now to the schematic representation that shows in Fig. 7 and 8; We at first point out: by being cut into diagrammatic sketch scale/yardstick that parallel dotted lines that two-part blank gap separates is intended to indicate said device is arbitrarily to a certain extent, and mainly how to be transported to its position and to use through it in practice and be able to be determined.Yet purely for for the purpose of discussing, we will often use the amount of the energy that a megawatthour stores as every module in the following description.This will need about 145 M ³NaX sheet (level in the diagrammatic sketch-square crossing hacures).

Can find out that from the accompanying drawing of Fig. 9 AE-CAES embodiment's NaX zeolite sheet 1 is filled in the cylinder 2, hollow tube 3 with holes extends to the other end of cylinder always from the hole of the at that is positioned at each cylinder.This pipe allow pressurized air (the acclivitous hacures from left to right in the diagrammatic sketch) when the AE-CAES device charge apace from mouthful whole length of passing it of the at that is positioned at cylinder, and when the AE-CAES device is discharged, withdraw from once more.As a result, the length of cylinder is not critical, but their diameter should be enough little of to allow air to be diffused rapidly to the surface of cylinder 2 and the rapid diffusion that allows the heat of generation when air adsorbs from the hole of managing 3 through NaX bed 1.

Main because their are produced in enormous quantities and therefore can obtain with low cost,, the cylinder that AE-CAES embodiment uses the aluminium pot of beverage (similarly being Coca Cola) so being similar to no longer than conventional packing.The aluminum ratio steel is expensive more, but forms this cylinder, more corrosion-resistant and have higher thermal conductivity more easily, but in order to comprise the wall that ten barometric pressure then will be more slightly thicker than the wall of typical aluminium pot.So, the diameter of the cylinder 2 among the embodiment will be 6.0 centimetres, and is needing at the most 0.5 centimetre and be formed from steel so that support structure is provided for the cylinder of filling aspect the internal diameter along their perforated pipe 3 at center.Therefore air and heat must be merely about 2.75 centimetres so that arrive the distance on the surface of cylinder through its diffusion.Certainly, for the present invention, the accurate dimension of cylinder, make their material, even comprise the drum of the pressurized container of NaX sheet bed or other porous material, all dispensable.

Cylinder 2 is comprised in the chamber then, and said chamber has can bear modest pressure and rarefied heat insulation wall 4 on AE-CAES embodiment's range of temperature.This chamber is used for comprising heat transfer fluid, heat transfer fluid be used to then to control the NaX bed 1 of pressurized air and cylinder 2 the insides temperature, and therefore realize the temperature variation circulation of being used.The geometrical shape of said chamber, cylinder 2 are not critical in the mode of said indoor layout, but for for the purpose of the Economy, are allowing heat transfer fluid freely to flow through in the cylinder, and filling should be intensive as far as possible.In Fig. 9, shown the temperature-controlled chamber of diameter 1.25 M, this temperature-controlled chamber comprises 108 cylinders, and each cylinder is 1.0 M length and is arranged on the square grid that the point of square grid is separated 0.1 M, total about 0.21 M for each chamber ³The NaX bed.Will need 690 this chambers to store the energy of a megawatthour.

In this AE-CAES embodiment, the fluid of transfer of heat is a methyl alcohol to the chamber transfer of heat with wall 4 with from the chamber.This is a liquid under the situation of external pressure and-40 ℃ (in the minimum temperatures that reach in the temperature variation circulation), and it is a gas under the situation of external pressure and 100 ℃ (maximum temperatures that reach).It also has high vaporization heat (on this temperature range average about 36 KJ/ moles), and the pressure that has through control in the chamber of wall 4 then can its accurate boiling point be set to any value between-40 and 100 ℃.Specifically; Boiling point in the situation methanol of an atmospheric pressure is 64.7 ℃; And if we suppose that its vaporization heat does not depend on pressure, then we can use boiling point that the Clausius-Clapyron equation shows it will be 100 ℃ and will be-40 ℃ at 231.5 handkerchiefs (atmospheric about 0.2%) at 3.6 barometric pressure.These appropriate temperature and pressures allow the wall 4 of chamber by also providing some necessary heat insulation heat-resistant phenolic resins or formed cheap glassfiber composites of epoxy resin to process.Certainly, can adopt other embodiment, wherein except that methyl alcohol, also have fluid to be used to transmit heat, and/or other material be used for the wall 4 of chamber.

When AE-CAES embodiment is charged; Through control valve 10 from jar 15 pumping liquid methyl alcohol (heavier from left to right downward-sloping hacures) sealing hermetically and heat insulation; And from the speed spraying liquid methyl alcohol of nozzle 8 to be planned at the top that is arranged in chamber, as shown in Figure 7 with wall 4.The part of this methyl alcohol vaporize and through around be studded with nozzle mouth 9 leave the chamber; And remaining liquid methanol (being in its boiling point now to the pressure in the chamber) flows down along the sidepiece of cylinder 2 and when the sidepiece along cylinder 2 flows down from they evaporation/vaporizations, cool off they and their NaX bed 1 of comprising thus.The other methanol steam (lighter from left to right downward-sloping hacures) that produces by this process rise and as before through port 9 leave the chamber, and any liquid methanol that arrives the bottom of chamber flow into the discharge tube 6 that is arranged in the bottom, and therefore flow back into little sealing and preserve jars 7 to reuse.

By contrast, when AE-CAES embodiment was discharged, valve 10 cut out, and another control valve 11 is opened, and the methyl alcohol in the storage tank 15 through jar heat exchanger 16 of the inside by the hot water of process (among the figure heavier diagonal angle cross-hauling) heating.The methanol steam that is obtained leaves jars 15 through the mouth 14 that is positioned at jars 15 top, and the pipeline of the network of a kind of perforated pipe 5 that leads to the at that is positioned at the chamber with wall 4 of flowing through.Methanol steam rises and condensation on the surface of cylinder 2 subsequently, under by the situation of the determined temperature of existing leading pressure in the chamber the surface of the heat transferred cylinder 2 of its vaporization.This makes the temperature of NaX bed 1 increase towards its desirable value then, and simultaneously through the liquid methanol of condensation once more through discharge tube 6 delivery chamber and flow into and preserve in jars 7.Simple positive-displacement pump 12 turns back to jar 15 to it to reuse, as shown in Figure 8 via the valve 13 when front opening subsequently.

To in the AE-CAES embodiment charging, as shown in Figure 7, the pressure that has in the chamber of wall 4 is able to reduce via compressor 19, and methanol steam flow into the compressor 19 from mouth 9 through valve 18.It leaves compressor 19 with high pressure and high temperature, and flow in the heat exchanger 21 in the insulated tank 20, and in heat exchanger 21, it is cooled to about 100 ℃ temperature by the current that are in external pressure.Methanol steam process subsequently allows its to expand, further cools off the also reduction valve 24 of condensation dramatically, and turns back to storage tank 15 to reuse through the valve of opening 17 therefrom.In this way, be adsorbed onto heat that NaX bed 1 produces through air and be passed to water or steam (the diagonal angle cross-hauling among the figure) through jars 20.The compressor of numerous species can be used in 19, and mainly confirms accurate the selection according to the reason of economy according to following technical factor.

For the high efficiencies of heat transfer to boiling water, the methanol steam of compression should have the temperature far above it, for example 150 ℃.The adiabatic index of methyl alcohol according to 1.3, therefore early stage in charging process, when methanol steam gets into compressor 19 with the temperature of 3.6 atmospheric pressure and 100 ℃, will be only need be increased to about 1.7 times or increase to 6.2 barometric pressure to pressure.Yet, in charging process late period, when the pressure and temperature in the chamber with wall 4 drops to 231.5 handkerchiefs with-40 ℃ respectively, will be increased to almost 13.3 times to methanol steam pressure, cause still being merely 0.03 atmospheric pressure.The Carnot of the coefficient of the performance of this cooling system is limited in temperature in the chamber with wall 4 when being 100 ℃ beginning is infinitely great, but when it drops to-40 ℃ the end of charging process, is merely 1.66.According to our early stage discussion about a large amount of sensible heats that between charge period, also must remove from NaX bed 1; Be lower than about 3 (this thing happens when the NaX bed tempertaure reaches 7 ℃) in case the theoretical coefficient of performance drops to, come this heat and the heat of the less amount that discharged by absorption all will be no longer useful with the stored in form that can be used to produce high temperature subsequently.This subject under discussion (comparison diagram 3 and 4) will be discussed now once more.

Next describing before where heat gone, we at first consider such process: through this process, air is compressed to ten barometric pressure when AE-CAES embodiment is charged, and removes the heats of a lot of compressions from its simultaneously.Because their high efficiency, in AE-CAES embodiment, by two standard centrifugal compressors 26 that are series connection and 28 realization this point, each

compressor

26 and 28 is increased to 3.16 times (square roots of ten) to the pressure of air cooling back to environment.Air filter and exsiccator 25 are used for before air gets into first compressor 26, removing predetermined substance and water vapor from air.The adiabatic index of the air of use 1.4 can demonstrate: each compression stage will begin to increase to 1.39 times to the kelvin temperature of air from ambient temperature and perhaps be increased to about 140 ℃.Therefore the thermal capacity long-pending according to the constant volume of the air of 20.77 J/ (mol K), the heat of the compression on two stages are that every cubic metre ten the atmospheric surrounding atmospheres that are compressed to are 83% of 54 watts hours or the total energy that will store.

When air left each in two compressors 26 and 28, air was cooled.Use pump 39 to drive the counterflow heat exchanger 27 and 29 that the cold water flow point Jing Guo not be arranged in the outlet of two compressors 26 and 28 and realize this point.In this way, the heat of compression is to water preheat, and water is directed into nozzle 22 through pipeline then, at nozzle 22, during the front half part of charging process (referring to Fig. 3), as previously mentioned, makes the water boiling by the methanol steam that compresses.In the later stage of charging process, in case promptly the theoretical coefficient of the performance of methanol heat-pump has dropped to and is lower than approximately 3, then the compression ratio of compressor 19 reduces, thereby makes methanol steam rise to 100 ℃ at the most.Simultaneously, the flow rate of passing through the water of compressor 26 and 28 increases, thereby makes it not by the preheating of as much ground, and final result is: water does not seethe with excitement now, but only is heated and recirculation (as shown in Figure 4).Pressurized air self is directed into NaX bed 1 through the valve of opening 30, as shown in Figure 7.The heat of the compression of remaining any remnants will be removed in the process of cooling NaX bed 1 subsequently inside it, and ends at equally to leave in the steam or water of jar 20.This steam or water therefore comprise most of compression heat and air absorption heat and be the sensible heat of cooling NaX bed 1 from 1 removal of NaX bed.

During the front half part of charging process (Fig. 3), leave the senior heat that is comprised in the steam of jar 20 and be used for using NaX-water to carry out preparatory work as the right adsorption heat pump of its sorbent-adsorbate.The adsorption system that this open adsorption system copies recently the Andreas Hauer by the Federal Republic of Germany to be showed is processed, and wherein it is used for absorption again through using water vapor from NaX desorb attached water and during the demand of heating bigger daytime at night promoting used heat, and (referring to the author is A. Haucer thereby reduce the cost of heating building; At NATO Sci. Ser. II:Math.; Phys, and Chem., vol. 234; H. O. Paksoy; Ed., springer, 2007 " Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption; " In pp. 409-27, the 25th chapter the 2nd joint).The insulated tank 40 that this open adsorption heat pump is just constructed by the thermally resistant fiber glass composite in an embodiment as before; Insulated tank 40 is filled has expired NaX sheet 41, NaX sheet 41 be similar to the NaX sheet that is used for absorbed air but needn't in shape with the NaX sheet that is used for absorbed air mutually roughly the same.

Therefore, AE-CAES embodiment has also used the NaX zeolite to be used for the second new purposes of the absorption of porous material of the present invention.Yet should be emphasized that, can use many other porous materials of also can be used in via the absorption of water pumping/pumping heat (such as, silica gel), or in fact any other suitable fluid.Select employed here water-NaX adsorbate-sorbent to being because, as air-NaX to, adsorbate cheap and environmental sound, and the fine understanding of sorbent, be not easy along with use repeatedly and deterioration (when suitable bonding is used for sheet; Referring to G. Storch, G. Reichenauer, F. Scheffler and A. Hauer, Adsorption 14,275, and 2008), and commercially available acquisition.Another advantage of water-NaX system is such fact: when the amount of the water that is adsorbed onto NaX is calculated when 30% drops to 0% according to weight, water vapor is increased to about twice of this value to the differential heat of adsorption of NaX from the approaching value of value (perhaps 44 KJ/ moles) with the heat of the vaporization of water.This means: rise to heat the means of higher temperature except providing, even after the deduction interdischarge interval evaporates the water required heat, the NaX bed 41 of heat pump also will be with latent heat (and sensible heat) stored in form great amount of heat.Because it is more a lot of greatly than the heat that air is adsorbed onto NaX that water vapor is adsorbed onto the heat of NaX, so the amount of the required NaX of this adsorption heat pump only is the sub-fraction in order to the amount of the required NaX of absorbed air self.

During the front half part of charging process (Fig. 3) again; Mouth 23 from the steam of jar 20 top through being positioned at it arrives another compressor 31; Compressor 31 is elevated to 2.8 times to the pressure of steam, and because the adiabatic index of water also is about 1.3 and be elevated to about 200 ℃ to its temperature.It arrives heat exchangers 36 via the valve of opening 32 subsequently, at heat exchanger 36 places, cools off this steam through the adverse current of the atmosphere that above heat exchanger, blown by fan 37, in this process air heating to about 150 ℃ temperature.The Carnot of the coefficient of the performance of this heat pump is restricted to 7.5, and it should be suitable with the mean coefficient of the performance of methyl alcohol compressor 19 during the front half part of charging process.It should be noted that

compressor

19 and 31 required energy also finish as the heat of storing, and can recover subsequently, remedy the loss in other places in system thus; By contrast, the required energy of operation fan 37 is not remarkable.

Come the hot air of automatic heat-exchanger 36 to flow in the insulated tank 40 and the bed of the uninflated NaX zeolite sheet 41 of flowing through, about 30% initial weight of NaX sheet 41 is the water (referring to Figure 10) that is adsorbed onto them.The temperature of hot air rising NaX sheet 41, cause this water with the form of water vapor from their desorption and this process cooling air.This water vapor carries the container 40 through being full of the NaX sheet by air, and under the situation of about 40 ℃ temperature, leaves with the form of the wet air the other end from it.Be used for the steam that the air that gets into NaX bed 41 heats is left from heat exchanger 36 through reduction valve 38, so it also is cooled to normal point and most of condensation far below water.Because not having heat transmission is completely, so this water is still preserved the part of the heat that it comprises when getting into heat exchanger.Through making water turn back to the surface of the thesaurus 43 that produces it, then stored the energy that in this sensible heat, is comprised.

Similarly, from the hot wet air process condenser 47 that NaX bed 41 leaves, water passes through condenser 47 via the action of pump 44.This water flows out from the cold bottom of thesaurus 43 through cooler 47, and flow back into the surface of the warm heat of thesaurus 43 through the valve of opening 50.The heat of condensation is delivered to the surface water of thesaurus thus equally.For the purpose of efficient, use the needs of the heat of condensation to stress by A. Hauer (in above-mentioned quoted passage), and its selection scheme of storage also has been asked to protection in nearest patent (US 6,820,441) in thesaurus.The water of condensation self accumulates in the basin 49, in case and AE-CAES embodiment charges fully then the water of condensation just can be dropped or join thesaurus 43.

By contrast, during the latter half part of duration of charge section (Fig. 4), fan 37 cuts out and container 40 is sealed, thereby makes moisture can not be adsorbed onto the NaX bed 41 that container is comprising prematurely again.Be alternative in steam at 200 ℃; Be in far below it boiling point hot water directly from jar 20 (at jar 20; It obtains heat from the hot compression methanol steam) valve 35 (valve 35 is walked around present idle compressor 31) of flowing through and opening now, and continue not flow on the surface of thesaurus 43 under the situation about further cooling off have.In this way, remaining sensible heat in heat that during the latter half part of duration of charge section, is produced by compression of air and absorption and the NaX bed 1 also ends in the thesaurus 43.How below will describe this heat recovers subsequently.

In case AE-CAES embodiment charges fully, most of mechanical energy of its inside is just mainly in the NaX sheet bed 1 of stored in form in cylinder 2 with the air of absorption.As previously mentioned, about 83% of this energy also mainly be stored in the water thesaurus 43 as heat.In addition, take out many several times energy with the form of heat from NaX bed 1, the major part of this heat is a sensible heat, and still less but heat that significant contribution comes the absorption of free air to produce.The major part of this heat will be stored in the water thesaurus 43 as sensible heat equally, but the heat of significant amount also will be stored in the NaX bed 41 of adsorption heat pump as latent heat and sensible heat.

As long as valve 30 and 56 keeps shut capturing compression and air absorption, just will can not lose before basically in discharge with the energy of this stored in form.Similarly, as long as container 40 keeps sealing to moisture, the energy that is stored in the NaX bed 41 as latent heat just will can not leak from it before discharge.Shown in above; More substantial significantly heat will be stored in the water thesaurus 43 as sensible heat; But the speed that this heat leaks from thesaurus will can be very not big because the temperature difference between the environment of water and thesaurus will be not can be very greatly (even at cold snap also far below 100 ℃).The loss of another not too direct form will be to leak into the heat in the chamber with wall 4, and the temperature of the NaX bed 1 wherein that raises also forces some pressurized air of release to exceed the pressure that cylinder 2 can bear to prevent that pressure is elevated to.Yet again, AE-CAES embodiment is arranged on below the conventional environment temperature about 70 ℃ symmetrically and comes to make hardy these temperature differences to keep lowlyer with about 70 ℃ minimum and maximum temperature more than the conventional environment temperature through using.For the temperature gradient of this appropriateness, leak owing on one day or shorter expection section memory time, be low to moderate the sensible heat of acceptable level, then standard low cost heat insulation (such as, polyurethane foam) should prevent all losses.

When having arrived the time of the mechanical energy of recovering and storing in AE-CAES embodiment, through cut-off valve 50 and open valve 51, then the water from the warm heat on the surface of thesaurus is conducted through heat exchanger 16.Simultaneously, fan 37 is used to blow surrounding atmosphere so that its NaX bed 41 through adsorption heat pump, and at NaX bed 41 places, it obtains sensible heat from bed but does not obtain a lot of latent heat, much is not used for the moisture that adsorbs again because it does not comprise.In this heat some will be delivered to the water of the heat exchanger 47 that is positioned at the outlet port of flowing through, and there, it continues to heat exchanger 16, but most of heat will be carried to air and is in the still room of outlet 48 of higher temperature.As being schematically shown in Fig. 7 and 8, through arranging the baffle means/retention device (baffling) in the room of outlet 48 again, the air of this warm heat is directed into air turbine via pipeline 52, and this air turbine comprises

parts

53,54 and 55.As the description that will carry out now, it will be used in the there to prevent that the inflate compression air from cooling off.

Simultaneously, the warm hot water of the heat exchanger 16 of flowing through makes the methyl alcohol boiling in the storage tank 15, and storage tank 15 is under the atmospheric a fraction of pressure at first.The methanol steam that is obtained is used for the cylinder 2 that is comprising the NaX sheet bed 1 that is adsorbed with air is heated subsequently, as previously mentioned.This converts the air of absorption to pressurized air with the speed that the speed that gets into the chamber with wall 4 through the control methanol steam is controlled.When producing this pressurized air through desorption, this pressurized air also is directed to the air turbine with

parts

53,54 and 55 through the valve of opening now 56, as shown in Figure 8.Quality and flux of energy during this front half part of discharge process are illustrated among Fig. 5.

In case energy only about half of of storage recovered and the temperature of the NaX bed 1 that pressurize near ambient temperature, then valve 45 is just opened so that pass through vaporizer 46 from the warm hot water on thesaurus 43 surfaces, vaporizer 46 is distributed in it on the heat exchanger 36 as mist.Simultaneously, via the valve of opening 34, the warm hot water that is driven from thesaurus 43 by pump 39 passes through heat exchanger 36, and prevents that through cut-off

valve

32,33 and 35 warm hot water from arriving

air compressor

26 and 28, so that avoid evaporating its ambient air of water cooling.In this way, before getting into the NaX bed 41 that pressurizes, do not utilize water vapor and become saturated, and be heated in its adsorptive process when not pressurizeing the NaX bed through water vapor from the air of fan 37.Quality and flux of energy during this latter half part of discharge process are illustrated among Fig. 6.Certainly, simple carburetor (such as, 46) use be not to be necessary for the present invention, and can be easily as required by impeller or ultrasonic humidifier replacement.

Hauer (in above-mentioned quoted passage) shows: air will leave the far-end of adsorption heat pump container 40 in the temperature that surpasses 100 ℃.When this situation occurring, the part of the heat that it comprises will be delivered to the adverse current from the warm hot water on storage tank 43 surfaces via heat exchanger 47, along with discharge process carry out and it gradually towards 100 ℃ of heating.This will be elevated to the temperature and pressure of the methanol steam that is produced in the jar 15 even higher level, when discharge process finishes, is heated to 100 ℃ to the NaX bed 1 in the cylinder 2 thus.Simultaneously, through the water of over-heat-exchanger 36 be cooled and the bottom that turns back to thesaurus 43 to use during to the device charging in next time.

Through make at interdischarge interval air along and between charge period hot air through NaX sheet bed 41 so that the approximate opposite direction of the direction of the NaX bed desorption moisture that never pressurizes through the NaX sheet bed 41 that do not pressurize, has also been improved AE-CAES embodiment's efficient.This has increased efficient; If because operation like this, during the front half part of discharge process, obtain by the air that gets into bed, or during latter half part, will before it arrive far-end, lose to cooler and/or so dry NaX bed through some sensible heats that produce from the air adsorbed moisture.This approximate adverse current is realized by the system of the interior baffler of describing with heavy line in the accompanying drawing 42; Baffler 42 in arranging is so that the center of air through bed gets into near-end but around periphery, leave far-end between charge period; And subsequently in interdischarge interval is arranged again baffler 42 so that air gets into periphery at near-end but leaves through the center at far-end, as being schematically shown (also referring to Figure 10) in Fig. 7 and 8.Certainly, other embodiment also is possible, and wherein far-end comprises second fan, can make air when returning through NaX bed 41, adopt by chance opposite path, and acting on of heat exchanger 36 and 47 exchanges installing when discharging.

At last, we describe the heat how warm hot air that gets into said room of outlet 48 and pass through via pipeline 52 is used to heat from the inflate compression air of NaX bed 1 and recovers thus to compress during the two at the whole front half part and latter half part of discharge process.Design comprises this air turbine that is labeled as 53,54 and 55 parts in Fig. 7 and 8, so that get into that its pressurized air stream expands and quicken (referring to Figure 11) through having twisted blade along the Venturi tube that its length extends in parallel.This has produced eddy current, and eddy current produces vacuum at the back at it, and this is the bigger endless belt of diameter through the static vane 54 a little upwards rolled with respect to blade 53 and be pumped into warm hot air from pipeline 52 then.This second eddy current of warm hot air merges with eddy current from the cold expanded air of blade 53, and mixes with it rapidly and up hill and dale through this process.The blade 55 of the air swirl bump air turbine machine rotor that rapidly moves now, and thus being stored in the energy in the pressurized air and converting the mechanical type that is used for exterior use to as the part of the energy of heat storage.Certainly; Can use many other devices, such as reciprocating type air engine, through said many other devices; Heat and pressurized air can convert mechanical energy in various alternate embodiments, although these usually not as as mixer-sparger air turbine of just having described effectively.

Supposing that AE-CAES embodiment discharged a megawatthour with constant speed in six hour time period energy and pressurized air are heated in this process is back to ambient temperature, and pressurized air must be with about 700 M that under the situation of ambient temperature and pressure, measure ³Flow rate hourly and being released.Compressed-air actuated true temperature will start from-40 ℃ and in six hour time period, be increased to gradually near 100 ℃, and under the situation of any setting pressure, is 1.6 times in the density of 100 ℃ air in the density of-40 ℃ air.So, be in ten atmospheric air must discharge time section beginning the time with 54 M ³Flow rate hourly be released and when finishing with 86 M ³Flow rate hourly is released.Under adiabatic condition, the process that this air will expand along with its and when beginning, be cooled to-152 ℃ and be cooled to-80 ℃ when section finishes in discharge time, this will be decreased to 283 and 454 M to flow respectively owing to compressed-air actuated release then ³Per hour.In order to make the air be in these temperature turn back to ambient temperature, it must with about 8.87 and the 5.25 times air mixing in this quality of 45 ℃ of temperature, 45 ℃ is the approximate temperature through the air of pipeline 52 entering air turbines.The flow rate of required 45 ℃ of air that pass through this pipeline thereby at Duan Zhongcong 6628 M six hour discharge time ³Per hour change to 3920 M ³Per hour.

Use 7000 kilograms of NaX sheet beds, A. Hauer (in above-mentioned quoted passage) also can be 6000 M in six hour time period ³Air stream hourly is heated between 120 and 100 ℃, and this is corresponding to about 120 kilowatts heat.Because only 83% energy is stored as heat, so, to a megawatthour 6 hour discharge time of hypothesis during the section turbo machine will need about 0.83 * 1000/6=138 kilowatt heat.Early stage at discharge process, will be must be too many methyl alcohol heating, therefore the flow rate of the non-humidifying air stream through NaX sheet bed 41 can keep higher relatively, and can be to send water pump through heat exchanger 47 at a high speed.The air that is obtained will get into pipeline 52 with 45 ℃ temperature a shade below above hypothesis, but the flow rate of its entering turbo machine also will be greater than above 6628 M 45 ℃ of discoveries ³Per hour.Along with discharge is carried out, pump 44 is slack-off, thereby when discharge time, section finished, the temperature of water of leaving heat exchanger 47 was near the temperature of the air of process above it or 100 ℃.Simultaneously; The flow rate of humidifying air stream of NaX sheet bed 41 of flowing through is slack-off gradually; Thereby when discharge process waned to the close, the temperature that gets into the air of turbo machines through pipeline 52 will be less times greater than 45 ℃, and its flow rate also will be less than above 3920 M 45 ℃ of estimations ³Per hour.

The AE-CAES embodiment's of above oblatio parts comprise: water-NaX adsorption heat pump, compressed-air actuated NaX zeolite beds and based on the senior air turbine of mixer-sparger principle with the stored in form of absorption.It also comprises makes all these parts required control system of synchronously working, as stated.Especially; Must regulate charging and have pressure and its speed of methyl alcohol entering in the chamber of wall 4 with interdischarge interval; Thereby produce or present to comprising that being labeled as 53,54 respectively to convert pressurized air the air of absorption to and from the air conversion pressurized air of absorption, make the pressure of the gaseous air in the cylinder 2 keep constant approx thus all the time with the identical speed of the turbo machine of 55 parts by

compressor

26 and 28 with pressurized air.Though this task is not inessential, it remains can be by the system intergration problem of the complete standard in the chiral process of those skilled in the art's completion.

Can adopt many alternatives to AE-CAES embodiment's machinery and fluidic component and the material that adopts to its, selecting all these only is in order to express through using the advantage that sorbent obtained to realize that with facility the storage of pressurized air and heat and complementary temperature variation circulate.Because when calculating the overall efficiency of AE-CAES device, must deduct process pump and the required energy of compressor from the energy that discharges; So possible fully is the moderate improvement that can obtain embodiment through this replacement, but they must still stand the above Carnot restriction that provides.Especially, it should be noted our undeclared Driven Compressor 19,26,28 and 31 motive force are from where, where the mechanical force that is perhaps produced by the air turbine that comprises parts 53,54 and 55 is used for.Usually; Compressor is by motoring; But in coal-fired plant or nuclear power plant; Also gain the contrast to mechanical energy in the compressor transfer subsequently with converting the mechanical energy from turbo machine to electricity, it will be more cost effective that for example direct steam turbine from the power station comes Driven Compressor via hydraulic system.Certainly, so same for the AE-CAES device that is installed in the wind turbine farm.Similarly, use in some cases the pressurized air that is discharged in the AE-CAES device discharge is being driven pneumatic tool or machine but not be used for generating, maybe be more economically.

AE-CAES device and/or temperature variation CAES device also can adopt the various chemical processes that other is generally acknowledged under the situation of the intention that does not depart from the inventor in fact.For example, embodiment's water-NaX heat pump 40 and 41 can be based on the absorption of other adsorbate-sorbent to gas in, the liquid medium, perhaps even by also can be with the various solid-liquid phase-change materials replacements of latent heat stored in form heat.Can also replenish or all replace the heat storage subsystem by the used heat recovery or the thermal energy collecting of the whole bag of tricks.If for example the AE-CAES device be positioned at produce heat as the power station of by-product (such as, coal-fired plant or nuclear power plant) locate, then this heat can be used for reheating the air of expansion and/or the sorbent of air.Alternately, when the AE-CAES device for example was installed in place, wind turbine farm, plate solar heat collector also can easily produce the mild temperature of needs when the AE-CAES device is discharged.Main points are: the heat that used by any parts of AE-CAES device at interdischarge interval needn't be for having been produced by inverse process in to the charging of AE-CAES device.

If give suitable cheap thermal source; Then also will use it to store or to produce the sorbent refrigeration system again during the section discharge time, this sorbent refrigeration system can be alternative in embodiment's both vapor compression refrigeration system and be used for during the duration of charge section, cooling off in the NaX bed absorbed air NaX bed.If this environment thermal source always can not used in their time of needs; But then heat can be in the time spent with sensible heat or latent heat form with the produced simultaneously heat of device charging is being stored, and be used to remedy because incomplete any energy loss of causing of heat transmission.Certain combination through serviceability temperature and variation in pressure come to substitute as the pure temperature variation in above AE-CAES embodiment, also should reduce the required temperature variation of high duty ratio size, and therefore reduce the heat that must obtain and return to the sorbent of air from the sorbent of air.These variations can significantly improve the Economy of structure and/or operation A E-CAES device in the various potential application of many AE-CAES devices.

In a second embodiment, as a kind of replacement scheme at this porous material of interdischarge interval heating, adsorption heat pump is used at the porous material that charges into compressed-air actuated freezing absorbed air of while for system.This has such advantage and is: it can reduce the energy that moves vapor compression heat pump and must expend, because the temperature difference of pumping/pumping heat can significantly reduce.This temperature difference depends on many factors, such as the sorbent-adsorbate that is used by adsorption heat pump temperature, the temperature of external environment condition and other running parameter of energy storage apparatus to storage sensible heat in the usability of, cheap used heat or solar heat and temperature, water thesaurus or other thermal energy storage subtense angle.When this temperature difference reduces, pass to via vapor compression heat pump determined number heat the amount of the extra mechanical energy that must expend descend rapidly then.Because this additional energy can not recover as the mechanical energy of stored in form with the air of compression and absorption, thus it must by from the energy deduction that recovers so that calculate the belt efficient (round-trip efficiency) of energy-storage system.So second embodiment can provide more effectively energy storage apparatus in some cases.

Yet, before describing second embodiment in detail, can store the estimation more accurately of the density of air and energy in the bed with the NaX sheet that provides filling.This estimation has improved the estimation that provides in the early time in the aspect below.The first, being alternative in hypothesis is self-contained process from air adsorption of nitrogen and oxygen, and many components of Sipps equation at constant temperature will be used in from scrubbed gas N ₂, O ₂With the quantity [G. W. Miller, AlChE Symp. Ser. 83,28,1987] of Ar equation at constant temperature extrapolation as the adsorbed air molecule of the function of pressure.The second, be alternative in through extrapolating and estimate " dutycycle " on-40 to+100 ℃ temperature variation, through (or Sipps is to N for kelvin temperature Langmuire reciprocal from the amount of estimating at the air of-40,24 and 50 ℃ of absorption ₂) in the thermoisopleth coefficient logarithm least square fitting and N ₂The Sipps thermoisopleth in index be set to its whole asymptote of high temperature, then obtain explicit scrubbed gas thermoisopleth at 100 ℃ from scrubbed gas thermoisopleth extrapolation at these three lower temperatures.This linear dependence hints by thermodynamic (al) van ' t Hoff equation, and the scrubbed gas thermoisopleth that is obtained can be used for estimating the mixed gas thermoisopleth at 100 ℃ via expansion Sipps equation subsequently, just as the same at these three lower temperatures.Even van ' t Hoff equation will be only here under the situation of interested temperature and pressure be similar to and match (though reasonably accurate) only separately based on three points, this objective process also is regarded as to be estimated tighter than previous special (ad hoc).The 3rd, be alternative in as previous use than the zero pressure in the simple equation, use from working pressure to an atmospheric isothermal expansion of supposition and estimate the energy density of being stored that is associated with the amount of the air that adsorbs in the scope of the working pressure of consideration.In addition, comprised when under the situation in working pressure during the desorption air by the air work.The result shows: last two corrective measures in our model of inflation process cancel each other out to a great extent, and the energy density that is therefore obtained is estimated to be similar to those energy densities that obtain through the poor slightly process of our previous leakproofness and estimated.

The isothermal plotted curve of mixed gas air that is directed against NaX at-40,24,50 and 100 ℃ temperature place that Figure 12 has described to obtain as stated.Suppose as before: the NaX sheet is 20% inert binder according to volume; Macroporous volume can be ignored in the particle; And the NaX sheet is filled in the adsorbent bed with 80% volume density, and these thermoisopleths have hinted the amount of the air that in following table 1, shows to all temps and pressure.Dimensionless number in the table volume that to be the air that comprised in the per unit volume of adsorbent bed under the situation of 25 ℃ and atmospheric STP (STP) will occupy with the form of free gas is supposed 24.8 liters STP molecular volume.

Table 1

Manometer pressure (bar)	0	5	10	15	20	25	30
								Volume in the storage of-40 ℃ of per unit volume NaX beds at the air of STP	45.0	96.7	111.8	119.9	125.3	129.4	132.7
Volume in the storage of 24 ℃ of per unit volume NaX beds at the air of STP	9.0	37.3	54.2	65.9	74.7	81.5	87.1
								Volume in the storage of 50 ℃ of per unit volume NaX beds at the air of STP	5.2	25.6	41.2	53.8	64.4	73.5	81.3
Volume in the storage of 100 ℃ of per unit volume NaX beds at the air of STP	1.9	10.7	18.6	25.8	32.4	38.4	44.0

It should be noted that at 10 bar we obtain dutycycle (111.8-18.6)/111.8=83% on-40 to 100 ℃ of temperature variation, consistent with our early stage estimation.Result in the table 1 also directly causes the result in the following table 2; In table 2; We are the amount of the air that discharges from the NaX bed of per unit volume on all temps and variation in pressure, with begin in the working pressure that from column heading, provides and be reduced to atmospheric simple pressure change on the amount of those air of discharging of the per unit volume jar of never NaX of (all at 25 ℃) compare.

Table 2

Manometer pressure (bar)	0	5	10	15	20	25	30
								In the NaX bed, change with P and change w/o 13X at 25 ℃ at 24 ℃ P	N/A	5.7	4.5	3.8	3.3	2.9	2.6
24 to 100 ℃ of T in the 13X bed change with P at 25 ℃ and change w/o 13X	N/A	5.3	3.6	2.7	2.1	1.7	1.4
								(24, X) to (100,0) (T P) changes with P at 25 ℃ and changes w/o	N/A	7.1	5.2	4.3	3.6	3.2	2.8
In the 13X bed, change with P and change w/o at 25 ℃ at-40 to 100 ℃ of T of P=X	N/A	17.2	9.3	6.3	4.6	3.6	3.0
								(40, X) to (100,0) (T P) changes with P at 25 ℃ and changes w/o	N/A	19.0	11.0	7.9	6.2	5.1	4.4

Can find out; With respect to there not being under the situation of NaX simple pressure change at 25 ℃; When the improvement that combines the dutycycle when the temperature variation between-40 to 100 ℃ is used NaX is 17.2 under the situation of 5 bar, and along with pressure whenever doubles and descends only about half of.Yet the amount that discharges the required NaX of the air of specified rate will descend when exceeding about 10 bar comparatively lentamente because it under this pressure and-40 ℃ situation to a great extent by the saturated air (relatively Figure 12) that has been full of.Similarly, because NaX is keeping being less than this air of 20% under the situation of 10 bar and 100 ℃, so also quite limited through being reduced to pressure the improvement that obtains below 10 bar.Our early stage conclusion has been supported in these observations: when adopting-40 to 100 ℃ of temperature variation, the working pressure of about 10 bar will be best for system.When this temperature variation and variation in pressure combination; Changing the density then store air with respect to simple pressure can be increased to 11.0 (referring to last columns of table 2) from 9.3, but this only 18% improvement possibly be unworthy on this big variation in pressure, keeping the surcharge of the required hardware of constant output.

Therefore, we suppose as before: by means of-40 to 100 ℃ of temperature variation, from NaX desorption air, and air expands in 25 ℃ isothermal process subsequently under the situation of constant pressure.This allows in to system discharge, to make that the mechanical work of being done is divided into two parts.First portion is when according to the mechanical work that when-40 are heated to 100 ℃, keep-ups pressure constant needs and desorption air at the NaX bed and done by air when allowing air expansion, and second portion is by the air work during 25 ℃ of (this temperature is approximately the mean temperature of NaX bed in this circulation) isothermal expansions are back to barometric pressure.Figure 13 has described these the two kinds of contributions to total PV merit as the function realization of working pressure, makes temperature variation remain on-40 to 100 ℃ all the time.In the isobaric desorption of air and work substantial constant when exceeding 10 bar between the phase of expansion, under the situation of 10 bar pressure, it also is subsequently during the isothermal expansion about 75% of work.Our early stage conclusion is further supported in these observations: this pressure makes the benefit maximization through using NaX bed absorbed air to obtain substantially.

Because above-mentioned counteracting in our tighter but still Utopian inflationary model, estimation under the situation of (table) pressure of 10 bar in the NaX bed density of stored energy be 6.9 kWhr/M ³, almost the same with our early stage estimation definitely.The heat of absorption remains about twice of the mechanical energy of being stored, and in the storage circulation, must still keep big several times from the sensible heat that the NaX bed obtained and returned to the NaX bed.In principle, all this heats can be stored and to system discharge the time, can recover once more system being charged into the compressed-air actuated while, and this will allow the AE-CAES system to work as " purely " energy storage apparatus.Show that for ease the original embodiment and second embodiment of following institute oblatio are designed in possible working by this way to the full extent.Yet; In practice; The expense of this subtense angle of thermal energy storage very efficiently will be very high, and this heat is migrated move the required other energy that is used by vapor compression heat pump and make that under any circumstance energy storage system can not exist very efficiently.Through when utilizing certain external heat source to remedy the heat-energy losses of generation, the thermal energy storage subtense angle that utilization efficiency is low slightly can obtain cheap a little AE-CAES device.Under the simplest situation, this outside heat can only join the hot water thesaurus, and the original embodiment and second embodiment have used this hot water thesaurus to be used for thermal energy storage.

A warning that must be noted that is: when the absorption that is regarded as pure energy storage apparatus in calculating strengthens the physical rings line efficiency of CAES system, and must this other heat energy of deduction.Fortunately, this other heat need not be in the temperature far above 100 ℃ so that when discharging the mechanical energy of being stored, be heated to this temperature to the NaX bed.In addition, using the heat that is in similar mild temperature also can produce again is used for cooling back the absorption refrigerating machine (seeing below) based on methyl alcohol and active carbon to-40 ℃ to bed in a second embodiment.As a result, even the AE-CAES system is not " efficiently " on the physical significance of the literal of strictness, the AE-CAES system can be efficiently aspect Economy also.

By this, we are meant: compare with the value of the mechanical energy self of storing, the cost of required other heat energy can be very inappreciable.In fact, often be regarded as " used heat " and directly be discharged in the environment at the heat of this mild temperature, even when not having this useless stream, also often can be from the heat of cheap solar thermal collector acquisition in these identical mild temperature.

Referring now to second embodiment, the energy storage circuit general introduction beginning that we show from Figure 14.The state description of the system the during beginning of each section in four sections of circuit is in the square frame on the bottom that is arranged in accompanying drawing, left side, top and right side, and indicated the hot-fluid between the various parts in system during each section at the diagrammatic sketch at four turnings.More particularly, these sections of circuit are:

The front half part of charging process is labeled as " spontaneous cooling ", because the temperature of NaX bed will surpass the temperature of cold (perhaps near ambient temperature) water thesaurus, thereby heat spontaneously flows to water from NaX.In this embodiment, through recycle methanol effectively between these two hot thesaurus, heat is carried to water from NaX.Simultaneously, the pressurized air through the input of mechanical energy, the heat transfer of compression is to the water thesaurus, and warp cools off and air is by compression adsorbed by the NaX bed.

The latter half part of charging process is labeled as " adsorbing freezing ", because during this section of circuit, when methanol steam evaporation and when the NaX bed carries heat, methanol steam is attracted in the activated carbon beds.This heat is adsorbed onto its heat with methanol steam, is delivered to the water thesaurus from active carbon as before.Simultaneously, air continues by the mechanical energy compression, and the heat transfer of compression is to the water thesaurus, and air has reached its minimum temperature in this circulation by NaX absorption until it.

The front half part of discharge process is labeled as " spontaneous heating ", because the temperature of NaX bed is lower than environment now, thereby heat will spontaneously flow to it from the cold water thesaurus.Yet in order to obtain also to produce it so again to be used for the required higher temperature of next circulation from active carbon desorption methyl alcohol, heat at first is delivered to active carbon from the hot water thesaurus.Therefrom, heat is carried to the heat exchanger that touches with the NaX bench grafting by methanol steam, at the NaX bed, and the methanol steam condensation, and the liquid that is obtained is stored to be used for next circulation.This is back to approximately ambient temperature to the NaX bed from its minimum temperature heating then, causes the part of air desorption that it comprises.The air of desorption is allowed to expand and is back to barometric pressure, also obtains heat and produces output mechanical energy from the hot water thesaurus simultaneously.

The latter half part of discharge process is labeled as " effectively heating ", because during this section of circuit, the NaX bed is back to it at its maximum temperature in this circulation by effective heating, and this temperature will be the temperature of pressurized hot water thesaurus not at least.In this embodiment, use methyl alcohol to move to NaX to heat from the hot water thesaurus once more as heat transfer fluid.As a result, its surplus air of NaX bed desorption, air expansion obtains other heat and this process, produces other output mechanical energy from the water thesaurus.

As among first embodiment, use vapor compression heat pump between the hot thesaurus of heat, effectively to transmit heat.Two this heat pumps are used by second embodiment, and one of them uses methyl alcohol as its working fluid and the conventional halocarbon refrigerant of another use wherein.For complete, we further point out: but when in the external heat source time spent of 100 ℃ or higher temperature, can use them to substitute effective heat pump, save the energy expense that is associated with vapor compression heat pump thus.This external heat source also can be used in and produces activated carbon beds again, and in this case, the cold in the NaX bed can be used in the freezing or air conditioning in the building.In these purposes of outside heat any also can remedy the thermal loss during the various heat transmission in hot water thesaurus or the circulation.They in addition the heat of storing in enough hot water thesaurus is available to allow it to be used for the space heating or the hot water of building.Again, for simplicity, we will can not be regarded as " purely " energy storage apparatus to all these selection schemes of operation AE-CAES system here, but this can be to use its most economical method in many cases.

Figure 15 to 18 according to the identical order of the above order that provides, second embodiment's when demonstrating the beginning of each section in four sections of circuit of storage more detailed but still schematic diagrammatic sketch.Parallel lines have been depicted the pipeline of system, and the size of the dotted line between them is being indicated the kind of the fluid of the pipeline of flowing through.Air is by the common dotted line indication of moderate-length, and long solid dot and dash line indication water, medium thick dot and dash line indication methyl alcohol, and the conventional halocarbon refrigerant of short and thick dot and dash line indication.In these four figure, the valve of opening is described by hourglass shape parallel but that be positioned at " pipeline " back, and the valve of cutting out is described by the hourglass shape that is covered with pipeline.The puffing valve of vapor compression heat pump is asymmetric hourglass shape, and it is construed as and comprises bypass, and said bypass allows under the situation that pressure is had no influence, to make stream to reverse.Confirm that the four-way valve of the direction of two hot-fluids in the heat pump described by circle, this circle has the diagonal that passes them, and, do not cut off through the fluid stream of a pair of port by this line.As the traditional approach in the engineering diagrammatic sketch, the compressor of two heat pumps is depicted as isosceles trapezoid, and they spray their high pressure output stream at wide their low pressure inlet flow of termination receipts and at narrow end.Positive discharge capacity liquid pump is shown as circle, when they are worked, in them, has the black triangle that is used to indicate mobile direction, perhaps when not working, just is positioned on the TOP and does not have a triangle.The heat exchanger subtense angle is by the indication of complications in the pipeline/zigzag fashion, as two heat exchanger subtense angles that in the air compressor of the left-hand side of four accompanying drawings and expander, comprised.These compressors and expander are plotted as isosceles trapezoid equally, yet they suck and discharge their air through the pipeline that is positioned at their sides, shown in figure.

Second kind of thermal energy storage subtense angle uses thesaurus separately to cold water and hot water, but not preserves hot water at the bottom of single thesaurus preservation cold water and at the top.This should improve the efficient of this subtense angle, but for its operation, is not critical.As stated; Methyl alcohol is the working fluid that is used to carry out following operation: in charging, moved to water to heat from air absorption NaX bed from cold thesaurus pumping/when being pumped into hot thesaurus at methyl alcohol, and in to the AE-CAES system discharge at methyl alcohol by from hot thesaurus pumping/move back to the NaX bed to heat from water when being pumped into cold thesaurus.During the latter half part of the front half part of charging process and discharge process, use methanol steam compressing hot pump H.P. #1 to realize this point.Yet, during the front half part of the latter half part of charging process and discharge process, move to heat the NaX bed and shift out heat from the NaX bed through adsorption heat pump based on methyl alcohol that constitutes adsorbate and sorbent respectively and active carbon.Then, transmit heat through the second vapor compression heat pump H.P. #2 the feedwater thesaurus of the heat transfer in the activated carbon beds and from the water thesaurus based on conventional halocarbon refrigerant (such as, dichloromethane).Heating and cooling methyl alcohol thesaurus when this second heat pump also is used for not using adsorption heat pump in cooling and heated air between the compression and the phase of expansion and using H.P. #1 respectively.

The arrow adjacent with pipeline indicated during storage circuit first section (perhaps front half part of charging process) the wherein direction that flows of various working fluids among Figure 15, and the heat that is carried between various hot thesaurus by these working fluids in some cases comes in addition mark.The heat that is produced by compression of air is labeled as Q ₁, and the heat that obtains from the methyl alcohol thesaurus is labeled as Q ₄Be adsorbed onto NaX and the heat that produces is labeled as Q by air ₂, and the other sensible heat that when ambient temperature is cooled off, obtains from the NaX bed when the NaX bed is labeled as Q ₃Similarly, the arrow among Figure 16 is indicated flowing of various working fluids, wherein mark Q ₁, Q ₂And Q ₃Representing these same components that during second section of circuit of storage, are delivered to the overall heat of hot water thesaurus, and Q ₅Representing methyl alcohol to be adsorbed onto the heat of activated carbon beds.Arrow among Figure 17 and 18 has been indicated the direction that flows in the adjacent tubes equally, and mark is being represented during the 3rd section of circuit of storage and the 4th section (discharge portion) these same components of overall heat that are back to the remaining part of system from the transmission of hot water thesaurus respectively.Stress like the front, show for ease that we do not consider in all these heat is transmitted, to follow the heat-energy losses of generation, in most of practical applications, must use certain external heat source to remedy heat-energy losses.

Figure 19 to 22 is presented at second embodiment's the much detailed process flow diagram of AE-CAES system of four points of the overall charge-discharge cycles identical with Figure 15 to 18 respectively.The quantity of the parts in first embodiment's under the quantity of the parts among Figure 19 to 22 and the situation that has similar those functions at parts the corresponding diagram 7 and 8 is identical, otherwise numeral continues to number continuously from those numerals of first embodiment.It is also to be noted that; Just as the same among Fig. 7 and 8; Figure 19 to 22 has the pair of parallel dotted line that extends to the bottom from the top; Between parallel dotted lines, has blank gap; It is arbitrarily to a certain extent that said pair of parallel dotted line is intended to indicate embodiment's scale, and the quantity of the relative size of various subtense angles, the duplicate components in them etc. is dispensable for embodiment, but substantially do not change embodiment's storage and the situation of the ability that produces mechanical energy again under can change to some extent.

Specifically; Can find out; Just as the same among first embodiment; Adsorb compressed-air actuated NaX sheet bed 1 (thick rectangle hacures) and be comprised in the array of the cylinder withstand voltage by aluminium or other, that Heat Conduction Material forms with wall 2, the rigid pipe that has the hole 3 that each cylinder has the length that extends through it with support structure is provided, also convenient air stream is through NaX sheet bed.Yet, it should be noted that in Figure 19 to 22 pressurized air is indicated in its space of being full of of the pattern covers through utilizing thick square dot, to substitute the from left to right acclivitous hacures that in Fig. 7 and 8 of first embodiment, once used for this purpose.Array with cylinder of wall 2 is comprised in the bigger jar with heat insulation (shown in brick shape hacures) wall 4 again; This jar is used to limit methyl alcohol heat transfer fluid (from left to right downward-sloping hacures); Through the methyl alcohol heat transfer fluid, cylinder and the NaX bed in them are cooled or heat when utilizing pressurized air to system's charge or discharge respectively.When system is charged; Methanol liquid (thick hacures) is sprayed to the top of cylinder so that when it flows down along their side and evaporates, cool off them through nozzle 8; And when system is charged; Methanol steam (thin hacures) is sucked in the jar with wall 4 through the perforated pipe 5 of cylinder below, with convenient methanol steam heating cylinder during condensation on the side of cylinder.The mouth 9 at the top of the methanol steam that produces through evaporation through being arranged in the jar with wall 4 leaves said jar with wall 4, and the discharge tube 6 of the bottom of the methanol liquid that causes from condensation through being arranged in the jar with wall 4 leaves.The glass fibre that the wall 4 of temp controlling tank can be economically be enough to bear the variation in pressure of its inside by thickness forms; Depend on the temperature in the jar of putting any preset time in circulation, this variation in pressure can be for being pressed onto hundreds of torr from several atmosphere.

With other subtense angle of similar second embodiment of first embodiment's subtense angle be methyl alcohol preserve jar and pump (parts 7 and 12), have the heat insulation methyl alcohol thesaurus (

parts

14,15 and 16) of the heat exchanger of embedding, based on the vapor compression heat pump of methyl alcohol and heat exchanger (

parts

18,19 and 20,21), a pair of centrifugal air compressor (parts 25 to 29) and the expansion turbine of connecting; This expansion turbine uses mixer-sparger principle when pressurized air expands, to prevent the pressurized air cooling, and in this process through warming up it hot air (indicate in its space of occupying of the pattern fills through utilizing thin square dot in the accompanying drawings) and mix to come efficiently and produce the mechanical energy (parts 52 to 56) of being stored again with not pressurizeing.In this last subtense angle one little but significant improve be its use contract-expansion formula/convergence-divergence expression (or de Laval) nozzle improves suction efficiency, wherein in Figure 19 to 22, is labeled as 57 to expansion.This layout be the constant voltage sparger instance (referring to, for example, J. M. Abdulateef, K. Sopian, M. A. Alghoul and M. Y. Sulaiman, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13,1338-1349,2009).

Now particularly referring to Figure 19, it is the NaX bed 1 in the cylinder with wall 2 under the situation of 10 bar manometer pressure that charging process starts from 100 ℃ and wherein air pressure.All water levels are in cold (ambient temperature) water thesaurus with heat insulation wall 66, and all methyl alcohol are arranged in the thesaurus with wall 15 basically.Pump 64 and 65 is opened to move to the hot water thesaurus with wall 67 to water from the cold water thesaurus according to controlled speed, and it is through having the heat exchanger insulated tank of wall 20 and 62 when water moves like this.Simultaneously; The compressor 19 and 69 of vapor compression heat pump (in Figure 15 to 18, being respectively H.P. #1 and H.P. #2) is opened, and be provided with four-way valve 71 and 70 so that: when water by pumping/pumping through have wall 20 and 62 when jar heat respectively via have wall 20 and 62 jar in heat exchanger 21 and 63 pass to this water.Control valve 10 is opened to allow liquid methanol to flow on the cylinder with wall 2 that comprises hot NaX bed 1 through nozzle 8 from the thesaurus with wall 15; Here, it cools off NaX bed 1 through evaporating from wall 2, and leaves the insulated tank with wall 4 via the mouth 9 at the top that is arranged in the insulated tank with wall 4, as previously mentioned.Therefrom, it is inhaled in the compressor 19 through the valve of opening 76, and the hot compression steam that leaves it this steam during through over-heat-exchanger 21 by water cooling.This steam partly liquefies when reduction valve 24 at its subsequently, and liquid-vapour mixture turns back to the thesaurus with wall 15 via the port one 4 at the top that is arranged in the thesaurus with wall 15.Similarly, the hot compression halocarbon refrigerant steam that leaves compressor 69 it during through over-heat-exchanger 63 by water cooling, and liquefy partly during through reduction valve 78 at its.This liquid-vapour mixture passes through the heat exchanger 27 and 29 of compressor 26 and 28 subsequently, and there, it cools off for the air after the compression in two stages of the correspondence that is compressed to 10 bar manometer pressure.Air is process filter and exsiccator 25 before the compression that gets into the phase I, and after leaving second stage, is directed into the NaX bed 1 in the cylinder with wall 2.Simultaneously; The still part of leaving heat exchanger 27 and 29 continues to the heat exchanger 16 in the methyl alcohol thesaurus with wall 15 for the refrigerant of liquid; At heat exchanger 16; Vaporize completely and when vaporizing, obtain heat and cool off it, will describe this now more effectively to be used for next section of circuit from the methyl alcohol thesaurus.

Next with reference to Figure 20, near second section NaX bed 1 that starts from ambient temperature (~ 25 ℃) of circuit, and in cold water thesaurus with

wall

66 and 67 and hot water thesaurus, have the water of equivalent substantially respectively.Methyl alcohol compressor 19 cuts out with corresponding water pump 64, and valve 68 cuts out to guarantee water this path of can not flowing through.Similarly, valve 18 cuts out, and the valve 75 that leads to the insulated tank with wall 72 that comprises active carbon 74 is opened.As a result, be alternative in and turn back to the thesaurus with wall 15, methanol steam is by active carbon adsorption, methanol steam then it during through over-heat-exchanger 73 by conventional halocarbon refrigerant cooling.Valve 80 through cutting out the heat exchanger 16 that leads to the methyl alcohol thesaurus and 81 and open valve 79 and 83 and replace realizes this point.Other subtense angle continues fully as work in first section of the above-mentioned circuit.It should be noted; When dropping to-40 ℃ in temperature, freezing subtense angle obtains enough specific cooling capacities in order to make to adsorb; Possibly must between insulated tank, blow with wall 4 and 72 vector gas (such as; But omitted for simplicity and realized the necessary fan of this point and other parts air).

Among Figure 19 to 22 black of expression active carbon 74 tiltedly band be intended to indication: it form the fiber band that twines heat exchanger 73 so as to improve active carbon and heat exchanger between thermo-contact, for example at [Hamamoto Et al., Intnl. J. Refrig. 29 (2006), 305] described in.Yet the definite form of active carbon is unimportant for embodiment, and can use many other shapes (such as, monolithic carbon or carbon granules).Another sorbent can also all be adopted, such as zeolite or silica gel.In any case use methyl alcohol all dispensable for the present invention as main refrigerant; And in fact; Although during the circuit high-temperature part with have wall 4 the jar in much higher pressure be cost; But will expect that from more volatile refrigerant (such as, ammonia) stronger specific cooling capacity is arranged at low temperature.Using certain absorption refrigerating machine to cool off among other embodiment of the porous material that is adsorbing air similarly, the mixture of refrigerant (such as, methyl alcohol and ammonia) also can provide best compromise.These with the existence of many other known variant is used to stress are; It is not necessary for the present invention that the absorption refrigerating machine that uses shows mode really conscientiously; And also possible is; The refrigerating machine that the heat of other kind drives (such as, adsorption system or thermocompressor) in some application of AE-CAES, can be useful.

Referring now to Figure 21,, discharge process starts from the NaX bed 1 in-40 ℃ but still the cylinder with wall 2 under the air pressure of 10 bar manometer pressure.All water levels and have all methyl alcohol in the methyl alcohol thesaurus of wall 15 by 74 absorption of the active carbon in the insulated tank with wall 72 in the hot water thesaurus with wall 67.Come from NaX bed 1 desorption pressurized air through the temperature that increases NaX bed 1 with in check mode.Mode through following realizes this point: closed control valve 10 also is provided with four-way valve 70; Pass through the heat exchanger 73 that is in thermo-contact with active carbon 74 so that leave the hot steam under pressure of heat pump compressor 69, the temperature of the active carbon 74 that raises thus also causes that methanol steam is from its desorption.The valve 76 that leads to the port at the place, top that is positioned at the temp controlling tank with wall 4 cuts out; And valve 11 is opened; Thereby this methanol steam flows along pressure gradient now; The perforated pipe 5 that leads to the at that is positioned at temp controlling tank, the pipe 5, it since it higher temperature and so lower density rise.When it run into cold when having the cylinder of wall 2, its condensation and in this process, discharge the heat of its condensation on them.Liquid methanol leaves temp controlling tank along the discharge tube 6 of the side flow of cylinder and the bottom through being arranged in it, and its is directed to from discharge tube 6 preserves jars 7.Positive-displacement pump 12 drives it through the valve of opening now 13 subsequently and is back to the methyl alcohol storage tank with wall 15.The heat that is imposed on active carbon 74 by heat exchanger 73 is from the hot water thesaurus with wall 67.When water driven by pump 65 through around the jar with wall 62 and arrive when having the cold water thesaurus of wall 66, this heat is delivered to the conventional halocarbon refrigerant of the heat exchanger 63 of flowing through.This process causes that the halocarbon refrigerant seethes with excitement down at the pressure that reduces in heat exchanger 62, and the steam that is obtained is pumped in the compressor 69, and steam leaves from compressor 69 with high temperature and high pressure.This heat pressurization halocarbon refrigerant also is used to heat expanded air, will describe this now.

Continue front half part and Figure 21 of discharge process, air compressor subtense angle 25 to 29 is closed and valve 30 cuts out with its remaining part isolation with system.Through opening the valve 56 that leads to the pressurized air storage subsystem that comprises parts 1 to 4, open air expansion device subtense angle with parts 52 to 59.In addition; Fan 60 is opened so that other surrounding atmosphere gets into the expander subtense angle;, surrounding atmosphere above heat exchanger 61, passes through when getting into the expander subtense angle; Through at cut-off valve 82 in case fluid stopping through air compressor heat exchanger 27 and 29, and open valve 84 and 85 simultaneously, the conventional halocarbon steam that then leaves heat exchanger 73 is conducted through heat exchanger 61.This uninflated warm hot air (indicate in its space of occupying of the pattern fills through utilizing thin square dot) is delivered to stator vane 54 via pipeline 52, and stator vane 54 applies or give eddy current/vortex to this warm hot air when this warm hot air is inhaled into through stator vane 54.When pressurized air through contracting-produce this suction by pressurized air during expansion formula/convergence-divergence expression nozzle; Be utilized at that time pressure, when it leaves constriction zone 53, reach Mach speed and when it leaves extended region 57, reach supersonic speed far below the pressure of uninflated warm hot air.This ultrasonic cold air flow sprays when it leaves nozzle for producing the warm hot air through stator 54 in eddy current and the constriction zone 58 at sparger, and wherein pressure keeps below ambient pressure.These the two kinds air streams that still do not mix fully to be to get into constant area zone 59 at a high speed, in constant area zone 59, and eddy current dissipation when they continue to mix these two kinds of air streams up hill and dale in energy and momentum conservation process basically.Near the end in constant area zone 59, the pressure that suddenly the makes air shock wave of projecting pressure again forms and further reduces its speed.Adjusted the ratio of the mass flowrate of the warm hot air of not pressurization that gets into the expander subtense angle and cold expanded air, so that guarantee: the subsonic speed of this rotation but still the air stream that moves rapidly are with the pressure of projecting a little pressure and also leave constant area regional 59 with near the temperature the home value 25 ℃.This has guaranteed that then the other cooling that when air stream puts on rotor 55 to its energy, takes place will be appropriate, because as desirable, convert the pressure energy major part to kinetic energy by the mixer-eductor subsystem with parts 53,54,57,58 and 59.

At last, we consider circuit last section as shown in Figure 22.In the beginning of this section, all methyl alcohol are driven from active carbon through the heating active carbon basically, and condensation is returned and is liquid through initial cold NaX, and turns back to the methyl alcohol thesaurus with wall 15.Valve 75 is closed to isolate the remaining part of active carbon and system; Valve 18 is opened; Methyl alcohol compressor 19 is opened and the four-way valve 71 of methanol heat-pump is set up; Be driven through valve 11 and get into and put in place in the perforated pipe 5 of the at of temp controlling tank so that leave the high temperature compressed methanol steam of compressor, just as once situation during circuit the last period with wall 4.In this way, NaX bed 1 is continued towards they 100 ℃ of heating of maximum temperature in circulation, and the liquid methanol that discharge tube 6 leaves temp controlling tank that passes through that is obtained simultaneously is back to the methyl alcohol thesaurus by pump 12 recirculation.Heat is once more from the hot water thesaurus, but when methyl alcohol seethes with excitement in heat exchanger 21 and when hot water it lead on the road of cold thesaurus drive by pump 64 through around have the jar of wall 20 time then heat be directly passed to methyl alcohol.Methyl alcohol leaves/discharges as the port one 4 at the top of steam through being arranged in thesaurus, and through leading at it on the road of heat exchanger 21 through reduction valve 17 and partly liquefaction.Methyl alcohol in the thesaurus is vaporized with promotion by conventional halocarbon refrigerant heating when it drives through heat exchanger 16 by compressor 69.Halocarbon steam continues to heat exchanger 61 subsequently and gets into the not forced air of mixer-sparger expansion turbine with warm heat, in the last period.The heat that is carried by halocarbon steam is driven through comprising the jar with wall 62 of heat exchanger 63 by pump 65 because it leads on the road of cold thesaurus at it also from the hot water thesaurus.When this section of circuit finished, NaX bed 1 had been heated to 100 ℃, and all basically water has turned back to the cold water thesaurus.The AE-CAES system is ready subsequently to be treated to charge again.

Be higher than 90% (perhaps the coefficient of performance remains and is higher than 10) for the Carnot restriction of the efficient that makes vapor compression heat pump remains, essentially be restricted to the lifting of temperature 35 ℃, or be restricted to 30 ℃ to the temperature rising to cooling to heating.This means that when using heat pump based on methyl alcohol when the 4th section of circuit finishes, to be elevated to 100 ℃ to the temperature of NaX bed, the water that enters into the cold water thesaurus from the heat exchanger jar with wall 20 can not be lower than 65 ℃; And similarly, when getting into water in the hot water thesaurus and be heated at the most 65 ℃, we can use the heat pump based on methyl alcohol during circuit first end, to be cooled to 35 ℃ to the NaX bed.Fortunately; During the most of the time of the 4th section of circuit, the temperature of NaX bed will be far below 100 ℃, thus allow we the water cooling that gets into the cold water thesaurus to more much lower than 65 ℃; And similarly; During first section major part, the NaX bed will be far above 35 ℃, thereby allow us to be heated to the water that gets into the hot water thesaurus far above 35 ℃.In case on many charge-discharge cycles, reached steady state, the temperature of cold water thesaurus will be 25 ℃ at the most, and the temperature of hot water thesaurus will reach 75 ℃,

For to the storage of mechanical energy with recover to obtain belt efficient, also should all be 90% effective at least on both direction based on the heat pump of halocarbon, and the temperature increase that it can be realized is had similar restriction greater than 80%.Yet in this case, the minimum and maximum temperature that it must obtain is come not too accurately to limit embodiment, and these details maybe be significantly different under the situation of the character that does not change embodiment in fact.For example, even the physical form of hypothesis active carbon is the shape of fiber band, the regeneration temperature of active carbon also will depend on employed accurate preparation.The NaX bed be lower than common ambient temperature (with compare for 100 ℃ of NaX bed hypothesis, this is less demanding) the situation of methyl alcohol pressure of simultaneous reduction under, most active carbon preparations will be expected and cause the regeneration temperature in 60 ℃ to 90 ℃ of the scopes.Similarly, needn't be in order to be cooled to the NaX bed-40 ℃ and be cooled to active carbon far below 25 ℃.Yet; The given activity carbon preparation of being used does not influence this AE-CAES embodiment and is intended to the principle that example is separated; And be enough to notice that the technician of adsorbing freezing field will appreciate that: cooling and heating requirements for active carbon should be so difficult for those requirements of NaX bed hypothesis not as here.Similarly; Cooling and heating requirements to air should be so difficult not as the requirement to NaX to 10 bar and when 10 bar expand when air compression; Especially provided the mixer-sparger turbo machine that is used for back one purpose and had such fact, promptly air will further cooling after it is by the absorption of NaX bed.

In the operation of AE-CAES system, the process that can use absorption and desorption is from the other energy of low grade heat source results.In similar process, even before steam passed through turbo machine, the boiling water in the Rankine circulating generator just was directly changed into PV (pressure-volume) merit to the heat of a certain amount of vaporization.Similar process is also effective in desorption, because the heat of a fraction of desorption was directly changed into the PV merit before the air expansion that makes desorption.If use symmetrical PV circular flow AE-CAES system, then the other energy of the amount of this appropriateness is stored in the AE-CAES system, shown in clear and definite among Figure 13.Figure 23 shows idealized PV circulation, and how the clockwise circulation of this PV cyclic representation can be added into overall circulation, thereby allows the AE-CAES system also to gather in the crops a certain amount of heat energy (certainly, standing the Carnot restriction).In the idealized circulation that shows; Exist respectively by the equipressure cooling and be heated to 25 ℃ and separate towards 13 bar (12 bar manometer pressure) with since the adiabatic compression of 13 bar and the three phases of expansion, this is similar to reality (less than isothermal) and compresses and expansion cycle.The equipressure of the air when the compression stage followed is cooled to-40 ℃ when the NaX bed in the NaX bed is adsorbed, and has reduced its volume that is used to store greatly.Yet, being not through contrary isopiestic process desorption air, but allowing the NaX bed to be heated to-6 ℃ at constant volume, this its pressure is elevated to 30.5 bar, and after this equipressure is heated to 107 ℃ and adiabatic expansion and is back to 13 bar.The remaining part of inflation process carries out subsequently, and is such in pure storage circulation as it.The energy of results equals the area by upper left side circulation encirclement, and equals approx by three areas that the right lower sides circulation is surrounded representing the energy that loses in compression and the inflation process.

Claims

1. mechanical energy storage device comprises:

Porous material, said porous material absorbed air;

Compressor, wherein compressor converts mechanical energy through air pressurized and heat to, is wherein adsorbed by porous material through air pressurized;

Jar, be used to store air through pressurizeing and being adsorbed;

Motor is able to driven the mechanical energy with recovering and storing through under pressure, allowing air generation desorption, and allows when air pressurized is driving said motor, to expand.

2. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein said motor is a turbo machine.

3. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 2; Wherein said turbo machine is by compressed air-driven; Through using mixer-ejector system to mix this pressurized air mutually with warm hot air, then not have under the remarkable situation about cooling off this pressurized air expand and quickening without pressurization.

4. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 3, wherein said mixer-ejector system comprise that the formula nozzle that contracts-expand is to be drawn into the warm hot air without pressurization in mixer-ejector system.

5. mechanical energy storage device comprises following each item:

Porous material, said porous material absorbed air;

Compressor converts mechanical energy through air pressurized and heat to;

Jar, the air of storage through pressurizeing and being adsorbed;

Motor is driven the mechanical energy with recovering and storing;

A plurality of heat pumps are configured in order to heating or cooling porous material;

Wherein, control said porous material and temperature on every side through air pressurized through allowing heat flow through preventing the barrier of air leakage;

Wherein by said a plurality of heat pump or cool off said barrier, so that promote heat flow through said barrier.

6. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5, the wherein said heat pump of the group selection of each item below comprising: vapor compression heat pump, adsorption heat pump or sorption type heat pump.

7. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5, wherein said heat pump configurations in order to utilizing mechanical energy to add in the device charging hot water, or utilizing mechanical energy to the device discharge in cooling water.

8. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 7, the thermal source that wherein is used to add hot water is the porous material that is used for absorbed air, the radiator that perhaps is used for cooling water is the porous material that is used for absorbed air.

9. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5; Reach its minimum value during the amount maximization of the mechanical energy that the temperature of the wherein said porous material that is used for absorbed air is stored at said device, and the amount of the temperature of the said porous material that the is used for absorbed air mechanical energy of storing at said device reaches its maximum value when minimizing.

10. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5; Wherein get rid of the heat that produces through absorbed air, the heat that perhaps before absorption, comprises in the porous material; To reduce the temperature of porous material and surrounding atmosphere, during adsorptive process, make pressure keep substantial constant thus.

11. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5; Wherein heat is added into porous material to compensate through the heat of desorption air consumption and the temperature of raise porous material and surrounding atmosphere, during desorption process, makes pressure keep substantial constant thus.

12. mechanical energy storage device according to claim 5 wherein through using the temperature of external heat source increase porous material before discharging the mechanical energy of storing or in the mechanical energy that discharges storage, comes to produce other mechanical energy from external heat source.

13. a mechanical energy storage device comprises following each item:

Porous material, said porous material absorbed air;

Compressor converts mechanical energy through air pressurized and heat to; Wherein through allowing heat flow to control porous material and temperature on every side through air pressurized through the barrier that prevents air leakage;

Thermal energy storage system, the air pressurized of wherein hanging oneself and be directed into heat energy system and storage from the heat of porous material; With

Jar, store air through pressurizeing and being adsorbed, wherein pass through when this heat of guiding passes through barrier, to allow air generation desorption and/or expansion, the next feasible heat that is stored in the thermal energy storage system is changed back and is mechanical energy.

14. energy storing device according to claim 13, wherein said heat is with the sensible heat stored in form.

15. energy storing device according to claim 13, wherein said heat is with the latent heat stored in form.

16. energy storing device according to claim 13, wherein other heat are added into thermal energy storage system to remedy the heat of transmission or memory period loss.