CN102447167B - Aerial array - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明披露了一种高频接收天线阵列,包括M个阵元,阵元间距可以是等间距,也可以是非等间距,M个阵元之间的间距分别为d1、d2、......dM-1,阵元之间的关系为:di=dM-i,di=di+2,M=2N,其中,i为M个阵元之间的间距的序号,i<M/2,N为正整数,以及其中,阵列长度由最小工作波长λ确定的。M个阵元之间的间距为等间距时,间距M个阵元之间的间距为不等间距时,间距d1+…+dM-1≤λ。与常规阵列设计方法,该方法不但可以得到比常规设计方法更窄的水平面和垂直方向图,及更高的接收阵列的方向性系数,且可使在所设计的工作频率范围内,阵列的方向性系数基本不变。同时还可在水平和垂直方向的任意角度上,实现具有可控制的宽零点。
The invention discloses a high-frequency receiving antenna array, which includes M array elements. The spacing between the array elements can be equal or unequal. The spacing between the M array elements is d 1 , d 2 , .. ....d M-1 , the relationship between array elements is: d i =d Mi , d i =d i+2 , M=2 N , where i is the number of the spacing between M array elements , i<M/2, N is a positive integer, and wherein, the array length is determined by the minimum working wavelength λ. When the spacing between M array elements is equal, the spacing When the spacing between the M array elements is unequal, the spacing d 1 +...+d M-1 ≤λ. Compared with the conventional array design method, this method can not only obtain narrower horizontal and vertical pattern than the conventional design method, and higher directivity coefficient of the receiving array, but also can make the direction of the array within the designed working frequency range The sex coefficient remains basically unchanged. At the same time, it can also realize a controllable wide zero point at any angle in the horizontal and vertical directions.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明总体上涉及天线领域,具体地涉及一种小型超方向宽零点高频接收天线阵列,且使阵列的方向性系数在所设计的工作频率范围内基本不变。The invention generally relates to the field of antennas, in particular to a small super-directional wide-null-point high-frequency receiving antenna array, and the directivity coefficient of the array is basically unchanged within the designed working frequency range.
背景技术Background technique
在高频波段(3~30MHz)由于信号的波长较长,常规的阵列设计很难实现较窄的方向图,特别是在垂直面方向。较宽的方向图不但会影响雷达系统对信号的方位估计、阵列方向性系数等指标的降低,还会使系统的抗干扰能力下降。此外,在高频波段,由于存在各类短波电台、通讯信号、大气噪声、工业干扰、电离层杂波等,致使高频波段的电磁环境非常复杂,选取合适的工作频率,且满足对干扰和杂波的抑制非常困难,特别是夜间,严重影响了雷达和通讯系统的正常工作。为使高频波段的雷达和通讯系统可在复杂的电磁环境下,全天候的正常工作,要求其接收天线具有良好的方向性,且有可控的较宽的零点方位,以实现对信号较好的接收和对干扰及杂波更好的抑制。In the high-frequency band (3-30MHz), due to the long wavelength of the signal, it is difficult for the conventional array design to achieve a narrower pattern, especially in the vertical direction. A wider pattern will not only affect the radar system's estimation of the signal's azimuth, the reduction of the array directivity coefficient and other indicators, but also reduce the anti-jamming ability of the system. In addition, in the high-frequency band, due to the existence of various short-wave radio stations, communication signals, atmospheric noise, industrial interference, ionospheric clutter, etc., the electromagnetic environment in the high-frequency band is very complicated. The suppression of clutter is very difficult, especially at night, which seriously affects the normal work of radar and communication systems. In order to make the radar and communication system in the high-frequency band work normally all-weather in a complex electromagnetic environment, the receiving antenna is required to have good directivity and a controllable wide zero point to achieve better signal reception. better reception and better rejection of interference and clutter.
采用常规的阵列方法实现这一目标,会导致接收阵列的复杂度和成本的急剧上升。Achieving this goal using a conventional array approach will lead to a sharp increase in the complexity and cost of the receiving array.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决上述问题,本发明根据高频波段外部噪声占优(即雷达或通讯系统所接收到的外部噪声远高于接收机内部噪声)的特点,提出了一种接收阵列设计新方法。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes a new method of receiving array design according to the characteristic that the external noise in the high-frequency band is dominant (that is, the external noise received by the radar or communication system is much higher than the internal noise of the receiver).
本发明提供了一种天线阵列,包括M个阵元,M个阵元之间的间距分别为d1、d2、......dM-1,其特征在于,di=dM-i,di=di+2,M=2N,其中,i为M个阵元之间的间距的序号,i<M/2,N为正整数,以及其中,间距是由最小工作波长λ确定的,这样的设计,可提高阵列的方向性系数,提高雷达系统的威力范围,在整个应用频段内,使得方向图和方向性系数基本不变。其中,M个阵元之间的间距为等间距时,间距 The present invention provides an antenna array, including M array elements, and the distances between the M array elements are d 1 , d 2 ,...d M-1 respectively, and the feature is that d i =d Mi , d i =d i+2 , M=2 N , wherein, i is the serial number of the spacing between M array elements, i<M/2, N is a positive integer, and wherein, the spacing is determined by the minimum working wavelength λ is determined. Such a design can increase the directivity coefficient of the array and increase the power range of the radar system. In the entire application frequency band, the pattern and directivity coefficient are basically unchanged. Among them, when the spacing between M array elements is equal, the spacing
其中,M个阵元之间的间距为不等间距时,间距2(d1+…+dM/2-1)+dM/2≤λ,不等间距的设计与等间距的设计效果基本相同,可根据地理条件、方便程度等方面进行选择。Among them, when the spacing between M array elements is unequal spacing, the spacing 2(d 1 +...+d M/2-1 )+d M/2 ≤ λ, the design effect of unequal spacing and equal spacing Basically the same, you can choose according to geographical conditions, convenience and other aspects.
其中,天线阵列工作在3~30MHz的高频波段。Among them, the antenna array works in the high-frequency band of 3-30MHz.
其中,天线阵列是端射阵列。Wherein, the antenna array is an end-fire array.
其中,在xyz直角坐标系中,利用以下公式选择所需形成零点的角度及移项电缆的长度:或li=-(d1+...di)sinθi,其中,为xy平面上任意矢量与x轴的夹角,θ为xy平面上任意矢量与z轴的夹角。Among them, in the xyz rectangular coordinate system, use the following formula to select the angle required to form the zero point and the length of the transposition cable: or l i =-(d 1 +...d i )sinθ i , where, is the angle between any vector on the xy plane and the x-axis, and θ is the angle between any vector on the xy plane and the z-axis.
其中,进一步包括:一个或多个移相电缆与一个或多个合成器,其中,M个阵元中每两个阵元中的一个阵元经移相电缆连接至合成器,而另一阵元直接连接至合成器。Wherein, it further comprises: one or more phase-shifting cables and one or more synthesizers, wherein, one array element in every two array elements in the M array elements is connected to the synthesizer through a phase-shifting cable, and the other array element Connect directly to a synthesizer.
其中,进一步包括:多个合成器中每两个合成器中的一个合成器经多个移相电缆中的一个移相电缆连接至多个合成器中更高级的合成器,而另一个合成器直接连接至更高级的合成器。Wherein, it further comprises: a synthesizer in every two synthesizers in a plurality of synthesizers is connected to a higher-level synthesizer in a plurality of synthesizers through a phase-shifting cable in a plurality of phase-shifting cables, and another synthesizer directly Connect to more advanced synthesizers.
其中,由以下公式确定阵元的个数:Among them, the number of array elements is determined by the following formula:
其中,η0为要求的阵列效率。Among them, η 0 is the required array efficiency.
其中,M=4,M=2N。Wherein, M=4, M=2 N .
与常规阵列设计方法相比,该方法不但可以得到更窄的水平面和垂直方向图,以及较高的接收阵列的方向性系数,同时还可在水平和垂直方向的任意角度上,实现具有可控制的宽波束零点。该阵列可以较好的实现对干扰和杂波的抑制,提高系统的技术指标。此外,该阵列可以保持在所设计的工作频率范围方向图及方向性系数基本不变。该阵列为端射阵,阵列可以单独使用,也可用多个该阵列组成一个新的阵列。Compared with the conventional array design method, this method can not only obtain narrower horizontal and vertical pattern, and higher directivity coefficient of the receiving array, but also realize controllable wide beam null. The array can better suppress interference and clutter, and improve the technical index of the system. In addition, the array can keep the pattern and directivity coefficient basically unchanged in the designed working frequency range. The array is an end-fire array, and the array can be used alone, or multiple arrays can be used to form a new array.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了全面理解本公开及其优点,现在结合附图进行以下描述作为参考,其中:For a full understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
图1示出了在直角坐标系下的根据本发明实施例的端射阵列的具体布置;Fig. 1 shows the specific arrangement of the end-fire array according to the embodiment of the present invention under the Cartesian coordinate system;
图2示出了根据本发明的示例性实施例的4阵元阵列的天线阵列的结构布置;FIG. 2 shows a structural arrangement of an antenna array of a 4-element array according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
图3示出了根据本发明的示例性实施例的天线阵列与传统天线阵列在相同参数下的垂直方向图的仿真比较,其中,示出了工作频率为5、6、7、8、10MHz的天线阵列的垂直方向图,以及其中,带有n的标识符是常规(normal)方法设计的结果;以及Fig. 3 shows the simulation comparison of the vertical pattern of the antenna array according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention and the traditional antenna array under the same parameters, wherein, it shows that the operating frequency is 5, 6, 7, 8, 10MHz the vertical pattern of the antenna array, and where the designator with n is the result of the normal method of design; and
图4示出了根据本发明的示例性实施例的天线阵列与传统天线阵列在相同参数下的水平方向图的仿真比较,其中,示出了工作频率为5、6、7、8、10MHz的天线阵列的水平方向图,以及其中,带有n的标识符是常规方法设计的结果。Fig. 4 shows the simulation comparison of the horizontal pattern of the antenna array according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention and the traditional antenna array under the same parameters, wherein, it shows that the operating frequency is 5, 6, 7, 8, 10MHz The horizontal pattern of the antenna array, and therein, the designator with n is the result of conventional method design.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面,详细讨论本发明各实施例的制造和使用。然而,应该理解,本发明提供了许多可以在各种具体环境中实现的可应用的概念。所讨论的具体实施例仅仅示出了制造和使用本发明的具体方式,而不用于限制本发明的范围。The making and using of various embodiments of the invention are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable concepts that can be implemented in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.
本发明根据高频波段外部噪声占优这一特点,针对目前高频超视距雷达和高频波段通讯接收系统接收天线阵列存在的水平面和垂直面方向图较宽、方向性系数小、抗干扰能力差等问题,提出了一种新的阵列设计方法,该方法可用于高频波段端射阵列得设计,与常规方法设计的阵列相比,具有较窄的水平和垂直方向图,更高的方向性系数,同时可在所设计的工作频带内保持方向图和方向性系数基本不变,且可在垂直和水平面任意角度实现零点。According to the characteristic that the external noise in the high-frequency band is dominant, the present invention aims at the existing high-frequency over-the-horizon radar and the receiving antenna array of the high-frequency band communication receiving system, which have wide horizontal plane and vertical plane patterns, small directivity coefficients, and poor anti-interference ability and other problems, a new array design method is proposed, which can be used for the design of end-fire arrays in high-frequency bands. Compared with arrays designed by conventional methods, it has narrower horizontal and vertical patterns and higher directivity At the same time, the pattern and directivity coefficient can be kept basically unchanged within the designed working frequency band, and the zero point can be realized at any angle in the vertical and horizontal planes.
端射阵列的示意图如图1所示,该阵列由M个阵元构成,阵元之间的间距为d1、d2......、dM-1,阵元的个数为偶数,且要求阵列中阵元的间距以阵列中心为对称di=dM-i,同时还要求di=di+2(i<M/2)。阵列的间距可以是等间距,也可以是不等间距,阵列单元的个数为M=2N,N为整数。阵列主要包括:天线阵元、移相电缆、合成器等构成,阵列采用多个二合一功率合成器实现,阵列的基本框图如图2所示。The schematic diagram of the end-fire array is shown in Figure 1. The array is composed of M array elements, the distance between the array elements is d 1 , d 2 ......, d M-1 , and the number of array elements is It is an even number, and it is required that the spacing of the array elements in the array is symmetrical to the center of the array d i =d Mi , and it is also required that d i =d i+2 (i<M/2). The spacing of the array can be equal or unequal, and the number of array units is M=2 N , where N is an integer. The array mainly includes: antenna element, phase-shifting cable, combiner, etc. The array is realized by multiple two-in-one power combiners. The basic block diagram of the array is shown in Figure 2.
虽然本发明所采用的设计方法可提高阵列的方向性系数,但与常规设计方法相比,其效率有所降低。本发明给出了阵列经功率合器输出后数学表达式及本发明设计与常规阵列设计的效率比值公式,利用这两个公式对阵列的特性进行了分析。在此基础上给出了本发明的阵列设计方法,并与常规阵列方法设计的方向图进行了比较。Although the design method adopted in the present invention can improve the directivity coefficient of the array, its efficiency is reduced compared with the conventional design method. The invention provides the mathematical expression after the array is output by the power combiner and the efficiency ratio formula between the design of the invention and the conventional array design, and analyzes the characteristics of the array by using these two formulas. On this basis, the array design method of the present invention is given, and compared with the pattern designed by the conventional array method.
根据图1和图2的阵列排列形式和结构形式,经过最后一个功率合成器,阵列的方向图函数表达式为:According to the array arrangement and structure in Figure 1 and Figure 2, after passing through the last power combiner, the expression of the pattern function of the array is:
其中是与阵列设计无关的函数。这里di为天线阵元间的距离,li为移相电缆的长度。虽然该设计方法提高了阵列的方向性系数,但其阵列的效率有所降低,与常规端射阵列相比,其效率降低值为:in is a function independent of the array design. Here d i is the distance between the antenna elements, and l i is the length of the phase-shifting cable. Although this design method improves the directivity coefficient of the array, the efficiency of the array is reduced. Compared with the conventional end-fire array, the efficiency reduction value is:
对于本发明所设计的天线阵列,有两个基本条件必须保证:For the designed antenna array of the present invention, two basic conditions must be guaranteed:
1、方向图不发生畸变;1. The direction diagram is not distorted;
2、阵列所输出的噪声功率要远高于系统内部的噪声,即大于10dB以上。2. The noise power output by the array is much higher than the noise inside the system, that is, greater than 10dB.
利用公式(1)和公式(2),可确定阵列的最大辐射方向为端射方向,即θ=π/2方向。根据阵列设计的两个基本要求,经分析和计算得到对阵列设计参数的基本要求为:Using formula (1) and formula (2), it can be determined that the maximum radiation direction of the array is the end-fire direction, that is θ=π/2 direction. According to the two basic requirements of array design, the basic requirements for array design parameters obtained through analysis and calculation are:
1.2(d1+…+dM/2-1)+dM/2≤λ;1.2(d 1 +...+d M/2-1 )+d M/2 ≤λ;
2. 2.
η0为要求的阵列效率。因此可由公式(2)确定阵元的个数。η 0 is the required array efficiency. Therefore, the number of array elements can be determined by formula (2).
由于天线单元的间距要满足天线的方向图无畸变的要求,阵列单元个数的增加不但会使天线阵列的效率降低,阵列单元间的间距也会减小,这会导致阵列单元间的互藕增加,效率进一步下降。为获得较好设计结果,通常选取N=2。此时,Since the spacing of the antenna elements must meet the requirement of no distortion in the antenna pattern, the increase in the number of array elements will not only reduce the efficiency of the antenna array, but also reduce the spacing between the array elements, which will lead to mutual coupling between the array elements. increase, the efficiency further decreases. In order to obtain better design results, N=2 is usually selected. at this time,
当阵列等间距排列时,可取d1=d2=d3≤λ/(M-1)。利用公式(3)中第一个正弦函数控制方向图的前后瓣比,第二个正弦函数控制垂直方向的零点位置。如要求在后瓣形成零点,则取l1=d1,垂直方向图的零点为sinθ=-l2/(d1+d2)When the arrays are arranged at equal intervals, d 1 =d 2 =d 3 ≤λ/(M-1) may be taken. Use the first sine function in formula (3) to control the front-to-back lobe ratio of the pattern, and the second sine function to control the zero position in the vertical direction. If it is required to form a zero point at the rear lobe, then take l 1 =d 1 , and the zero point of the vertical pattern is sinθ=-l 2 /(d 1 +d 2 )
设需要设计频率范围为5~10MHz,其最小波长为:λ=30m,本例中取d1=d2=d3=7.5m≤λ/(M-1)。取后瓣为0,垂直方向的零点在10度方向,同时在水平方向图的±80度方向也形成两个零点。因此,l1=7.5m,l2=-2.6mAssuming that the required design frequency range is 5-10MHz, the minimum wavelength is: λ=30m, and in this example, d 1 =d 2 =d 3 =7.5m≤λ/(M-1). The back lobe is taken as 0, the zero point in the vertical direction is in the direction of 10 degrees, and two zero points are also formed in the ±80 degree direction of the horizontal pattern. Therefore, l 1 =7.5m, l 2 =-2.6m
其水平面和垂直面的方向图分别为如图3和图4所示,从图中可以看出以下几点特性:The direction diagrams of the horizontal plane and the vertical plane are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively, and the following characteristics can be seen from the figure:
1、水平和垂直方向图主瓣宽度均小于常规端射阵设计的主瓣宽度;1. The main lobe width of the horizontal and vertical pattern is smaller than the main lobe width of the conventional end-fire array design;
2、方向图的主瓣宽度基本不变;2. The width of the main lobe of the pattern is basically unchanged;
3、可在水平和垂直方向图的指定方向形成零点,且垂直方向的零点较深;3. The zero point can be formed in the specified direction of the horizontal and vertical pattern, and the zero point in the vertical direction is deeper;
4、阵列的方向性系数变化较小;4. The directivity coefficient of the array changes little;
阵列设计的基本步骤:Basic steps in array design:
1、根据所选定的工作频率确定最小波长;1. Determine the minimum wavelength according to the selected working frequency;
2、根据所选定的工作频率的外部噪声环境,利用公式(2)确定所容许的阵列损耗,即天线阵列的效率,选择阵列单元的个数,M=N2;2. According to the external noise environment of the selected operating frequency, utilize formula (2) to determine the allowable array loss, i.e. the efficiency of the antenna array, select the number of array elements, M=N 2 ;
3、根据公式确定单元之间的间距:3. Determine the spacing between cells according to the formula:
等间距时:非等间距时:di=dM-i;且2(d1+…+dM/2-1)+dM/2≤λ/2When equally spaced: When not equally spaced: d i =d Mi ; and 2(d 1 +…+d M/2-1 )+d M/2 ≤λ/2
4、利用公式(3)选择所需形成零点的角度及移项电缆的长度;4. Use formula (3) to select the angle required to form the zero point and the length of the transposition cable;
或li=-(d1+...di)sinθi or l i =-(d 1 +...d i )sinθ i
5、按图1给出的形式组成阵列,阵列的其它部分,并按图2所示的方法实现,由此得到所需的阵列。5. Form the array according to the form shown in Figure 1, and other parts of the array, and realize it according to the method shown in Figure 2, thus obtaining the required array.
本发明针对工作在高频波段(3~30MHz)雷达或通信设备。由于在高频波段,存在各类短波电台、通讯信号、大气噪声、工业干扰、电离层杂波等,致使高频波段的电磁环境非常复杂,且天线阵列方向图的主瓣较宽。为使高频波段的雷达和通讯系统可在复杂的电磁环境下,全天候的正常工作,要求其接收天线具有良好的方向性,且有可控的较宽的零点方位,以实现对信号较好的接收和对干扰及杂波更好的抑制。本发明根据高频波段外部噪声占优(即雷达或通讯系统所接收到的外部噪声远高于接收机内部噪声)的特点,提出了一种接收阵列设计新方法。与常规阵列设计方法,该方法不但可以得到更窄的水平面和垂直方向图,和较高的接收阵列的方向性系数,同时还可在水平和垂直方向的任意角度上,实现具有可控制的宽波束零点。该阵列可以较好的实现对干扰和杂波的抑制,提高系统的技术指标。此外,该阵列可以保持在所设计的工作频率范围方向性系数基本不变。该阵列为端射阵,阵列可以单独使用,也可用多个该阵列组成一个新的阵列。The invention is aimed at radar or communication equipment working in high frequency band (3-30MHz). Due to the existence of various short-wave radio stations, communication signals, atmospheric noise, industrial interference, ionospheric clutter, etc. in the high-frequency band, the electromagnetic environment in the high-frequency band is very complicated, and the main lobe of the antenna array pattern is relatively wide. In order to make the radar and communication system in the high-frequency band work normally all-weather in a complex electromagnetic environment, the receiving antenna is required to have good directivity and a controllable wide zero point to achieve better signal reception. better reception and better rejection of interference and clutter. According to the characteristic that the external noise in the high-frequency band is dominant (that is, the external noise received by the radar or communication system is much higher than the internal noise of the receiver), the present invention proposes a new method for designing a receiving array. Compared with conventional array design methods, this method can not only obtain narrower horizontal and vertical patterns, and a higher directivity coefficient of the receiving array, but also achieve controllable width at any angle in the horizontal and vertical directions. Beam null. The array can better suppress interference and clutter, and improve the technical index of the system. In addition, the array can keep the directivity coefficient basically unchanged in the designed operating frequency range. The array is an end-fire array, and the array can be used alone, or multiple arrays can be used to form a new array.
尽管已经详细地描述了本发明及其优势,但应该理解,可以在不背离所附权利要求限定的本发明主旨和范围的情况下,做各种不同的改变,替换和更改。而且,本申请的范围并不仅限于本说明书中描述的工艺、机器、制造、材料组分、装置、方法和步骤的特定实施例。作为本领域普通技术人员应理解,通过本发明,现有的或今后开发的用于执行与根据本发明所采用的所述相应实施例基本相同的功能或获得基本相同结果的工艺、机器、制造,材料组分、装置、方法或步骤根据本发明可以被使用。因此,所附权利要求应该包括在这样的工艺、机器、制造、材料组分、装置、方法或步骤的范围内。Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, by means of the present invention, existing or hereafter developed processes, machines, manufactures for performing substantially the same functions or obtaining substantially the same results as the corresponding embodiments adopted according to the present invention , material components, means, methods or steps may be used in accordance with the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
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