CN102355652A - Method and device for making request of obtaining system information - Google Patents
Method and device for making request of obtaining system information Download PDFInfo
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- CN102355652A CN102355652A CN2011102188736A CN201110218873A CN102355652A CN 102355652 A CN102355652 A CN 102355652A CN 2011102188736 A CN2011102188736 A CN 2011102188736A CN 201110218873 A CN201110218873 A CN 201110218873A CN 102355652 A CN102355652 A CN 102355652A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for making a request of obtaining system. The method is used for improving the reliability of the system information. The method comprises that: an evolved Node B (eNB) transmits an ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to a mobility management entity (MME); the eNB starts timing when transmitting the ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; and if an MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message carrying the system information is not received from the MME when the timing is performed for a first preset time length, the eNB transmits the ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to the MME again. The invention also discloses a device for implementing the method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the communications field, particularly relate to method and device that request obtains system information.
Background technology
RAN (wireless access network) information management is a part of switching between different system; Mainly be in order to obtain GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network; GSM EDGE Radio Access Network)/UTRAN (universal terrestrial access network) system under relevant adjacent system information of subdistricts; And through switching command, NACC (Network Assisted Cell Change; Network assisted cell change) and process such as be redirected notify to UE, read system information when avoiding UE to insert the GERAN/UTRAN system shortens switching time and service outage duration between the UE system.
Present consensus standard; Only realize the RAN information management between E-UTRAN (universal terrestrial access network of evolution) and GERAN; Base station among the E-UTRAN (like eNB (evolution base station)) is as control BSS (Base Station Subsystem, base station sub-system), and the base station among the GERAN is as serving BS broadcasts S; When the terminal when E-UTRAN moves to GERAN, eNB can provide the broadcast message of goal systems for the terminal.The RAN information management framework of E-UTRAN system and GERAN system is as shown in Figure 1.
In the LTE system, the method that obtains the GERAN system information is through carrying different PDU TYPE (Packet Data Unit type) and the completion of GERAN system interaction in MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER (Mobility Management Entity information direct transfers) message and ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER (the evolution base station information direct transfers) message.MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message and ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message are to transmit the RAN configuration information through S1 (a kind of interface) interface.But, can not reply acknowledge message after the above-mentioned two kinds of message of transmission in the prior art, can't confirm that therefore whether the opposite end correctly receives, and possibly go wrong in following three kinds of scenes.
(1) eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME; RIM Information IE (parameter of wireless access network information management) in the message is RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) (the wireless access network information request that repeatedly a reports) type, request GERAN system reporting system information; If this request message does not successfully arrive MME or failure appears in follow-up interaction flow; Then eNB can't obtain the GERAN system information, when UE need switch to the GERAN system, can only carry out CCO (Cell Change Order; The cell change order) process; So just increased interruption time delay, and the system information of different system is bigger, interruption time delay can be very long.
(2) eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME; RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type; Request GERAN system reporting system information, the arrival that message is successful the GERAN system; ENB receives the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that a MME sends; RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION/ (Initial Multiple Report PDU) (initially repeatedly reporting the RAN information of a PDU) type; Receive again that perhaps one or more MME sends MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION/ (Multiple Report PDU) (repeatedly reporting the RAN information of a PDU) type, the system information of report GERAN adjacent area.After a very long time, eNB does not receive MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message again.If this moment, the GERAN system changed, for example: delete the sub-district, but message such as RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) (the RAN information of terminating PDU) type do not arrive eNB, and the GERAN system information of eNB preservation at this moment just lost efficacy.When UE need switch to the GERAN system, UE was with reporting measuring result eNB, because eNB has the GERAN system information; Will make a strategic decision and initiate the NACC process to the GERAN adjacent area; But the GERAN system information that eNB preserves when inconsistent, can make UE in the NACC process, use wrong system information to insert with adjacent GERAN cell system information, unpredictable mistake or NACC may take place fail; Need to insert through CCO once more, further strengthened interruption time delay.
(3) eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME; RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type; Request GERAN system reporting system information, the arrival that message is successful the GERAN system; ENB receives one or many MME transmission MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, and the RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION/ (Multiple Report PDU) type, the system information of report GERAN adjacent area; After this, eNB receives the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that MME sends, and the RIM Information IE in the message is RAN-INFORMATION/ (End PDU) type, informs eNB halt system information reporting, does not process after eNB receives.If variation has taken place in the GERAN system, for example: delete the sub-district, and the GERAN system information of eNB preservation at this moment just lost efficacy; When UE need switch to the GERAN system, UE was with reporting measuring result eNB, because eNB has the GERAN system information; Will make a strategic decision and initiate the NACC process to the GERAN adjacent area; But the GERAN system information that eNB preserves is inconsistent with adjacent GERAN cell system information, can make UE in the NACC process, use wrong system information to insert, and unpredictable mistake or NACC failure may take place; Need to insert through CCO once more, further strengthened interruption time delay.
To sum up; Owing to can not return acknowledge message after eNB and MME transmission ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message and the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in the prior art; Just can't confirm also whether the opposite end correctly receives message, if incorrect the reception then causes eNB can't obtain up-to-date GERAN system information; Influence the reliability of system information, and then influenced the interdepartmental system switching of UE.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of method and device of asking to obtain system information, is used to improve the reliability of system information.
A kind of method of asking to obtain system information may further comprise the steps:
Base station eNB is sent the evolution base station information ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers to MME;
ENB picks up counting when sending ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message;
Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of the MME feedback MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
A kind of base station comprises:
Interface module is used for sending the evolution base station information ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers to MME;
Timing module; Pick up counting when being used to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of the MME feedback MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then indicate interface module to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
The embodiment of the invention at first solves eNB after MME transmission evolution base station information direct transfers (ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message; Do not receive the problem of ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in long-time; Because MME can not return ACK (correctly replying) or the such affirmation message of NACK (wrong responses) to eNB; So in order to obtain reliable system information; ENB picks up counting when MME sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of MME feedback (the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.Send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message for many times through eNB, obtain system information, help the correct reception of MME, and make MME send up-to-date GERAN system information, and then improve the reliability of system information to eNB with request.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the sketch map of RAN information management framework in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is the method flow diagram that request obtains system information in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 is that request obtains the method flow diagram of system information when receiving MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is that request obtains the method flow diagram of system information when receiving the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is the primary structure figure of base station in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 is the detailed structure view of base station in the embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
The embodiment of the invention at first solves eNB after MME transmission evolution base station information direct transfers (ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message; Do not receive the problem of ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in long-time; Because MME can not return ACK (correctly replying) or the such affirmation message of NACK (wrong responses) to eNB; So in order to obtain reliable system information; ENB picks up counting when MME sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of MME feedback (the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.Send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message for many times through eNB, obtain system information, help the correct reception of MME, and make MME send up-to-date GERAN system information, and then improve the reliability of system information to eNB with request.
Referring to Fig. 2, the method flow of request acquisition system information is following in the present embodiment:
Step 201:eNB sends evolution base station information (the ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers to MME.
Step 202:eNB picks up counting when sending ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.
Step 203: do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of MME feedback (the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.Wherein preferable, the value of first duration is 5 minutes.
Embodiment shown in Figure 2 is that eNB does not receive MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message for a long time after MME sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, then sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more.Also have a kind of situation to be; ENB received MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, but did not receive MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more in long-time after MME sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; If at this moment the GERAN system information has change; ENB but can't obtain, thus need eNB to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more in this case, referring to following embodiment.
Referring to Fig. 3, when receiving MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in the present embodiment, the method flow of request acquisition system information is following:
Step 301:eNB sends evolution base station information (the ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers to MME.
Step 302:eNB picks up counting when sending ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.
Step 303: before reaching first duration, the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information that eNB receives the MME feedback (the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers.The Mobility Management Entity information of particularly receiving wireless access network information request (RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report the PDU)) type that repeatedly the reports MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers.The type that receives for the first time is RAN-INFORMATION/ (Initial Multiple Report PDU) (initially repeatedly reporting the RAN information of a PDU) type, and the type of follow-up reception is RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type.
Step 304:eNB restarts timing when receiving MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.Step 302 and step 304 can be used same timer, then in step 304, restart this timer.Perhaps, step 302 can be used different timers with step 304, then in step 304, stops the timer that step 302 is used, and starts another timer simultaneously.
Step 305: before timing did not reach preset second duration, eNB received MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more.Continue step 304.Wherein preferable, the value of second duration is 10 minutes.
Step 306: if timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback once more, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
Before timing reaches preset first duration or second duration; ENB receives the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (the Multiple Report PDU) type of MME transmission; And there is UE need switch to the GERAN system, then carries out the NACC process.
Also possibly exist a kind of situation to be; After eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type; But received the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN information (RAN-INFORMATION/ (end the PDU)) type of terminating PDU, expression stops the transmission of GERAN system information.For example, MME sets up with the sub-district 1 under the GERAN system and communicates by letter, and obtains the GERAN system information, and sends to eNB through the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type.Because certain needs; The GERAN system-kill sub-district 1; But the sub-district 2 under the GERAN system is adjacent with the sub-district under the eNB; UE under the eNB possibly switch to the sub-district 2 under the GERAN system, and eNB still need obtain the GERAN system information, but can't obtain owing to receive the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type.In this case, eNB need send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more, to obtain the GERAN system information, referring to following embodiment.
Referring to Fig. 4, when receiving the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type in the present embodiment, the method flow of request acquisition system information is following:
Step 401:eNB sends evolution base station information (the ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers to MME.
Step 402:eNB picks up counting when sending ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.
Step 403: before reaching first duration, eNB receives the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type of MME feedback.
Step 404:eNB restarts timing when receiving MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.
Step 405: if timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
ENB all possibly repeatedly send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME among the above embodiment; For fear of the unlimited transmission of eNB ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; After eNB sent ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, record sent the number of times of ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.If this number of times reaches preset number of times thresholding, then suspend and send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message.If this number of times reaches preset number of times thresholding, and there is UE need switch to the GERAN system, then carries out the CCO process.Wherein preferable, the value of number of times thresholding is 3.
Understood the implementation procedure of asking to obtain system information through above description, this process is mainly realized by eNB, introduces in the face of internal structure and the function of eNB down.
Referring to Fig. 5, the base station comprises in the present embodiment: interface module 501 and timing module 502.
The Mobility Management Entity information that interface module 501 also is used to receive the wireless access network information request that repeatedly reports (RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report the PDU)) type that MME the sends MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers, and indication timing module 502 picks up counting.
Said base station also comprises control module 503, referring to shown in Figure 6.Before timing reaches preset first duration or second duration; Interface module 501 also is used to receive the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (the Multiple Report PDU) type that MME sends; And have UE need switch to the GERAN system, then control module 503 is carried out the NACC process.
The base station also comprises: counting module 504; Be used to write down the number of times that sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; If this number of times reaches preset number of times thresholding, and have UE need switch to the GERAN system, the control module 503 in the then said base station is carried out the CCO process.
The embodiment of the invention at first solves eNB after MME transmission evolution base station information direct transfers (ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message; Do not receive the problem of ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message in long-time; Because MME can not return ACK (correctly replying) or the such affirmation message of NACK (wrong responses) to eNB; So in order to obtain reliable system information; ENB picks up counting when MME sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of MME feedback (the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER) message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.Send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message for many times through eNB, obtain system information, help the correct reception of MME, and make MME send up-to-date GERAN system information, and then improve the reliability of system information to eNB with request.In addition; ENB receives the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (Multiple Report PDU) type; Or after receiving the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type; Do not receive system information for a long time once more, then send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message once more, obtain up-to-date system information with request.
Those skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of the invention can be provided as method, system or computer program.Therefore, the present invention can adopt the form of the embodiment of complete hardware embodiment, complete software implementation example or combination software and hardware aspect.And the present invention can be employed in the form that one or more computer-usable storage medium (including but not limited to magnetic disc store and optical memory etc.) that wherein include computer usable program code go up the computer program of implementing.
The present invention is that reference is described according to the flow chart and/or the block diagram of method, equipment (system) and the computer program of the embodiment of the invention.Should understand can be by the flow process in each flow process in computer program instructions realization flow figure and/or the block diagram and/or square frame and flow chart and/or the block diagram and/or the combination of square frame.Can provide these computer program instructions to the processor of all-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, Embedded Processor or other programmable data processing device to produce a machine, make the instruction of carrying out through the processor of computer or other programmable data processing device produce to be used for the device of the function that is implemented in flow process of flow chart or a plurality of flow process and/or square frame of block diagram or a plurality of square frame appointments.
These computer program instructions also can be stored in ability vectoring computer or the computer-readable memory of other programmable data processing device with ad hoc fashion work; Make the instruction that is stored in this computer-readable memory produce the manufacture that comprises command device, this command device is implemented in the function of appointment in flow process of flow chart or a plurality of flow process and/or square frame of block diagram or a plurality of square frame.
These computer program instructions also can be loaded on computer or other programmable data processing device; Make on computer or other programmable devices and to carry out the sequence of operations step producing computer implemented processing, thereby the instruction of on computer or other programmable devices, carrying out is provided for being implemented in the step of the function of appointment in flow process of flow chart or a plurality of flow process and/or square frame of block diagram or a plurality of square frame.
Obviously, those skilled in the art can carry out various changes and modification to the present invention and not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention.Like this, belong within the scope of claim of the present invention and equivalent technologies thereof if of the present invention these are revised with modification, then the present invention also is intended to comprise these changes and modification interior.
Claims (12)
1. a method of asking to obtain system information is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Base station eNB is sent the evolution base station information ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers to MME;
ENB picks up counting when sending ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message;
Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of the MME feedback MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
2. the method for claim 1; It is characterized in that; After eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Also comprise Mobility Management Entity information that step: eNB receives the wireless access network information request RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ that repeatedly reports (the Multiple Report PDU) type that MME the sends MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers, and pick up counting.
3. method as claimed in claim 2; It is characterized in that; After the timing; Also comprise step: if timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback once more, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
4. according to claim 1 or claim 2 method; It is characterized in that; After the timing, also comprise step: before timing reached preset first duration or second duration, eNB received the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (the Multiple Report PDU) type that MME sends; And there is UE need switch to the GERAN system, then carries out network assisted cell change NACC process.
5. the method for claim 1; It is characterized in that; After eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; The MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that also comprises RAN information RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type of the terminating PDU that step: eNB reception MME sends; And pick up counting, if timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback once more, then eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
6. the method for claim 1; It is characterized in that; After eNB sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, comprise that also step: eNB record sends the number of times of ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, if this number of times reaches preset number of times thresholding; And there is UE need switch to the GERAN system, then carries out cell change order CCO process.
7. a base station is characterized in that, comprising:
Interface module is used for sending the evolution base station information ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers to MME;
Timing module; Pick up counting when being used to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message; Do not receive the Mobility Management Entity information that has system information of the MME feedback MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers yet if timing reaches the first preset duration, then indicate interface module to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
8. base station as claimed in claim 7; It is characterized in that; The Mobility Management Entity information that interface module also is used to receive the wireless access network information request RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST that repeatedly reports/(Multiple Report PDU) type that MME the sends MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that direct transfers, and the indication timing module picks up counting.
9. base station as claimed in claim 8; It is characterized in that; Timing module then indicates interface module to send ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more if timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback once more.
10. like claim 7 or 8 described base stations; It is characterized in that; Before timing reaches preset first duration or second duration; Interface module also is used to receive the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN-INFORMATION-REQUEST/ (the Multiple Report PDU) type that MME sends, and has UE need switch to the GERAN system, and the control module in the then said base station is carried out the NACC process.
11. base station as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, interface module also is used to receive the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message of RAN information RAN-INFORMATION/ (end PDU) type of the terminating PDU that MME sends; Computing module picks up counting; If timing reaches the MME DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message that has system information that the second preset duration is not received the MME feedback once more, then indicate interface module to send ENBDIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message to MME once more.
12. base station as claimed in claim 7; It is characterized in that; Also comprise: counting module is used to write down the number of times that sends ENB DIRECT INFORMATION TRANSFER message, if this number of times reaches preset number of times thresholding; And have UE need switch to the GERAN system, the control module in the then said base station is carried out the CCO process.
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