CN102353049A - 一种煤粉点火稳燃装置 - Google Patents
一种煤粉点火稳燃装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102353049A CN102353049A CN2011102284023A CN201110228402A CN102353049A CN 102353049 A CN102353049 A CN 102353049A CN 2011102284023 A CN2011102284023 A CN 2011102284023A CN 201110228402 A CN201110228402 A CN 201110228402A CN 102353049 A CN102353049 A CN 102353049A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- airduct
- pulverized coal
- combustion
- ignition
- smooth combustion
- Prior art date
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000002485 combustion reactions Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011901 water Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003921 oils Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012141 concentrates Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000002381 Plasma Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001105 regulatory Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003044 adaptive Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layers Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric oxide Chemical compound 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O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
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- 241000893018 Armeria Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明公开了一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，包括通过煤粉的一次风管及其管内顺次设置的导流套管、煤粉浓缩器及导管，径向设置在一次风管出口的点火器。在所述的导管和一次风管内壁之间设置形成旋转射流的旋流叶片。还在所述的一次风管和扩径一次风管外设置由二次风管构成的二次风道。该结构在可调旋流叶片后形成中心回流区，点火器置于低速中心回流区附近，形成持续、稳定的强化热源，既可提供煤粉气流着火所需的点火热源，有效降低炉内NOX生成，又足以应对任何突然出现的运行因素干扰和煤质大幅波动带来的挑战。因此，适用于燃用各种煤种、各种炉型的煤粉锅炉，既可用作点火、稳燃燃烧器，又可用作主燃烧器运行。
Description
一种煤粉点火稳燃装置
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种工业煤粉气流点火稳燃技术，尤其是涉及一种电站煤粉锅炉点火稳燃装置。
背景技术
[0002] 长期以来，煤炭在中国一次能源生产和消费结构中一直占三分之二以上，这个局面在相当长时期内难以改变。因此，煤炭的安全、清洁、高效利用对我国尤为重要。目前，电站煤粉锅炉多数采用投油助燃，以达到低负荷时稳燃，使运行成本增加。另一方面，运行中的煤种多变或煤质下降也会导致燃烧不稳，推迟着火和造成飞灰可燃物增加等问题。为了提高煤粉着火和燃烧的稳定性，提高燃烧效率，节省燃油消耗，近年国内已发展了多种类型的无油或少油点火稳燃燃烧器及火焰稳定器，包括煤粉预燃室点火燃烧器、等离子体点火稳燃燃烧器、微油点火稳燃燃烧器等。这些燃烧器虽然不同程度地节约了点火及稳燃用油， 相对降低了不投油能稳燃的低负荷，但并没有从根本上解决燃烧不稳问题。而且对于难燃的低挥发分煤种、劣质煤等维持燃烧稳定尚存在诸多困难，还普遍存在结构复杂、投入成本高、维护困难、燃烧阻力大、易结焦、烧蚀等不足。显然，这种技术单一性设计的燃烧设备对我国煤种多变的国情来说，缺失随煤种变化而更换技术的频变性、系列性和通用性；另一方面，在总体煤粉气流着火和燃烧过程中缺乏综合技术整合的科学稳燃手段。因此，它们的推广前景自然受到局限。
[0003] 目前流行的等离子体点火稳燃燃烧器和微油点火稳燃燃烧器之所以能在较好煤种使用上取得成功而难以在劣质煤、低挥发分煤种点火稳燃方面有所为、鲜有成功的业绩， 主要在于过分强调加大点火功率而忽略了对刚产生的、稚嫩而脆弱的火焰的有效保护。要保护新生的火苗使火焰连续而稳定，必须满足两个基本条件：一是必须有一个稳定的、强有力的点火热源；二是必须有火焰能够充分发展的、合适的流场结构，两者互相配合，缺一不可。换言之，现有点火稳燃燃烧设备根本没有或未彻底解决燃烧反应区的流场结构对着火和燃烧稳定的影响，忽略了火焰传播速度对火焰稳定的重要作用。
发明内容
[0004] 本发明的目的是提供一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，该装置能点燃无烟煤、贫煤等低挥发或低质煤种，具有稳燃性能强、节省大量助燃用油、负荷调节范围较广、环保性能好、结构简单的优点。
[0005] 本发明解决技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，包括通过煤粉的一次风管及其管内顺次设置的导流套管、煤粉浓缩器及导管，径向设置在一次风管出口的点火器；其特征在于：在所述的导管和一次风管内壁之间设置形成旋转射流的旋流叶片。
[0006] 为了初步浓缩煤粉，在所述的一次风管进口的内壁、导流套管的前端设有浓缩煤粉的挡块，为一次风粉气流通过后续的煤粉浓缩器增强浓缩效果。[0007] 为了进一步构建稳燃区，在所述的一次风管出口还设置扩径一次风管，所述的扩径一次风管出口处为具有扩锥角0-40°的扩口。
[0008] 为了保护一次风管和扩径一次风管，同时使煤粉在燃烧室充分燃烧，在所述的一次风管和扩径一次风管外还设置由二次风管构成的内二次风道；所述的扩径一次风管的出口与二次风道的出口在燃烧器壁口汇流。
[0009] 进一步的，所述的煤粉浓缩器由与一次风管同轴的三个逐次缩小的截锥浓缩环组成。所述的导流套管的进口处为喇叭形。
[0010] 更进一步的，所述的旋流叶片为可调节的旋流叶片。旋流叶片为轴向叶片，避免采用直叶片，而用等角速度扭转叶片。所述的旋流叶片的调节手柄穿过一、二次风管及其保温层外，并与相应的指示调节旋流叶片角度的刻度指示盘适配。叶片轴向宽度、前后遮盖度等应根据不同煤种变化范围与可能的旋流强度变化范围总体考虑。叶片安装时需考虑热膨胀自由度。
[0011] 优选的，所述的点火器可为等离子体点火器、微油点火器，也可为其它热源点火器。所述的点火器是通过管座和相应的密封件与扩径一次风管活动连接；点火器直接伸入到扩径一次风管内；一俟点火行为结束，可把点火器撤出，并完好密封扩径一次风管。
[0012] 本发明的原理是，根据现有的公知理论，煤粉气流的着火和稳定燃烧，取决于燃烧反应区的温度、煤粉浓度、氧化剂浓度以及流场结构等因素。煤粉燃烧的稳定性既反映了煤粉着火的难易程度，又体现了煤粉着火后的燃烧状况。着火阶段是整个燃烧过程的关键，稳定着火是燃烧过程的良好开端；而充分可靠的燃烧并燃尽是实现锅炉安全经济运行的决定性因素。本发明的一次风煤粉混合物在导流套管前被分为两股：一股进入导流套管后经煤粉浓缩器，煤粉气流被浓缩环逐步浓缩，最后这股被浓缩的煤粉气流以直流形式从导管喷入由旋转射流形成的中心回流区；另一股没有进入导流套管的一次风煤粉气流绕过导流套管继续向前，流经可调旋转叶片后以旋转射流形式喷出，与已进入导流套管而被浓缩环从煤粉中分离出来的淡相气流汇合。这样，中心浓相股直流射流与同轴的淡相环形气流互相干扰、互相混合，最终形成复合的、稳定的旋转射流。
[0013] 本发明的有益效果：由于对一次风煤粉采取的主要应对措施是实施煤粉浓淡燃烧和建立回流区，既充分重视煤粉气流的着火稳定，又关注着火后火焰的连续稳定。在复合旋转射流作用下，形成一个较大的中心回流区和较小的外围回流区。回流区营造了一个速度较低、方向与主气流相反的空气动力场，则不管什么样的火焰传播速度，总能找到一个合适的平衡点，使火焰稳定下来。因此，点火器就装设在增浓后的中心煤粉区域附近，利用它提供的外热源（等离子体火焰、微油火焰或其他热源）对增浓的煤粉气流加热、升温。由于浓相煤粉的着火热和着火温度都显著降低，很容易达到着火条件而被点燃。一俟回流区浓相煤粉着火后，只要一次风煤粉不中断供应，煤粉火焰就得到有效保持和延续，于是外来热源的供给便可停止，中心回流区从此经营着一个持续、稳定的火焰，犹如在一次风粉混合物气流的根部营造了一个高效、稳定、绵延不绝的值班火焰，足以应对任何突然出现的运行因素干扰或煤质变化，维持燃烧工况的稳定。另一方面，复合旋流回流区也为低氧燃烧提供了有利条件，对控制S02，NOx等有害物质，起到十分有益作用。此外，调节旋流叶片，改变旋流强度，还可改变回流区大小，以适应不同煤质着火和稳燃的需求，也可作为不同煤种和锅炉负荷的运行调节手段。[0014] 以下将结合附图和实施实例，对本发明进行较为详细的说明。 附图说明
[0015] 图1为本发明煤粉点火稳燃装置构造剖视图。
[0016] 图中：1. 一次风管、2.导流套管、3.煤粉浓缩器、4.导管、5.旋流叶片、6.点火器、 7. 二次风道、8.器壁、9.燃烧室、10、挡块、11、扩径一次风管。
具体实施方式
[0017] 实施例1，如图1所示，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，包括通过煤粉的一次风管1及其管内顺次设置的导流套管2、煤粉浓缩器3及导管4，径向设置在一次风管1出口的点火器6。 在所述的导管4和一次风管1内壁之间设置形成旋转射流的旋流叶片5。
[0018] 实施例2，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1的基础上，为了初步浓缩煤粉，在所述的一次风管1进口的内壁、导流套管2的前端设有浓缩煤粉的挡块10。
[0019] 实施例3，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1或2的基础上，为了进一步构建稳燃区，在所述的一次风管1出口还设置扩径一次风管11，所述的扩径一次风管11出口处为扩锥角0-40°的扩口。
[0020] 实施例4，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1或2的基础上，为了保护一次风管1 和扩径一次风管11，同时使煤粉在燃烧室充分燃烧，在所述的一次风管1和扩径一次风管 11外还设置由二次风管构成的二次风道7 ；所述的扩径一次风管11的出口与二次风道7的出口在燃烧室9的器壁8出口汇流。由于浓相煤粉气流在中心回流区着火后，气体体积迅速膨胀，既增大了一次风流动阻力，也不利于刚着火的煤粉火焰的稳定，因而将一次风管道直径适当扩大（即：扩径一次风管11)。同时，为保护扩径一次风管11免受高温、结渣威胁， 让少量二次风喷入，保证安全、可靠运行。
[0021] 实施例5，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1或2的基础上，所述的煤粉浓缩器 3由与一次风管同轴的三个逐次缩小的截锥浓缩环组成，相邻截锥浓缩环之间、头一个截锥浓缩环与导流套管之间的间隙为50-200mm。
[0022] 实施例6，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1或2的基础上，所述的导流套管2的内径是一次风管内径的50-80%，长度是一次风管内径的1-2倍，进口处为喇叭形。
[0023] 实施例7，一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，在实施例1或2的基础上，所述的旋流叶片5为可调节的旋流叶片。旋流叶片为轴向叶片，避免采用直叶片，而用等角速度扭转叶片。所述的旋流叶片的调节手柄穿过一、二次风管及其保温层外，并与相应的指示调节旋流叶片角度的刻度指示盘适配。叶片轴向宽度、前后遮盖度等应根据不同煤种变化范围与可能的旋流强度变化范围总体考虑。叶片安装时需考虑热膨胀自由度。所述的点火器6是等离子体点火器或微油点火器或其他外来热源充任。所述的点火器6是通过管座和相应的密封件与扩径一次风管活动连接；点火器直接伸入到扩径一次风管内；一俟点火行为结束，可把点火器撤出，并完好密封扩径一次风管。
Claims (9)
1. 一种煤粉点火稳燃装置，包括通过煤粉的一次风管（1)及其管内顺次设置的导流套管O)、煤粉浓缩器C3)及导管G)，径向设置在一次风管（1)出口的点火器（6)；其特征在于：在所述的导管（4)和一次风管（1)内壁之间设置形成旋转射流的旋流叶片（5)。
2.如权利要求1所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：在所述的一次风管（1)进口的内壁、导流套管O)的前端设有浓缩煤粉的挡块（10)。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：在所述的一次风管（1)出口还设置扩径一次风管（11)，所述的扩径一次风管（11)出口处为具有扩锥角0-40°的扩
4.如权利要求3所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：在所述的一次风管（1)和扩径一次风管（11)外还设置由二次风管构成的二次风道（7)。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：所述的煤粉浓缩器（3)由与一次风管同轴的三个逐次缩小的截锥浓缩环组成，相邻截锥浓缩环之间、头一个截锥浓缩环与导流套管之间的间隙为50-200mm。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：所述的导流套管O)的内径是一次风管内径的50-80%，长度是一次风管内径的1-2倍，进口处为喇叭形。
7.如权利要求4所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：所述的旋流叶片（5)为可调节的旋流叶片，所述的旋流叶片为等角速度扭转叶片；所述的旋流叶片的调节手柄穿过一、 二次风管及其保温层外，并与相应的指示调节旋流叶片角度的刻度指示盘适配。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：所述的点火器（6)是等离子体点火器或微油点火器。
9.如权利要求3所述的煤粉点火稳燃装置，其特征在于：所述的点火器（6)是通过管座和相应的密封件与扩径一次风管活动连接；点火器直接伸入到扩径一次风管内；一俟点火行为结束，可把点火器撤出，并完好密封扩径一次风管。
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| CN102927560A (zh) * | 2012-11-09 | 2013-02-13 | 济南海普电力节能科技有限公司 | 一种低nox的风粉优化燃烧器组 |
| CN103486582A (zh) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-01 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种中心带直段套筒的中心给粉旋流燃烧器 |
| CN104266197A (zh) * | 2014-09-16 | 2015-01-07 | 黄河科技学院 | 一种等离子体焚烧垃圾设备及其方法 |
| CN104456549A (zh) * | 2014-11-12 | 2015-03-25 | 宁夏嘉翔自控技术有限公司 | 一种金属镁还原炉的煤粉燃烧器的喷嘴 |
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| CN104456549A (zh) * | 2014-11-12 | 2015-03-25 | 宁夏嘉翔自控技术有限公司 | 一种金属镁还原炉的煤粉燃烧器的喷嘴 |
| CN105864750A (zh) * | 2016-04-19 | 2016-08-17 | 上海理工大学 | 链条锅炉复合燃烧用旋流低氮燃烧器 |
| CN107620978A (zh) * | 2016-07-14 | 2018-01-23 | 施政 | 一种大型煤粉锅炉的点火系统 |
| CN106352331A (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-01-25 | 施政 | 一种煤粉燃烧系统 |
| CN106642084A (zh) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-05-10 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种双调风强涡旋熔融燃烧器 |
| CN106642084B (zh) * | 2016-12-08 | 2019-07-26 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种双调风强涡旋熔融燃烧器 |
| CN107559818A (zh) * | 2017-09-21 | 2018-01-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 采用预燃室及双层射流分离二次风的中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧装置 |
| CN107559819A (zh) * | 2017-09-21 | 2018-01-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种用于工业锅炉带有渐扩形预燃室的旋流煤粉燃烧机构 |
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