CN102307572B - 治疗原发性血小板增多症用的新组合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一类使阿那格雷活性成分非即时释放的新颖阿那格雷配制剂。本发明人已证明,包含阿那格雷颗粒的药物组合物,其中至少90%的所述阿那格雷颗粒小于10μm,在与乳糖一水合物组合时会产生一种配制剂,这种配制剂若施予病人则呈释放量减少的特征。任选地,该药物组合物还可包含聚维酮、交聚维酮、微晶纤维素和/或硬脂酸镁。
Description
本发明涉及一种新的药物组合物及其治疗原发性血小板增多症的应用,所述组合物包含与乳糖一水合物组合的阿那格雷盐酸化物(anagrelidehydrochloride)。
原发性血小板增多症是造血克隆病或多克隆骨髓增生疾病,而且患血小板增多症的病人中12%确诊为原发性血小板增多症。
在45%的原发血小板增多(primary thromobocytosis)病人中诊断出原发性血小板增多症(essential thrombocythemia,ET)(1)。为了清晰地把ET同真性红细胞增多(PV)和骨髓纤维化(MF)区分开来,真性红细胞增多研究组(PVSG)定义了诊断标准(2),后来世界卫生组织(WHO)的诊断指南(3,4)作了改进。
WHO的诊断指南细化了PVSG的ET诊断标准,其引入了骨髓组织病理学和嗜银(网硬蛋白和胶原)纤维密度,以此区分ET与特发性骨髓纤维化(IMF)的早期原纤维化阶段(5,6,7)。
有继发的血小板增多的病人中,血小板数超过1,500,000/μl代表了血栓栓塞事件和出血性事件的独立危险因子(8)。其他独立危险因子是血栓栓塞史或出血史、微脉管症状和年逾65岁(9,10,11,12,13)。临床表现从轻微症状如头痛、眩晕和视力障碍到威及生命的并发症如血栓形成、出血和中风。血栓形成急性发作的估计风险为6.6%/病龄,年逾60岁的患者群中增加至15%/病龄(14),而最高的是曾有闭塞性发作史的患者(10)。
人们通常认为,高危病人应当接受降血小板治疗。约50%的患者在诊断时显现血栓形成史或出血史,并归属高危类(15)。考虑到所有的独立危险因子如血小板计数超过1,500,000/μl、年逾65岁和心血管危险因子,50%以上被诊断患有ET的患者都需要进行治疗。另外,血小板值小于900,000/μl的有症状患者还有并发症危险,需要进行治疗(16)。大脉管血栓症可发生在血小板计数小于900,000/μl的年轻患者中(17)。
减少血小板计数已证明会减少临床并发症的风险(18)。因此,血小板计数可起临床并发症替代标志物的作用。越来越多的证据表明,年轻患者和血小板计数小于900,000/μl的患者有可能因减少临床并发症和进行性血管病的风险而受益于治疗。
近年来,主要地推行两种治疗方案,即羟基脲(HU)和Alpha-干扰素。然而,羟基脲的缺点是:1.HU在血小板数低时不被选择,而且还会影响血液其他成分,2.越来越多的报告列出了由HU引起的严重副作用,包括白血病。这在年轻患者长期接受治疗的情形下尤其是个问题。3.某些患者对HU治疗不敏感。
Alpha-干扰素需要皮下给药,对其他细胞谱系有多重影响,而且不能很好地被许多个体耐受(19)。
阿那格雷(咪唑并(2,1-b)喹唑啉-2(3H)酮,6,7-二氯-1,5-二氢一盐酸化物)现已注册为血小板增多症患者的二线治疗方案。其作用机制对巨核细胞和血小板具有选择性。它可经口给药。已有报告中未见长期致突变性和致白血病性(leukemogenicity)的证据。阿那格雷在美国从1997起就已获得许可,而欧洲从2001起才获准。在欧盟(EU),阿那格雷的当前批准治疗适应症是“在不耐受现用疗法或者以现用疗法不能将增高的血小板计数降至可接受水平的有原发性血小板增多症风险的患者中使增高的血小板计数降低”(http://www.emea.eu.int/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/xagrid/Xagrid.htm)。
阿那格雷最初是作为血小板凝聚抑制剂研发出来的。其作用方式牵涉血小板cAMP磷酸二酯酶酶活性抑制(20)。然而,这种作用不介导血小板减少。这种选择性血小板减少作用限于人类,在低得多的剂量下发生(21),而且通过巨核细胞成熟抑制来介导(22,23)。在治疗浓度下,阿那格雷不影响巨核细胞集落形成和血小板存活(22)。确切作用机制目前尚无报道。然而,阿那格雷代谢物看来有强烈的血小板降低活性,因此可能促进了其作用(24,25,26)。
基于最新的证据和对大多数患者风险-受益平衡的考虑,可以把阿那格雷作为较广泛患者群体中适宜的可选治疗方案。这也包括那些不愿用引起致白血病潜在风险的药剂如羟基脲开始治疗的、处于危险之中而岁数低于60岁的患者。
阿那格雷在体内大量代谢,有5种以上的代谢物可用HPLC分析法在尿内鉴别出(27)。这些代谢物中鉴别出两种,即生物活性3-羟基阿那格雷和无活性2-氨基-5,6-二氯-3,4-二氢喹唑啉酮(也称RL 603)(26)。
阿那格雷的药理学方面最新临床前研究和临床研究对其作用方式和安全特性提出一些重要疑问(26,28,29,30,31)。有人建议,至少一种已鉴别的代谢物,即3-羟基阿那格雷在体内贡献主要的药理作用,这些主要药理作用是血小板减少和PDE 3抑制活性,而RL 603没有这些作用(24)。与母药相比,阿那格雷迅速转变成3-羟基阿那格雷,并在约45min后达到最高血浆含量。非常可能,这两种化合物在体内都贡献药理活性。阿那格雷和3-羟基阿那格雷都迅速从血液除去,无积累迹象。需要花费数日至数周的时间才能达到最理想的血小板控制(29,30)。因此,血小板减少不太可能由直接的药理学作用介导。巨核细胞表面介导持久的血小板减少效应的分子靶目前尚不清楚,但可能包括对导致促血小板生成素亲合力改变的c-MPL功能进行调节(28)。这个假设得到以下发现的支持:阿那格雷停药后需要花费4至7天时间才能使血小板回到治疗前的数值。
相反,cAMP依赖性PDE 3已确定为介导阿那格雷对心血管系统和对血小板凝聚的急性效应的分子靶(20)。头痛、头晕和心悸代表了约15%至44%患者在治疗的第一个星期内频繁发生的不适现象,并可能由治疗剂量水平的阿那格雷的轻度心血管效应和脑效应介导。这些副作用在2至3周时间内好转,这与快速脱敏的进展一致(29),该快速脱敏也已用其他PDE 3抑制剂观察到(32)。然而,心血管副作用如血压过低的比率和严重程度随着剂量逐步增加超过5mg而增大,这暗示了与血浆中阿那格雷含量的相关性或者,更重要的是,与血浆中3-羟基阿那格雷含量的相关性(29)。用阿那格雷医治的患者中可逆高输出心力衰竭病例已有报道(33,34)。也在用米力农(milrinone)治疗的患者中观察到延长治疗期后心力衰竭的危险,米力农是另一种增强收缩力的PDE 3抑制剂(35)。然而,3-羟基阿那格雷用作PDE 3抑制剂比阿那格雷更加有效(26)。这可假设,3-羟基阿那格雷在用阿那格雷治疗的患者中主要介导心血管副作用。特别是,令人不快的心血管不适现象如心悸、眩晕或头痛可能主要由3-羟基阿那格雷引起。特别在治疗起始时,这些令患者大伤脑筋,而且可能与所报道的高达28%的停药率相关(29,30)。
采用不同阿那格雷配制剂时多种不适现象的差异已有报告,而且阿那格雷停药患者的比率据报道为8%-28%(29,30,31)。不同的药代特性可与耐受能力和血小板减少方面的药效差异相关。阿那格雷的延迟吸收率与阿那格雷的峰值降低和阿那格雷的血浆总含量以及低得多的3-羟基阿那格雷含量相关。因此,PDE 3依赖性急性副作用的比率有望低得多。
US 6,287,599和US 2004/0062800公开了多种药物组合物,它们具有缓释和pH依赖性溶解减少的属性。其中就有含阿那格雷的药片,每片含2.44mg阿那格雷盐酸化物。WO2005/112917A1记叙了一类组合物,该组合物含有选择性细胞因子抑制药,用于骨髓增生性疾病治疗,其中阿那格雷作为第二种活性剂存在。
US2007/104782A1和WO2007/016350A2记叙了非pH依赖性缓释药片配制剂,该配制剂含有甲基丙烯酸共聚物,机械性能有所提高。
US2005/0249814A1和US2005/0008704A1公开了一类配制剂,该配制剂包含一种具有至少一个羧酸部分、与生理学溶剂接触时迅速溶解的化合物。
本发明的一个目的是提供多种并非立即释放、但能高度恒定地释放的阿那格雷新组合物,其能用来预防和治疗与慢性脊髓增生病相关的病征,例如原发性血小板增多症,但缺乏阿那格雷治疗的某些可归因于其主要代谢物3-羟基阿那格雷的众所周知的副作用。
该目的借助于本申请中各实施方式规定的技术特征得以完成。
本发明涉及新的、阿那格雷活性成分不立即释放的阿那格雷配制剂,其中阿那格雷盐酸化物具有小颗粒尺寸。现已证明,包含阿那格雷与乳糖一水合物组合的药物组合物形成一种配制剂,当对患者给药时该配制剂具有减少释放的特征。
任选地,该药物组合物还可包含微晶纤维素和吡咯烷酮如聚维酮和/或交聚维酮。
附图:
图1:摄入现有(P)阿那格雷配制剂或新的(N)阿那格雷配制剂后血浆阿那格雷浓度(平均数±标准误差)。分别将现有配制剂或者新的配制剂给药后,Cmax血浆数值显著不同(p<0.001)。
图2:摄入现有(P)阿那格雷配制剂或新的(N)阿那格雷配制剂后,血浆3-羟基阿那格雷(3-OH)浓度(平均数±标准误差)。分别将现有配制剂或者新的配制剂给药后,Cmax血浆数值显著不同(p<0.001)。
发明的详细说明
本发明提供了包含阿那格雷盐酸化物颗粒的药物组合物,其中至少90%的所述阿那格雷颗粒直径小于10μm,并含有至少60mg乳糖一水合物。
具体地说,阿那格雷为阿那格雷盐酸化物形式,含有量小于1mg,优选小于0.70mg,优选小于0.65mg,优选介于0.54mg和0.60mg之间,优选量为约0.57mg。按照本发明的阿那格雷盐酸化物以微粉化阿那格雷的形式存在,颗粒尺寸小于15μm,优选小于10μm。按照本发明的一种具体实施方式,配制剂中阿那格雷的平均粒度约为5μm。使用小于15μm的、尤其是小于10μm的阿那格雷小颗粒,对于含有低浓度阿那格雷的药物制剂而言是特别有利的,因为藉此在给药时提供了阿那格雷有效成分的高度均匀的分布和/或恒定的释放。
按本发明规定,术语“约5μm的平均粒度”为至少50%的颗粒直径小于5μm,至少90%的颗粒直径小于10μm。
按本发明规定,术语阿那格雷、阿那格雷颗粒和阿那格雷盐酸化物都用来表述活性化合物咪唑并(2,1-b)喹唑啉-2(3H)-酮,6,7-二氯-1,5-二氢一盐酸化物。
现有技术中,微粉化(micronization)已知为降低固体材料颗粒平均直径的处理方法。按照本发明,“微粉化”用已知技术来实行,例如借助于超临界溶液快速膨胀法(Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions method)、超临界逆溶剂法(Supercritical Anti-solvent method)和得自气体饱和溶液法(GasSaturated Solutions method)的颗粒来实行。
乳糖一水合物含量可以至少为60mg,优选至少90mg,优选93.9mg。所述组合物还可含有吡咯烷酮如聚维酮,其含量为4mg-13mg,优选5.5mg-6.6mg,优选6mg,还可含有交联的吡咯烷酮如交聚维酮,其量为3.5mg-13mg,优选5mg-6mg,优选为5.5mg。
该组合物还任选含有微晶纤维素。特别是,吡咯烷酮的存在,更具体是连接的吡咯烷酮的存在,可贡献所述配制剂不即时释放的有利特性。所述微晶纤维素可以含有13mg-39mg,优选20mg-25mg,优选22.5mg。
现有技术中众所周知的其它药学可接受物质也可含于本发明药物组合物中。例如,这些物质可为硬脂酸镁和无水乳糖。
按照一种具体的实施方式,所述药物组合物包含阿那格雷盐酸化物、乳糖一水合物、聚维酮、交聚维酮、微晶纤维素和硬脂酸镁。
更具体地说,所述药物组合物包含
0.57mg阿那格雷盐酸化物
93,9mg乳糖一水合物
6.0mg聚维酮
5.5mg交聚维酮
22.5mg微晶纤维素
1.5mg硬脂酸镁。
鉴于该药剂的释放特性,现已证明,这种组合物显现有利的特征。目前所用的含阿那格雷的药剂是即时释放的药剂,其中于首个10钟内活体外释放90%以上的阿那格雷。与此相反,新的阿那格雷配制剂在活体外的最初10分钟期间只释放约50%阿那格雷,而且在活体外花费多达30分钟时间释放至多约90%。
特别是,本发明药物组合物口服后在体内有至少60分钟的血浆最高释放。
本发明组合物可经口给药,例如以片剂或胶囊形式。按照本实施方式,胶囊如明胶胶囊是具体的口服给药剂型。
鉴于该药剂的释放特性,现已证明,这种组合物显现有利的特征。目前所用的含阿那格雷药剂是即时释放的药剂,其中阿那格雷可在口服后数分钟内从患者血浆中测得。特别考虑到更好的耐受能力和不良副作用的减少以及长期治疗的需要,优选有一种导致延迟但更恒量供给阿那格雷的非即时释放药剂。尤其,使用本发明药物组合物时,在对患者施给所述组合物的约60分钟后,优选90分钟之后,更优选在120分钟后,可在血浆中测出阿那格雷的血浆最大值。
特别考虑到对3-羟基阿那格雷的更好耐受性和更少的题由3-羟基阿那格雷所致的不良副作用,优选有一种导致延迟供给阿那格雷、并因此降低3-羟基阿那格雷最高血浆含量的非即时释放药剂。
由于阿那格雷盐酸化物的浓度低,含有阿那格雷盐酸化物的本发明组合物还显示出改进的耐受能力。阿那格雷的含量小于1mg,优选小于0.70mg,优选小于0.65mg,优选0.54mg-0.60mg,优选量为0.57mg。
由于本发明组合物的新释放特性,该组合物尤可用于原发性血小板增多症的一线治疗,但也可用于二线治疗。因为令人不快的心血管不适现象例如心悸、眩晕或头痛通常发生在治疗的第一周内,并可导致很早中止阿那格雷治疗或者减少患者的依从性,所以本发明组合物特别优选用来治疗新诊断的患者。
另外,本发明组合物还可对不耐受他们的当前疗法的患者或者对借助当前的疗法不能将其增高的血小板计数降至可接受水平的患者给药。
推荐的起始剂量是1mg/日维持1周,且每周调节剂量,直到实现最理想的血小板控制。通常,在1mg/日至3mg/日的剂量水平实现了血小板计数的减少。
所述含有阿那格雷盐酸化物的组合物一天可给药数次,直至能实现血小板计数减少的剂量,特别是在早晨和晚上给药。
本文所记叙的各实施例例证性说明了本发明,而非意在将本发明限制于此。现已按本发明记叙了本发明的不同实施方式。可对本文中记叙和举例说明的技术进行许多变更和变异而不背离本发明的实质和范围。因此,应予理解的是,各实施例仅作例证性说明,而不限定本发明的范围。
实施例:
活体外溶解研究:
分析按欧洲药典(方法2.9.3,(36))“固体剂型溶解测试(dissolution test forsolid dosage forms)”藉桨叶法进行,该方法要求,将固体剂型置入仪器中,该仪器内装37±0.5℃的适宜培养基(500ml),并具有指定的桨叶运转速率。为分别测试现有配制剂和新配制剂的溶解特征变化谱,每次实验将0.5mg胶囊置入容纳培养基(0.1M HCl,含0.1%SDS以提高阿那格雷溶解度)的仪器中。每种配制剂进行6个实验,在0、5、10、15、30和60分钟时取样,用HPLC进行分析。结果表示为从该胶囊所含标称量中释放的阿那格雷的%±SD,溶解谱借助Student’s t-检验成对比较来进行分析。
药代动力学研究:
为比较现有阿那格雷配制剂和新的阿那格雷配制剂的生物可利用度,在两阶段单剂量双盲交叉研究(出清期(wash out period)7天)中,以2mg的剂量(口服4×0,5mg作为一剂),进行药物代谢动力学研究。志愿者为24名健康男性和女性,以相应指南所推荐的入选标准和排除标准予以禁食(37)。进行临床筛选和实验室筛选,测量生命特征和体格检查。至少24名受试者的估计样本量在CV<0.235时,对于80-120%的生物等效性区间,幂数(power)设为>0.8。生物统计学家进行随机化编码,根据该密码随机分配志愿者用新配制剂和现有配制剂治疗。质量确保程序保证了治疗依从性,血液采集时间点是服药之前(0小时)和施给药物之后20分钟、40分钟、1小时、1小时20分钟、1小时40分钟、2小时、2小时30分钟、3小时、3小时30分钟、4小时、5小时、6小时、8小时、12小时和24小时。血样在+4℃下立即以3000rpm离心10分钟。不适现象由不清楚治疗情况的临床研究人员进行记录。统计学方案规定,所有的初步参数即药物代谢动力学参数均以90%CI表述,对所有附加参数都运用描述统计学。用Kinetica 20004.2版(InnaphaseClinical Information Engineering,Philadelphia,PA,USA)计算药物代谢动力学参数(AUC0-∞、Cmax、tmax和tl/2)。用靶参数值的方差分析(ANOVA)进行两种配制剂的生物等效性统计分析,以评估剩余误差,并因而建立置信区间,包括评估阶段效应或顺序效应的存在。使用了以下程序:8.1版(SAS(R)Institute,Cary,NC,USA),供统计分析之用;PROC INSIGHT (分布测试),供药物代谢动力学参数计算值的正态分布测试之用;PROCGLM(一般线性模型)或者PROC MIXED(混合模型),供药物代谢动力学参数数据的ANOVA计算之用;以及EQUIV-(Statistical Solutions,Broadway,MA,USA),供tmax的非参数分析之用。根据现行的指南评定生物等效性,对试验药/参照药的Cmax和AUC0-∞在80%的幂数水平预设80-125%的CI限度(37)。用成对Student’s T检验分析不适现象的总数(表1)。
表1:两种阿那格雷配制剂在0,1M HCL/0,1%SDS中的体外溶解。
*Student’s T检验成对比较
摄入新阿那格雷配制剂或现有阿那格雷配制剂之后,比较24个志愿受试者体内阿那格雷血浆含量时,就明显看出两种药物配制剂的不同属性:新配制剂与现有配制剂相比(分别是,点估计量(point estimator,PE)66%,90%置信区间(CI)58-76%,以及PE 77%、90%CI 69-87%),最大血浆浓度(Cmax)和曲线下面积(AUC0-∞)都低得多(p<0.001),因此远在欧洲生物等效性指南要求的区间(80-125%)之外(12)(图1)。
摄入新配制剂后,与摄入现有配制剂相比,3-羟基阿那格雷的药物代谢动力学谱中,Cmax(PE 80%;90%CI 67-84%,p<0.001)也更低,AUC0-∞值(PE82%;90%CI 75-87%,p<0.001)也更低。摄入现有配制剂之后,在1小时之时达到最高的3-羟基阿那格雷水平(图2)。与此相反,摄入新配制剂后,观察到60分钟的延迟。
在全部研究中,报告了总共75次不适现象;46次发生在现有配制剂组中,29次发生在新配制剂组中(p=0.05,Student’s t-检验)。不适现象差别最显著的是头痛(19对9)和眩晕(12对7)(表2)。
表2:摄取单个2mg剂量的新阿那格雷配制剂或现有阿那格雷配制剂后,24名健康志愿者中的不适现象。
新配制剂 | 现有配制剂 | 总计 | |
不适现象次数 | 29 | 46 | 75* |
报告不适现象的志愿者 | 16 | 15 | 19 |
头痛 | 9 | 17 | 26 |
眩晕 | 7 | 12 | 19 |
心悸 | 7 | 6 | 13 |
恶心 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
呕吐 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
腹痛 | 1 | 1 | |
痛经 | 1 | 1 | |
流感样症状 | 1 | 1 | |
血胆红素过多 | 1 | 1 | |
白细胞计数异常 | 1 | 1 |
*p=0.05(Student’s t-检验)
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Claims (3)
1.药物组合物,该组合物包含0.57mg阿那格雷盐酸化物、93.9mg乳糖一水合物、6mg聚维酮、5.5mg交聚维酮、22.5mg微晶纤维素和1.5mg硬脂酸镁。
2.权利要求1所述的药物组合物,呈胶囊形式。
3.权利要求1所述药物组合物制备治疗原发性血小板增多症的制剂或药剂的用途。
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- 2009-12-04 DK DK09764826.5T patent/DK2367539T3/da active
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- 2009-12-04 EP EP09764826.5A patent/EP2367539B1/en active Active
- 2009-12-04 AU AU2009324043A patent/AU2009324043B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-04 KR KR1020117012066A patent/KR101631728B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-04 PT PT97648265T patent/PT2367539E/pt unknown
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2011
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2013
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005004917A3 (en) * | 2003-07-11 | 2006-03-16 | Sandoz Ag | Pharmaceutical composition for solubility enhancement of hydrophobic drugs |
CN1856297A (zh) * | 2003-07-11 | 2006-11-01 | 桑多斯股份公司 | 用于增加疏水性药物溶解度的药物组合物 |
WO2008090569A1 (en) * | 2007-01-25 | 2008-07-31 | Panacea Biotec Ltd | Modified release pharmaceutical composition and a process of making the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ZA201103409B (en) | 2012-07-25 |
HK1158957A1 (en) | 2012-07-27 |
WO2010063824A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
PT2367539E (pt) | 2013-09-09 |
MY155660A (en) | 2015-11-13 |
EP2367539A1 (en) | 2011-09-28 |
UA106361C2 (ru) | 2014-08-26 |
ES2426232T3 (es) | 2013-10-22 |
SI2367539T1 (sl) | 2013-09-30 |
PL2367539T3 (pl) | 2013-10-31 |
EP2367539B1 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
CY1114306T1 (el) | 2016-08-31 |
DK2367539T3 (da) | 2013-08-26 |
AU2009324043B2 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
CN102307572A (zh) | 2012-01-04 |
AU2009324043A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
AT10562U2 (de) | 2009-06-15 |
IL213198A (en) | 2015-09-24 |
SG171979A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
IL213198A0 (en) | 2011-07-31 |
HRP20130647T1 (en) | 2013-08-31 |
AT10562U3 (de) | 2010-01-15 |
KR101631728B1 (ko) | 2016-06-17 |
EA022715B1 (ru) | 2016-02-29 |
EA201170583A1 (ru) | 2011-12-30 |
KR20110106280A (ko) | 2011-09-28 |
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