CN102280879A - 风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法及系统 - Google Patents
风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法及系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种风电场大规模储能电站控制系统及控制方法，尤其适用于电网容量较小或风电装机容量占电网总装机容量比例较大的区域。本发明对风电场大规模储能电站进行控制，可以稳定风电场电压，平滑风电机组或风电场的功率输出，提高风电场所在区域电网的安全性、供电可靠性和灵活性，充分利用可再生能源。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种风电场大规模储能电站控制系统及控制方法，尤其适用于电网容量较小或风电装机容量占电网总装机容量比例较大的区域。
背景技术
随着社会能源需求迅速增加，气候和环境问题日益突出，各国都加大了可再生能源的支持力度，风能以其可再生、洁净无污染且发电成本相对较低的优点得到了快速发展，风电机组总装机容量和风电场规模迅速扩大。但风电场对电网运行稳定性、可靠性的影响日益突出，大大增加了电网调度的难度。主要表现为：
（1） 风电出力随机性强、间歇性明显。风电出力波动幅度大，波动频率也无规律性。风电的间歇性、随机性增加了电网调频的负担
（2） 随着大规模风电场接入电网，部分电网运行电压控制出现了较大困难。风电场运行过度依赖系统无功补偿，也限制了电网运行的灵活性。
（3） 由于风电机组单机容量较小，风电发电成分增加，导致在相同的负荷水平下，系统的惯量下降，影响电网动态稳定水平；而且风电的反调峰特性增加了电网调峰的难度。
风电并网容量的不断增加和电网运行安全之间的矛盾，使电网无法全额收购风电电量，在必要时段采取限制风电出力措施来保证电网安全稳定运行。随着风电接入规模的进一步扩大，矛盾会愈加突出。
发明内容
发明目的：本发明提供一种风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法及系统，主要解决风电功率输出不稳定、不可控和可预测性差与电网调度直接的矛盾，改善由此导致的风电场电压波动问题。
技术方案：本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：所述方法包括大规模储能电站的功率平滑有功控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法；所述方法的具体步骤如下：
功率平滑有功控制方法：
（1）、确定整个风电场出口功率的控制目标；确定该目标的方式有两种：一种是电网调度系统依据风电场风功率预测系统的预测值结合电网负载确定；另一种方式是通过对风电场测量的风电机组实时功率进行滤波得到控制目标；
（2）、采用误差反馈控制法对储能电站输出的功率进行控制；
（3）、根据发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化来调整储能电站输出的功率进行控制，使其配合发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化从而将风电场出口的功率保持平滑；
电压稳定无功功率控制方法：
①、 根据储能电站容量、风电场机组装机容量及电网参数确定无功功率控制参数；
②、 根据电网要求及储能电站变流器的响应时间确定无功功率控制周期；
③、 测量出电压给定和实测电压的误差；
④、 结合以上步骤中得出的结果按照以下方法进行控制：
其中，K q为有功功率控制参数，T q为有功功率控制周期。
为电压给定和实测电压的误差，
为储能电站输出的无功功率，S为时间常数，一般取值0.02～0.05。
“（2）”步骤中的误差反馈控制法的具体步骤如下：
㈠、确定有功功率控制参数、有功功率控制周期和功率控制目标和实测功率的误差；
㈡、根据所得数据进行如下操作：
其中，P ess为储能电站输出的有功功率，K p为有功功率控制参数，T p为有功功率控制周期。
为功率控制目标和实测功率的误差，S为时间常数。在反馈通道添加带通滤波器，限定功率调节只对功率的中频区和低频区波动进行补偿。
对于电压稳定无功功率控制方法有两种不同的方式。一是在电网故障的情况下，需要快速的控制电压支撑以避免电压崩溃。二是正常运行情况下控制无功功率，改善电压分布, 保证电能质量。
大规模储能电站通过双向变流器的解耦控制实现功率平滑，有功功率控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法，解耦控制的方法如下：
AC/DC（交直流变换）采取基于IGBT的电压源换流技术，其dq旋转坐标系下电压关系如下所示：
有功功率和无功功率为：
其中：P、Q为变换器输出的有功功率和无功功率；u d、u q为变换器交流侧电压的d、q轴分量；i d、i q为变换器交流侧电流的d、q轴分量；e d、e q为电网电压的d、q轴分量；L、R为变换器内部的电感、电阻；p为微分算子。 根据交流电压q轴定向原则，则u d=0，u q=us，从而使P、Q实现解耦控制。
一种实施上述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法的系统，其特征在于：该系统包括电池管理单元、双向变流器、并网接入装置、功率控制器和储能电站监控系统；电池管理单元和双向变流器接入电池系统，功率控制器连接至双向变流器和电池管理单元，储能电站监控系统连接至功率控制器，并网接入装置与双向变流器连接。
并网接入装置使用时与风电场交流母线连接，储能电站监控系统使用时接入风电场以太网。
优点及效果：
本发明提供一种风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：所述方法包括大规模储能电站的功率平滑有功控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法；
在风电场建设大规模储能电站可以在很大程度上缓解上述问题，本发明的主要任务在于提供一种风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统及方法，通过对储能电站有功和无功功率进行实时调节，进行消峰填谷、平滑功率，稳定风电场电压。风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统包括：电池管理、双向变流器、并网接入装置、功率控制器和监控软件。
为减少风电对电网运行的影响，一方面提高风电机组的有功、无功调节和低电压穿越能力。同时采取一定措施，通过建设储能电站等手段增加风电场功率的可预测性，减小功率波动，使风电场和电网直接的刚性连接变为柔性链接，解决风电场对电网的影响。
本发明对风电场大规模储能电站进行控制，可以稳定风电场电压，平滑风电机组（风电场）功率输出，提高风电场所在区域电网的安全性、供电可靠性和灵活性，充分利用可再生能源。
附图说明：
图1为风电场大规模储能系统拓扑结构框图；
图2为本实用新型功率调节系统的接线示意图；
图3为本实用新型中双向变流器结构框图；
图 4为本实用新型中功率调节控制方法图；
图5 为本实用新型中风电场大规模储能电站监控系统原理框图；
图6为本实用新型功率调节系统的结构示意框图。
具体实施方式：下面结合附图对本发明做进一步的说明：
本发明提供一种风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，所述方法包括大规模储能电站的功率平滑有功控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法；所述方法的具体步骤如下：
功率平滑有功控制方法：
风能经过风力发电机转换为电能，风速的不断变化引起了风力机的输出功率P w的变化，按变化的频率范围可将风力机的输出P w三部分：高频区(1Hz及以上)、低频区(0.01Hz及以下)和它们之间的中频区。高频区部分功率波动被发电机的转子惯量吸收；而中频区的功率波动是影响相连电网最严重的，也是储能装置要平抑的部分。因为转子惯量对高频区功率的平抑，所以发电机输出功率P w的波动范围仅在中频区和低频区。因此有下式的功率分配关系：
风电场大规模储能电站的功率调节控制器通过控制P ess调节风电场出口的功率P g达到平滑风电场功率波动的目的。控制目标P g可以由两种方式确定，一种是电网调度系统依据风电场风功率预测系统的预测值结合电网负载确定。另一种方式是通过对风电场测量的风电机组实时功率进行滤波得到控制目标P g，滤波器的具体参数根据实际情况确定。
具体方法为：（1）、确定整个风电场出口功率的控制目标；确定该目标的方式有两种：一种是电网调度系统依据风电场风功率预测系统的预测值结合电网负载确定；另一种方式是通过对风电场测量的风电机组实时功率进行滤波得到控制目标；
（2）、采用误差反馈控制法对储能电站输出的功率进行控制；
（3）、根据发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化来调整储能电站输出的功率进行控制，使其配合发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化从而将风电场出口的功率保持平滑；
电压稳定无功功率控制方法：
储能电站的无功控制主要目的是稳定电压，对于电压与无功功率控制根据不同的工况有两种不同的方式。一是在电网故障的情况下，需要快速的控制电压支撑以避免电压崩溃。二是正常运行情况下控制无功功率，改善电压分布, 保证电能质量。
具体操作如下：
①、 根据储能电站容量、风电场机组装机容量及电网参数确定有功功率控制参数；
②、 根据电网要求及储能电站变流器的响应时间确定无功功率控制周期；
③、 测量出电压给定和实测电压的误差；
④、 结合以上步骤中得出的结果按照以下方法进行控制：
其中，K q为有功功率控制参数，T q为有功功率控制周期。
为电压给定和实测电压的误差。
为储能电站输出的无功功率，S为时间常数，一般取值0.02～0.05。
“（2）”步骤中的误差反馈控制法的具体步骤如下：
㈠、确定有功功率控制参数、有功功率控制周期和功率控制目标和实测功率的误差；
㈡、根据所得数据进行如下操作：
其中，P ess为储能电站输出的功率，K p为有功功率控制参数，T p为有功功率控制周期。
为功率控制目标和实测功率的误差，S是时间常数。在反馈通道添加带通滤波器，限定功率调节只对功率的中频区和低频区波动进行补偿。
对于电压稳定无功功率控制方法有两种不同的方式。一是在电网故障的情况下，需要快速的控制电压支撑以避免电压崩溃。二是正常运行情况下控制无功功率，改善电压分布, 保证电能质量。
大规模储能电站通过双向变流器的解耦控制实现功率平滑有功控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法，解耦控制的方法如下：
AC/DC（交直流变换）采取基于IGBT的电压源换流技术，其dq旋转坐标系下电压关系如下所示：
有功功率和无功功率为：
其中：P、Q为变换器输出的有功功率和无功功率；u d、u q为变换器交流侧电压的d、q轴分量；i d、i q为变换器交流侧电流的d、q轴分量；e d、e q为电网电压的d、q轴分量；L、R为变换器内部的电感、电阻；p为微分算子。 根据交流电压q轴定向原则，则u d=0，u q=us，从而使P、Q实现解耦控制。
另外，本发明还提供一种风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统，该系统包括电池管理单元、双向变流器、并网接入装置、功率控制器和储能电站监控系统；电池管理单元和双向变流器接入电池系统，功率控制器连接至双向变流器和电池管理单元，储能电站监控系统连接至功率控制器，并网接入装置与双向变流器连接。
并网接入装置使用时与风电场交流母线连接，储能电站监控系统使用时接入风电场以太网。
电池管理部分用于监测、评估及保护电池运行状态的电子设备集合，包括：监测并传递电池、电池组的实时运行状态信息，如电池电压、电流、温度以及保护量等；评估计算电池的荷电状态SOC及电池累计处理能量等；保护电池安全等。电池或电池组在运行过程中会出现不均衡，这种不均衡具有很强的随机性，通过电池运行状态数据及预测出的电池SOC值，并以此为依据计算出每电池组最大允许放电电流、放电深度等。
双向变流器完成电池充放电功率控制、功率因数调节、保护等功能，是储能电站的重要组成部分。可根据功率调节控制器指令控制电池的有功和无功功率输出。功率调节过程中，双向变流器能接收并实时跟踪执行功率给定控制信号，根据并网侧电压、储能电站监控系统控制指令等信号自动调节有功输出，确保其最大输出功率及功率变化率不超过给定值，以便在电网故障和特殊运行方式下保证电力系统稳定性。变流器具有直流过电压保护、过流保护、输入反接保护、短路保护、接地保护（具有故障检测功能）、欠压/过压保护、过载保护、过热保护、过/欠频保护、三相不平衡保护及报警、相位保护以及对地电阻监测和报警功能。
功率控制器参照电网调度系统或风电场风功率预测系统给定，依据对风电机组或风电场输出功率的测量控制储能电站的功率大小。功率调节控制器根据风电场功率输出实时数据调节储能电站有功功率，以平滑风电场总有功功率波动。也可根据交流侧电压测量值、风电场或电网调度系统控制指令信号实时跟踪调节无功输出，其调节方式、参考电压、电压调整率、功率因数等参数可由储能电站监控系统远程设定。
为了综合考虑风速变化引起的风功率波动、电网负载及故障等因素影响，风电场大规模储能电站一般安装在风电场变电站风电机组汇总端也就是主变压器的低压侧，功率调节控制依据该端点的电压、有功功率和功率因数测量值进行闭环控制。有功功率和无功功率在变流器解耦后单独控制，有功功率调节主要使风电场输出功率尽可能的接近调度给定值或预测值，提高风电场出力的可预测性，同时平滑风电场风功率波动； 无功功率调节主要稳定风电场电压，提高电网运行稳定性。
储能电站监控系统能接收来自于风电场监控系统或电网调度系统的指令，设定或调整电池储能系统的运行状态和运行方式；系统包括监测设备和通信设备。储能电站监控系统的通信方式采用光纤以太网，就地监测系统具有遥测、遥控、遥信功能，对电池、变流器及其他配套辅助设备等进行全面完善的监控，实时采集有关设备运行状态及工作参数并上传至储能电站监控系统，实时传递系统数据，保证每1s可以刷新一次系统运行状态信息。故障信息实时存储、传送，并留与储能电站监控系统的通讯端口。同时监控系统还可存储系统的运行日志、发生的事件，并进行历史数据库维护查询等功能。就地监测装置还需要具备远动功能，将电池储能系统内的实时数据传送到储能电站监控系统，并接受储能电站监控系统的遥控命令。
参照图1，本发明在风电场大规模储能电站中负责和风电场调度或功率预测系统通信，按照调度指令进行储能电站的有功和无功功率实时控制，并完成对电池的监控和均衡管理。系统包括：电池管理、双向变流器、并网接入装置、功率控制器和监控软件，其中双向变流器和电池可以根据容量分为若干单元。系统通过以太网（104规约）和风电场调度系统连接，系统内部通信采用canopen总线。
参照图2，风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统的0.69kv交流母线通过断路器和变压器，与风电场主升压变压器35kv侧连接，变压器的规格为0.69/35kv。风电场风功率测量传感器安装在整个风电场包括风电机组群和储能电站电网接入端。
参照图4，经过双向变流器进行功率解耦控制后，分别根据有功功率给定目标和电压给定目标进行有功和无功功率控制。
参照图5，监控系统在监控室服务器运行，各PC机通过客户端和服务器相连，实现风电场大规模储能电站的实时运行数据浏览，事件追忆和历史数据查询、统计等功能。
本发明对风电场大规模储能电站进行控制，可以稳定风电场电压，平滑风电机组或风电场的功率输出，提高风电场所在区域电网的安全性、供电可靠性和灵活性，充分利用可再生能源。
Claims (6)
1.风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：所述方法包括大规模储能电站的功率平滑有功控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法；所述方法的具体步骤如下：
功率平滑有功控制方法：
（1）、确定整个风电场出口功率的控制目标；确定该目标的方式有两种：一种是电网调度系统依据风电场风功率预测系统的预测值结合电网负载确定；另一种方式是通过对风电场测量的风电机组实时功率进行滤波得到控制目标；
（2）、采用误差反馈控制法对储能电站输出的功率进行控制；
（3）、根据发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化来调整储能电站输出的功率进行控制，使其配合发电机的中频区和低频区的输出功率的变化从而将风电场出口的功率保持平滑；
电压稳定无功功率控制方法：
根据储能电站容量、风电场机组装机容量及电网参数确定无功功率控制参数；
根据电网要求及储能电站变流器的响应时间确定无功功率控制周期；
测量出电压给定和实测电压的误差；
结合以上步骤中得出的结果按照以下方法进行控制：
其中，K q为有功功率控制参数，T q为有功功率控制周期；
为电压给定和实测电压的误差，为储能电站输出的无功功率，S为时间常数，一般取值0.02～0.05。
2.根据权利要求1所述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：“（2）”步骤中的误差反馈控制法的具体步骤如下：
㈠、确定有功功率控制参数、有功功率控制周期和功率控制目标和实测功率的误差；
㈡、根据所得数据进行如下操作：
其中，P ess为储能电站输出的有功功率，K p为有功功率控制参数，T p为有功功率控制周期；
为功率控制目标和实测功率的误差，S为时间常数；在反馈通道添加带通滤波器，限定功率调节只对功率的中频区和低频区波动进行补偿。
3.根据权利要求1所述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：对于电压稳定无功功率控制方法有两种不同的方式：一是在电网故障的情况下，需要快速的控制电压支撑以避免电压崩溃；二是正常运行情况下控制无功功率，改善电压分布, 保证电能质量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法，其特征在于：大规模储能电站通过双向变流器的解耦控制实现功率平滑，有功功率控制方法和电压稳定无功功率控制方法，解耦控制的方法如下：
AC/DC（交直流变换）采取基于IGBT的电压源换流技术，其dq旋转坐标系下电压关系如下所示：
有功功率和无功功率为：
其中：P、Q为变换器输出的有功功率和无功功率；u d、u q为变换器交流侧电压的d、q轴分量；i d、i q为变换器交流侧电流的d、q轴分量；e d、e q为电网电压的d、q轴分量；L、R为变换器内部的电感、电阻；p为微分算子；根据交流电压q轴定向原则，则u d=0，u q=us，从而使P、Q实现解耦控制。
5.一种实施权利要求1所述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节方法的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统，其特征在于：该系统包括电池管理单元、双向变流器、并网接入装置、功率控制器和储能电站监控系统；电池管理单元和双向变流器接入电池系统，功率控制器连接至双向变流器和电池管理单元，储能电站监控系统连接至功率控制器，并网接入装置与双向变流器连接。
6.根据权利要求5所述的风电场大规模储能电站功率调节系统，其特征在于：并网接入装置使用时与风电场交流母线连接，储能电站监控系统使用时接入风电场以太网。
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| CN111478380B (zh) * | 2019-01-24 | 2021-07-30 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 储能系统及其自启动方法 |
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| CN112906928A (zh) * | 2019-12-03 | 2021-06-04 | 国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | 一种风电场集群有功功率预测方法及系统 |
| CN112906928B (zh) * | 2019-12-03 | 2022-09-16 | 国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | 一种风电场集群有功功率预测方法及系统 |
| CN113541201A (zh) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-10-22 | 云南电网有限责任公司 | 一种风电集群并网时有功功率的调节方法及系统 |
| CN117709689A (zh) * | 2024-02-05 | 2024-03-15 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | 一种计及整体效能与能量阻抗的风电场功率分配优化方法 |
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