CN102234828A - In situ preparation method of self-lubricating ceramic coating on aluminium alloy surface - Google Patents
In situ preparation method of self-lubricating ceramic coating on aluminium alloy surface Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for in situ growing a high-intensity self-lubricating ceramic coating on an aluminium alloy surface by using Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) technique. According to the method, lubricative flake graphite powder is subject to surface modification to obtain graphite/alumina composite powder, the composite powder has surface negative charge in the alkaline PEO electrolyte, thereby, the graphite powder can be uniformly dispersed in the electrolyte, and controllable involve in the PEO reaction and the process of growth of the ceramic layer under electric field, so as to realize that the lubricative graphite powder and the products of spark discharge sintering deposit in the PEO ceramic coating together. The method disclosed in the invention overcomes the defect of large friction coefficient of the PEO ceramic coating on the aluminium alloy surface, and by carrying out the deposition of the raphite/alumina composite powder and the PEO ceramic coating together for film-forming, the friction coefficient of the PEO ceramic coating is reduced greatly. The method disclosed in the invention is a practical and realistic preparation technique with easy operation and environmental protection, thus allowing the PEO technique to be more widely used in the field of aluminium alloy surface treatment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the aluminum alloy surface processing technology field, be meant a kind of method that has the self-lubricating property ceramic coating by the plasma electrolytic oxidation technology in the aluminum alloy surface in-situ preparing especially.
Background technology
Aluminium alloy is with a wide range of applications in modern industries such as space flight and aviation, building, automobile owing to have specific tenacity height, heat conduction and advantages such as good conductivity, light weight.Yet, need carry out the surface Hardening Treatment of necessity before using because aluminium alloy matter is soft, the existence of shortcoming such as wear no resistance.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, PEO) technology be otherwise known as " differential arc oxidation " or " spark discharge anodically deposit " etc., it is that metal or alloy is placed electrolytic solution, by a kind of electrochemical surface treatment technology that the electrode surface in-situ sintering generates ceramic layer that acts on of high-voltage, big electric current.Can be by this technology at the ceramic coating of alloy surface growth in situ high strength such as aluminium, magnesium and titanium, good film substrate bond strength; And compare with other process for treating surface, the PEO technology has the film forming efficiency height, technological process is simple, film performance is controlled and advantage such as environmental protection.Adopt this technology that aluminium alloy is carried out surface treatment, can overcome soft, the anti-corrosion and shortcoming such as wear no resistance of Al-alloy based physique to a certain extent.Yet the quenching owing to spark spark sintering in the PEO process and melts comprises defectives such as a large amount of tiny cracks and hole in the ceramic layer, the frictional coefficient under the metal to-metal contact environment is up to more than 0.7.Thereby when guaranteeing PEO ceramic layer high rigidity, good film substrate bond strength, the oilness that further reduces its frictional coefficient, increase coating will make the PEO technology have application prospect widely in the aluminum alloy surface process field.
At reducing PEO ceramic layer frictional coefficient several different methods is arranged at present.After carrying out the PEO oxide treatment, add oilness material (as oozing coating tetrafluoroethylene) by technology such as oozing or be coated with on the oxide film surface, or apply the sputter graphite linings, to reduce the frictional coefficient of coating at aluminium alloy.It should be noted that, in oxidation electrolyte, directly add the oilness material (as, add ammonium thiomolybdate, symbiosis MoS2 or graphite microparticles), pass through control of process parameters, make the oilness material in oxidising process, together deposit among the rete, increase the coating oilness, the PEO ceramic layer that can obtain to have low-friction coefficient, good corrosion resistance.
Above-mentioned research shows, and the doping of graphite in oxide film can significantly reduce the frictional coefficient of PEO ceramic coating, improves oilness.Yet, when adopting oilness powder body materials such as in-situ doped graphite to prepare the PEO ceramic layer, will face powder key issues such as uniform distribution and stable existence in electrolytic solution such as how making graphite; But adopt in-situ method at present when aluminum alloy surface prepares self lubricity PEO ceramic coating, still lacking increases graphite powder stability and effective means of participating in the reaction process controllability in electrolytic solution.
Summary of the invention
Shortcoming at aluminum alloy surface PEO ceramic layer frictional coefficient height, poor lubricity, the objective of the invention is to propose a kind of in-situ preparation method of aluminium alloy surface self-lubricating ceramic coating, the graphite powder that this method will have oilness is entrained in the electrolytic solution, and by control to reaction process, the graphite powder is participated in the PEO film formation reaction, make gained contain graphite phase doped P EO ceramic layer and have wear resistance and low frictional coefficient preferably, the present invention has realized lubricating graphite and PEO ceramic layer codeposition because of adopting the method for in-situ preparing.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
For the also participation PEO reaction smoothly in the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution that is dispersed in that guarantees that the Graphite Powder 99 body can be uniform and stable, take the method for surface modification at first the graphite powder to be carried out oxide compound coating processing.Consider that aluminium alloy carries out having a large amount of aluminum oxide in the rete of PEO processing back, therefore select for use aluminum oxide, preparation graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule as coating layer.Not only realized the uniform and stable dispersion in PEO electrolytic solution of graphite powder according to the characteristic of oxide fine particle belt surface negative charge in alkaline electrolyte, and made can be under the electric field action controlled participation film formation reaction of the Graphite Powder 99 body with surface charge.
Described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method can adopt heterogeneous nucleation process, and this method concrete operations step is as follows:
Step 1: adopt the heterogeneous nucleation legal system to be equipped with graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule
With the Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is tensio-active agent, with deionized water natural flaky graphite is mixed with the suspension that concentration is 2-20g/L, handle with ultrasonic dispersing, make buffered soln with ammoniacal liquor the pH value of graphite suspension is transferred to 7-11, heat graphite suspension afterwards to 50-95 ℃; Preparation Al
3+Concentration is the Tai-Ace S 150 (Al of 0.01-0.5mol/L
2(SO
4)
3) or aluminum nitrate (Al (NO
3)
3) solution, and it is slowly joined in the graphite suspension after the heating, in the dropping process, vigorous stirring and keep this liquid phase medium insulation certain hour that hydrolysis reaction is fully carried out; Then wash repeatedly, filter, wash the removal foreign ion with water, be neutral, make the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated more after filtration until solution.
Its reaction formula is as follows: Al
2(SO
4)
3+ 6OH
-+ (n-3) H
2O → Al
2O
3NH
2O ↓+3SO
4 2-
Step 2: in-situ preparing self-lubricating PEO ceramic layer
Graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule is entrained in the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution of being made up of water glass and potassium hydroxide, and the content of control graphite powder is 2-20g/L, and is injected in the stainless steel electrolytic groove; The control electrolyte temperature is 20-40 ℃; To place PEO electrolytic solution through the aluminum alloy specimen of surface finish and cleaning; With stainless steel tank is counter electrode, carries out PEO and handles, and the PEO process is carried out at constant current mode, and used current density is 1-15A/dm
2, frequency is 50-2000Hz, the treatment time is 10-120min.
In order better to realize the present invention, described PEO electrolyte is with distilled water or deionized water preparation, system mesosilicic acid sodium content is 5-80g/L, potassium hydroxide highly basic such as (or) sodium hydroxide concentration is 1-20g/L, is that 2-20g/L controls the graphite/aluminum oxide composite powder scale of construction of being added by Graphite Powder 99 content.
In addition,
Described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method also can adopt alkoxide sol-gel method that the graphite powder is carried out surface coating modification, and this method is specially:
Alkoxide [Al (OC with aluminium
3H
2) 2 (C
6O
3)] be prepared into colloidal sol through ethanol, then with this colloidal sol and synusia shape graphite powder with aluminium element and graphite powder molar mass than being the mixed of 0.02-0.08, place pulverizer to grind 5-15min in mixture, through the graphite behind the grinding under 90-110 ℃ condition dry 2-3 hour, again through at 280-310 ℃ of h
-1Heat-up rate under heat-treat, final thermal treatment temp is 480-510 ℃, heat treatment time is 1-2 hour.Form the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that contains aluminum oxide 10%-30% (weight ratio) after the thermolysis.
Described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method can also adopt different electrical coacervation that the graphite powder is carried out the surface and coat, and this method is specially:
According to the iso-electric point of the graphite powder of non-modified at the pH=2.5 place, and Al (OH)
3Iso-electric point in the characteristic at pH=8.3 place, as can be known, during at 4-7, the graphite powder has surface negative charge in the pH value, and Al (OH)
3Have positive surface charge.With graphite powder and Al (OH)
3Colloid is dissolved in the solution that contains the peregal tensio-active agent, comes regulator solution pH value to be 4-7 by add HAc--NaAc buffered soln in electrolytic solution, and constantly stirs, and makes Al (OH)
3Colloid and graphite powder adsorb deposition and form precipitated product because of the out-phase electric charge, with throw out through washing, alcohol is washed and at 480-510 ℃ ℃ after dry 1-2 hour, promptly get and contain aluminum oxide 30%-35% (weight ratio) graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule.
The performance of gained self-lubricating PEO ceramic layer
1) shape characteristic
As shown in Figure 1, the PEO ceramic layer of gained is similar to the surface topography of the PEO ceramic layer of routine behind the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that mixed, and promptly is made up of the porous sintered product; Different is with conventional PEO ceramic layer shape characteristic, behind the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that mixed in the back scattering pattern of the PEO ceramic layer of gained the zone that tangible local color is a Dark grey has appearred, what have is that big block local distribution is (as area I I among Fig. 1, III), have then to be mixed in oxide film inner and with the sintered product formation of deposits ceramic coating (as area I V among Fig. 1) of consolidation.
2) elementary composition
The EDS EDAX results shows (seeing Table 1), aluminium element content higher relatively (Al/Si ≈ 2.55) in the sintered product of large block compact among Fig. 1, but contain carbon (Fig. 1 Region I) hardly; Having higher carbon content (Fig. 1 Region II and Region III) and local color is the zone of Dark grey, should the zone be the graphite/enrichment region of aluminum oxide composite granule in the PEO ceramic membrane promptly.
In conjunction with above-mentioned shape characteristic as seen, the graphite powder after the process alumina-coated is handled can participate in the PEO film formation reaction, and stable being present among the sintered product, but not simply adsorbs or be mixed in the hole or the fault location of ceramic layer.
PEO coating different zones elements atomic percentage among table 1 Fig. 1
3) rubbing characteristics
During to mill, the frictional coefficient at initial stage is about 0.3 to conventional PEO ceramic layer with the GCr15 steel ball, and along with friction revolution/distance increase, frictional coefficient increases gradually, and when reaching 2100 when turning left the right side, frictional coefficient increases to more than 0.6, referring to curve among Fig. 2 (a).When carrying out back ceramic layer that is generated of PEO processing and GCr15 steel ball to mill in the electrolytic solution that has added graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule, the frictional coefficient at initial stage is about 0.25, referring to curve among Fig. 2 (b), and changes coefficient of interal friction 1000 and does not have considerable change; Continuation increase along with the revolution/distance that rubs, frictional coefficient slowly increases, when reaching 2000 when turning left the right side, frictional coefficient increases to about 0.35, and the frictional coefficient of this moment is still well below not the PEO ceramic layer and the frictional coefficient of GCr15 steel ball to grinding of graphitiferous powder.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that aluminium alloy carries out the back scattering pattern after PEO handles in containing graphite/adulterated electrolytic solution of aluminum oxide composite granule.
Fig. 2 be contain the PEO ceramic layer of graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule and general PEO ceramic layer respectively with the frictional coefficient contrast figure of GCr15 steel ball to mill.
Embodiment
The technical scheme of self-lubricating PEO ceramic layer in-situ preparation method of the present invention is as follows:
At first adopt heterogeneous nucleation process that the graphite powder is carried out surface modification, preparation graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule to remove foreign ion, is neutral until solution by repeatedly centrifugation, washing, makes the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated more after filtration.
Gained graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule is dispersed in the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution, to connect the positive pole of power supply through the pending sample of surface preparation, connect power cathode with the stainless steel electrolytic groove, start power supply, move power supply after setting experiment parameter, wait to arrive the experiment setting-up time after, stop power supply output, dismantle sample, and sample is rinsed well and dried up with flowing water.
Specify the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment:
Embodiment 1
With the Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is tensio-active agent, is that 10000 purpose flaky graphite powder 2g are mixed with suspension with the 500mL deionized water with granularity, handle with ultrasonic dispersing, make buffered soln with ammoniacal liquor the pH value of graphite suspension is transferred to 9, heat graphite suspension to 50 ℃ afterwards; Preparation Al
3+Concentration is the Tai-Ace S 150 (Al of 0.3mol/L
2(SO
4)
3) solution 500mL, and it is slowly joined in the graphite suspension of heating, in the dropping process, vigorous stirring and keep this liquid phase medium insulation certain hour that hydrolysis reaction is fully carried out; Then wash repeatedly, separate, filter, wash the removal foreign ion with water, be neutral, make the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated more after filtration until solution.
Preparation contains the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution of 5g/L water glass and 20g/L sodium hydroxide, the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that makes is mixed in the PEO electrolytic solution, and is stirred to homodisperse.20 ℃ of electrolyte temperatures are connected aluminum alloy specimen after polishing, cleaning with the PEO positive source; The stainless steel electrolytic groove that is loaded with PEO electrolytic solution is connected with the PEO power cathode.Start the PEO power supply afterwards, the setting current density is 1A/dm
3, running experiment stops experiment behind the reaction 10min.Cut off the PEO power supply, with clear water cleaning aluminum alloy specimen surface, and dry up with blower, find that the aluminum alloy specimen surface is covered by PEO coating uniformly, the grey coating shows slightly black, and thicknesses of layers is 15-20 μ m.
Embodiment 2
With the Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is tensio-active agent, is that 10000 purpose flaky graphites are mixed with suspension with the 500mL deionized water with the 10g granularity, handle with ultrasonic dispersing, make buffered soln with ammoniacal liquor the pH value of graphite suspension is transferred to 11, heat graphite suspension to 70 ℃ afterwards; Preparation Al
3+Concentration is the aluminum nitrate (Al (NO of 0.5mol/L
3)
3) solution 500mL, and it is slowly joined in the graphite suspension of heating, in the dropping process, vigorous stirring and keep this liquid phase medium insulation certain hour that hydrolysis reaction is fully carried out, then wash repeatedly, separate, filter, wash the removal foreign ion with water, be neutral, make the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated more after filtration until solution.
Preparation contains the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution of 60g/L water glass and 8g/L sodium hydroxide, the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that makes is mixed in the PEO electrolytic solution, and adds and be stirred to homodisperse.30 ℃ of electrolyte temperatures are connected aluminum alloy specimen after polishing, cleaning with the PEO positive source; The stainless steel electrolytic groove that is loaded with PEO electrolytic solution is connected with the PEO power cathode.Start the PEO power supply afterwards, the setting current density is 10A/dm
2, running experiment stops experiment behind the reaction 40min.Cut off the PEO power supply, with clear water cleaning aluminum alloy specimen surface, and dry up with blower, find that the aluminum alloy specimen surface is covered by PEO coating uniformly, the grey coating shows slightly black, and thicknesses of layers is 30-40 μ m.
Embodiment 3
With the Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is tensio-active agent, is that 2000 purpose flaky graphites are mixed with suspension with the 500mL deionized water with the 20g granularity, handle with ultrasonic dispersing, make buffered soln with ammoniacal liquor the pH value of graphite suspension is transferred to 7, heat graphite suspension to 95 ℃ afterwards; Preparation Al
3+Concentration is the aluminum nitrate (Al (NO of 0.01mol/L
3)
3) solution 500mL, and it is slowly joined in the graphite suspension of heating, in the dropping process, vigorous stirring and keep this liquid phase medium insulation certain hour that hydrolysis reaction is fully carried out, then wash repeatedly, separate, filter, wash the removal foreign ion with water, be neutral, make the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated more after filtration until solution.
Preparation contains the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution of 80g/L water glass and 1g/L sodium hydroxide, the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that makes is mixed in the PEO electrolytic solution, and adds and be stirred to homodisperse.40 ℃ of electrolyte temperatures are connected aluminum alloy specimen after polishing, cleaning with the PEO positive source; The stainless steel electrolytic groove that is loaded with PEO electrolytic solution is connected with the PEO power cathode.Start the PEO power supply afterwards, the setting current density is 15A/dm
2, running experiment stops experiment behind the reaction 120min.Cut off the PEO power supply, with clear water cleaning aluminum alloy specimen surface, and dry up with blower, find that the aluminum alloy specimen surface is covered by PEO coating uniformly, the grey coating shows slightly black, and thicknesses of layers is 100-120 μ m.
Embodiment 4
Alkoxide [Al (OC with aluminium
3H
2) 2 (C
6O
3)] be prepared into colloidal sol through ethanol, then with this colloidal sol and synusia shape graphite powder with aluminium element and graphite powder molar mass than the mixed that is 0.05, place pulverizer to grind 5-15min in mixture, through the graphite behind the grinding under 90-110 ℃ condition dry 2-3 hour, again through at 280-310 ℃ of h
-1Heat-up rate under heat-treat, final thermal treatment temp is 480-510 ℃, heat treatment time is 1-2 hour.Form the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that contains aluminum oxide 10%-30% (weight ratio) after the thermolysis.
Subsequent step is with reference to embodiment 1-3.
Embodiment 5
According to the iso-electric point of the graphite powder of non-modified at the pH=2.5 place, and Al (OH)
3Iso-electric point in the characteristic at pH=8.3 place, as can be known, during at 4-7, the graphite powder has surface negative charge in the pH value, and Al (OH)
3Have positive surface charge.With graphite powder and Al (OH)
3Colloid is dissolved in the solution that contains the peregal tensio-active agent than the ratio that is 0.08-0.1 with molar weight, comes regulator solution pH value to be 4-7 by add HAc--NaAc buffered soln in electrolytic solution, and constantly stirs, and makes Al (OH)
3Colloid and graphite powder draw the out-phase electric charge and adsorb deposition and form precipitated product, with throw out through washing, alcohol is washed and after 480-510 ℃ of dry 1-2 hour, promptly get the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that contains aluminum oxide 30%-35% (weight ratio).
Subsequent step is with reference to embodiment 1-3.
Claims (6)
1. the in-situ preparation method of an aluminium alloy surface self-lubricating ceramic coating is characterized in that, at first, takes the method for surface modification that the graphite powder is carried out oxide compound coating processing, selects for use aluminum oxide as coating layer, preparation graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule; Then, graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule is added in the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution, utilize the characteristic of oxide fine particle belt surface negative charge in alkaline electrolyte that the graphite powder is dispersed in the PEO electrolytic solution uniformly and stably, and it is participated in the film formation reaction of aluminum alloy surface under electric field action, and finally form the aluminium alloy surface self-lubricating ceramic coating.
2. preparation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method adopts heterogeneous nucleation process, is specially:
1. with the Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate tensio-active agent, with deionized water natural flaky graphite is mixed with the suspension that concentration is 2-20g/L, handle with ultrasonic dispersing, make buffered soln with ammoniacal liquor the pH value of graphite suspension is transferred to 7-11, heat graphite suspension afterwards to 50-95 ℃;
2. prepare Al
3+Concentration is the Tai-Ace S 150 (Al of 0.01-0.5mol/L
2(SO
4)
3) or aluminum nitrate (Al (NO
3)
3) solution, the solution of preparation is slowly joined in the graphite suspension after the heating, and in the dropping process, vigorous stirring and keep this liquid phase medium insulation certain hour that hydrolysis reaction is fully carried out, its reaction formula is: Al
2(SO
4)
3+ 6OH
-+ (n-3) H
2O → Al
2O
3NH
2O ↓+3SO
4 2-
3. then suspension is washed repeatedly, filters, wash the removal foreign ion with water, be neutral until solution, again by repeatedly centrifugation, washing to make the composite graphite powder of alumina-coated.
3. preparation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method adopts alkoxide sol-gel method that the graphite powder is carried out surface coating modification, and this method is specially:
Alkoxide [Al (OC with aluminium
3H
2) 2 (C
6O
3)] be prepared into colloidal sol through ethanol, then with this colloidal sol and synusia shape graphite powder with aluminium element and graphite powder molar mass than being the mixed of 0.02-0.08, place pulverizer to grind 5-15min in mixture, through the graphite behind the grinding under 90-110 ℃ condition dry 2-3 hour, again through at 280-310 ℃ of h
-1Heat-up rate under heat-treat, final thermal treatment temp is 480-510 ℃, heat treatment time is 1-2 hour, forms the graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule that contains aluminum oxide 10%-30% (weight ratio) after the thermolysis.
4. preparation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described Graphite Powder 99 surface modification method adopts different electrical coacervation that the graphite powder is carried out the surface and coats, and this method is specially:
According to the iso-electric point of the graphite powder of non-modified at the pH=2.5 place, and Al (OH)
3Iso-electric point in the characteristic at pH=8.3 place, as can be known, during at 4-7, the graphite powder has surface negative charge in the pH value, and Al (OH)
3Have positive surface charge.With graphite powder and Al (OH)
3Colloid is dissolved in the solution that contains the peregal tensio-active agent, comes regulator solution pH value to be 4-7 by add HAc--NaAc buffered soln in electrolytic solution, and constantly stirs, and makes Al (OH)
3Colloid and graphite powder draw the out-phase electric charge and adsorb deposition and form precipitated product, with throw out through washing, alcohol is washed and at 480-510 ℃ ℃ after dry 1-2 hour, promptly get graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule.
5. as the described preparation method of claim 2-4, it is characterized in that the subsequent step of making behind described graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule is specially:
4. graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule is added in the alkaline PEO electrolytic solution of forming by water glass and potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, and inject the electrolyte in the stainless steel electrolytic groove;
5. controlling electrolyte temperature is 20-40 ℃, will place PEO electrolytic solution through the aluminum alloy specimen of surface finish and cleaning, is counter electrode with stainless steel tank, carries out PEO and handles, and the PEO process is carried out at constant current mode, and used current density is 1-15A/dm
2, frequency is 50Hz, the treatment time is 10-120min.
6. preparation method as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, described alkaline PEO electrolytic solution is with distilled water or deionized water preparation, system mesosilicic acid sodium content is 5-80g/L, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydrate content are 1-20g/L, are the addition that 2-20g/L controls described graphite/aluminum oxide composite granule by the Graphite Powder 99 amount.
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