CN102196598B - An Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks - Google Patents

An Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Download PDF

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CN102196598B
CN102196598B CN2011101430963A CN201110143096A CN102196598B CN 102196598 B CN102196598 B CN 102196598B CN 2011101430963 A CN2011101430963 A CN 2011101430963A CN 201110143096 A CN201110143096 A CN 201110143096A CN 102196598 B CN102196598 B CN 102196598B
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time slot
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CN102196598A (en
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何遵文
贾建光
陈存香
刘阳
杨晨曦
匡镜明
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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Abstract

The invention discloses a self-adaptive hybrid MAC (Media Access Control) protocol of a wireless sensor network, belonging to the technical field of wireless sensor networks. The self-adaptive hybrid MAC protocol of the wireless sensor network is technically characterized by comprising the following steps of: a synchronous algorithm based on sink node-backbone node-ordinary node graded rough synchronization and ondemand fine synchronization, a cross timeslot allocation algorithm used for solving the problem of fairness of the node access of a heterogeneous sensor in a network environment and based on a fixed time frame length, a burst data race transmission method based on a reserved timeslot block, a CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Complex Arithmetic) algorithm based on service grade weighing retreat, a cross timeslot block allocation algorithm based on service grade weighing and a clock drifting influence offset method based on sending jitter and propagation delay protection. According to the self-adaptive hybrid MAC protocol, the integral energy consumption of the wireless sensor network can be reduced and the requirements for QoS (Quality of Service) of different service grades are met and a bran-new real-time data transmission solution scheme is provided for the application of the wireless sensor network with periodic event perception and event triggers perception.

Description

A kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement, belong to the wireless sensor network technology field.
Background technology
Wireless sensor network, as the interface of real world and digital world, has boundless application prospect in fields such as military affairs, industrial or agricultural, city management, digital building, environmental monitoring, rescue and relief work, deathtrap remote monitoring.
The MAC agreement is one of key network agreement guaranteed the wireless sensor network efficient communication, it determines the occupation mode of wireless channel, between sensor node, distribute limited radio channel resource, be used for building the underlying basis framework of wireless sensor network system, the performance of wireless sensor network is had to very important impact.
At present, MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks mainly contains three classes: the first kind is based on the MAC agreement of competition; Its basic thought is when having data to send, and sensor node is by the contention access channel; If clash, adopt certain strategy to resend data, until data send success or abandon sending.This quasi-protocol adopts the carrier sense mode of operation usually, and in conjunction with collision avoidance mechanism, handshake with keep out of the way the possibility that access mechanism reduces conflict.Its advantage be agreement simple, can expand; Shortcoming be have collision, cross-talk, the problem such as fairness is poor and channel utilization is low.Equations of The Second Kind is based on the MAC agreement of scheduling; Its basic thought is to adopt certain dispatching algorithm to make each sensor node only in given time period/sub-band/orthogonal code, access channel to communicate, the node that does not participate in communication enters sleep state with energy-conservation, its major advantage be can realize without conflict communication, the duty ratio controllability is good, network energy efficiency is high, shortcoming is poor expandability, synchronously requires high and scheduled maintenance expense large etc.The 3rd class is hybrid MAC protocols, and its basic thought is in conjunction with the MAC agreement based on competition with based on the advantage of MAC agreement of scheduling, avoids simultaneously shortcoming separately.When time-space domain or the change of certain network condition, this quasi-protocol still shows as take certain quasi-protocol as main, and other agreement is auxiliary characteristic.The major advantage of agreement is to be conducive to the network global optimization, and weak point is the common more complicated of algorithm.
There is following common defects in above existing MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: the real-time Transmission that can't guarantee simultaneously periodicity perception data and bursty data; The channel that can't guarantee the heterogeneous sensor node is used fairness; Can't meet the QoS needs of heterogeneous sensor different business grade, these problems cause existing MAC agreement can't adapt to the complicated applications occasion of the heterogeneous sensor network that recurrent event perception and event-driven perception coexist.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the weak point of existing wireless sensor network MAC agreement, the heterogeneous sensor network application coexisted for recurrent event perception and event-driven perception, a kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement is proposed, the real-time Transmission of sexy data of cycle and bursty data in the application of solution wireless sensor network, heterogeneous sensor node channel access fairness, the problems such as the different QoS needs of heterogeneous sensor different business grade, for wireless sensor network, can support simultaneously recurrent event perception and event-driven perception task technical support is provided.
A kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement of the present invention comprises the following steps:
1, a kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
1) network is three etale topology structures;
Network is comprised of aggregation node, backbone node and ordinary node, and ordinary node sends to backbone node by perception data, is transmitted to aggregation node after by backbone node, completing data fusion;
2) the cross time-slot allocation algorithm of frame length based on fixedly the time;
21) time frame means with TF, and time slot means with TS, TF=3 * 2 kTS (0≤k≤15), wherein k is determined by bunch amount of capacity, TS is determined by data packet size, message transmission rate and clock drift parameter, time frame start to use the time frame beacon identity, wherein comprise the parameters such as subnet number, beacon time stamp, beacon duration, time slot sum, remaining time slots number;
22) time frame is divided into to tri-groups of A, B, C, every group comprises 2 kIndividual time slot, the time slot in every group all distributes a call number, and span is 0～2 k-1.The time slot of the time slot of each time slot group and other time slot group replaces layout: A-0, and B-0, C-0, A-1, B-1, C-1 ..., A-2 k-1, B-2 k-1, C-2 k-1;
23) A-0, B-0, C-0 is reserved time slot, wherein A-0 is synchronizeed with the aggregation node essence for backbone node; B-0 networks essence synchronously for newly-increased node, and C-0 is for newly-increased node receiving slot allocation of parameters;
24) do not comprise reserved time slot, A group time slot is the fixedly time slot of distributing to ordinary node, to backbone node, sends data for ordinary node; B group time slot is public competition slot, to backbone node, sends bursty data for ordinary node; C group time slot is the reserved time slot of backbone node, to aggregation node, sends data for backbone node;
25) according to the QoS demand, each node can distribute a plurality of time slots, is called the time slot piece, and the size of time slot piece is characterized by the repetition rate number, and the repetition rate number equals the logarithm of number of time slots distribution, and the time slot piece that node n distributes can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0000064951210000021
Wherein A means that the time slot piece of node n is the subset of A group time slot,
Figure BDA0000064951210000022
The initial time slot index value of time slot piece that means node n, R nMean the time slot repetition rate value of node n, each time slot index in the time slot piece can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0000064951210000023
Wherein the value of m is
Figure BDA0000064951210000024
When 26) the network initial topology formed, the A group time slot that backbone node is distributed to ordinary node can not surpass 80% of the total timeslot number of A group, and except reserved time slot, unallocated time slot is the newly-increased standby time slot of node;
3) based on the clock drift that sends shake and propagation delay protection, affect counteracting method;
The time precision of sensor node descends along with the drift of local clock, and in the beginning of sending time slots with finish the transmission conflict that time-interleaving that reserved a period of time Δ t can the offset clock drift produces causes, Δ t is by following formula is arranged:
Figure BDA0000064951210000031
Frame length when wherein TF is, For sensor node local clock drift rate;
4) the cross time-slot block-distributing algorithm of service based grade weighting;
Utilize step 2) described time slot block-distributing algorithm, the node high for the grade of service distributes more time slot;
5) and as required smart synchronous synchronized algorithm thick synchronous based on aggregation node-backbone node-ordinary node classification;
51) at the network topology formation stages, aggregation node is periodically broadcasted the networking sync message, in this sync message, comprises the current time of aggregation node; Backbone node is adjusted the local zone time of oneself according to the networking sync message received, realize thick synchronous.After slightly synchronously completing, backbone node adopts CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, synchronizes by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and aggregation node realization networking essence;
52) in the network operation stage, the time precision of backbone node can descend along with the drift of local clock, therefore need synchronous again, backbone node is according to the time precision class requirement, at time slot A-0 interior employing CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, realize smart synchronizeing by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and aggregation node as required;
53) at the network topology formation stages, after backbone node is realized synchronizeing with aggregation node is smart, start periodically broadcast beacon, beacon comprises the information such as subnet number, time stamp, transmitting power; After ordinary node is received beacon, according to the beacon time stamp, adjust the time of oneself, realize thick synchronous; Ordinary node may be received a plurality of different backbone node beacons that come from, and ordinary node selects suitable aggregation node to send the request of networking according to the intensity that receives beacon power; Backbone node distributes the corresponding time slot piece according to the characteristic parameter (comprising dump energy, the grade of service, application number of time slots etc.) of networking requesting node for each node; Each node utilization distributes the initial time slot of time slot piece to complete with the networking of backbone node essence to synchronize;
54) in the network operation stage, the time precision of ordinary node can descend along with the drift of local clock, therefore needs synchronous again; Ordinary node is according to the time precision class requirement, as required at the initial time slot of time slot piece distribution, realizes that by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and backbone node essence synchronizes, do not need when synchronous, distribute the initial time slot of time slot piece to be used for transmitting data;
55) in the network operation stage, it is thick synchronous that newly-increased node utilizes the time frame beacon to network, and then at the B-0 time slot, realizes smart synchronizeing by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and backbone node, and the time slot allocation parameter that receives backbone node at the C-0 time slot networks;
6) based on the burst transfers of data method of public competition slot piece;
Need the node of transmission bursty data to organize time slot (except B-0) by CSMA/CA competition mechanism access channel at B;
7) the CSMA/CA algorithm kept out of the way of service based grade weighting;
Sensor node is classified according to the grade of service, and node back off time in the competition slot piece that the grade of service is high is shorter, thereby obtains higher channel access probability.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows the weak point that can overcome existing wireless sensor network MAC agreement; In the application of solution wireless sensor network, the problems such as different QoS needs of the real-time Transmission of recurrent event perception and event-driven perception data, heterogeneous sensor node channel access fairness, heterogeneous sensor different business grade, can support simultaneously recurrent event perception and event-driven perception task for wireless sensor network technical support is provided.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the sequence chart of a kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the workflow diagram of a kind of wireless sensor network ADAPTIVE MIXED MAC agreement of the present invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, as shown in Figure 1, 2, the present invention includes following steps:
(1) at the network topology formation stages, aggregation node is periodically broadcasted the networking sync message, in this sync message, comprises the current time of aggregation node; Backbone node is adjusted the local zone time of oneself according to the networking sync message received, realize thick synchronous.After slightly synchronously completing, backbone node adopts CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, synchronizes by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and aggregation node realization networking essence.
(2) at the network topology formation stages, after backbone node is realized synchronizeing with aggregation node is smart, start periodically broadcast beacon, beacon comprises the information such as subnet number, time stamp, transmitting power; After ordinary node is received beacon, according to the beacon time stamp, adjust the time of oneself, realize thick synchronous; Ordinary node may be received a plurality of different backbone node beacons that come from, and ordinary node is selected suitable backbone node according to the intensity that receives beacon power, and adopts CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel to send the request of networking; Backbone node distributes the corresponding time slot piece according to the characteristic parameter (comprising dump energy, the grade of service, application number of time slots etc.) of networking requesting node for each node; Each node utilization distributes the initial time slot of time slot piece to complete with the networking of backbone node essence to synchronize.
(3) in the network operation stage, the time precision of backbone node can descend along with the drift of local clock, therefore needs synchronous again.Backbone node, according to the time precision class requirement, at time slot A-0 interior employing CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, is realized smart synchronizeing by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and aggregation node as required.
(4) in the network operation stage, the time precision of ordinary node can descend along with the drift of local clock, therefore needs synchronous again.Ordinary node, according to the time precision class requirement, at the initial time slot of time slot piece distribution, is realized smart synchronizeing by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and backbone node as required.Do not need when synchronous, distribute the initial time slot of time slot piece to be used for transmitting data.
(5) in the network operation stage, it is thick synchronous that newly-increased node utilizes the time frame beacon to network, and then at the B-0 time slot, realizes smart synchronizeing by bi-directional exchanging mechanism and backbone node.
(6) in the network operation stage, if current time slots just in time belongs to a certain node, this node can utilize current time slots to send the data to affiliated backbone node.
(7) in the network operation stage, if the perception data of a certain node exceeds the setting thresholding, the data that need to will transfinite within the shortest time send to affiliated backbone node.If current time slots just in time belongs to this node, this node can utilize current time slots to send the data to affiliated backbone node; If current time slots does not belong to this node, and belong to step 24) the B group time slot of regulation, this node adopts CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, sends the data to affiliated backbone node; If current time slots belongs to step 24) the C group time slot of regulation, need to wait for next time slot, if next time slot belongs to this node, this node can utilize next time slot to send the data to affiliated backbone node, otherwise wait for again a time slot, adopt CSMA/CA and random back mechanism access channel, send the data to affiliated backbone node.
(8) in the network operation stage, backbone nodes use step 24) C of regulation group time slot sends the data to aggregation node.
The above; be only the specific embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this, anyly is familiar with those skilled in the art in scope disclosed by the invention; the variation that can expect easily or replacement, all should be encompassed in the protection range of the claims in the present invention.

Claims (1)

1.一种无线传感器网络自适应混合时隙分配方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：1. a wireless sensor network adaptive hybrid time slot allocation method, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps: 1）网络为三层拓扑结构：1) The network is a three-tier topology: 网络由汇聚节点、骨干节点和普通节点组成，普通节点将感知数据发送给骨干节点，由骨干节点完成数据融合后转发给汇聚节点；The network is composed of aggregation nodes, backbone nodes and ordinary nodes. The ordinary nodes send the sensing data to the backbone nodes, and the backbone nodes forward the data fusion to the aggregation nodes; 2）基于固定时帧长度的交叉时隙分配算法：2) Cross-slot allocation algorithm based on fixed time frame length: 21）时帧用TF表示，时隙用TS表示，则TF=3×2kTS（0≤k≤15），其中k由簇容量大小确定，TS由数据分组大小、数据传输速率和时钟漂移参数确定，时帧的开始用时帧信标标识，其中包含子网号、信标时戳、信标持续时间、时隙总数和剩余时隙数；21) The time frame is represented by TF, and the time slot is represented by TS, then TF=3×2 k TS (0≤k≤15), where k is determined by the cluster capacity, and TS is determined by the data packet size, data transmission rate and clock drift The parameters are determined, and the start of the time frame is marked with a time frame beacon, which includes the subnet number, beacon timestamp, beacon duration, total number of time slots and remaining number of time slots; 22）将一个时帧分为A、B、C三组，每组包括2k个时隙，每组中的时隙都分配一个索引号，取值范围为0～2k-1；每个时隙组的时隙与其它时隙组的时隙交替编排：A–0，B–0，C–0，A–1，B–1，C–1，…，A–2k-1，B–2k-1，C–2k-1；22) Divide a time frame into three groups A, B, and C, each group includes 2 k time slots, each time slot in each group is assigned an index number, and the value range is 0 to 2 k -1; each The slots of a slot group alternate with those of other slot groups: A–0, B–0, C–0, A–1, B–1, C–1, …, A–2 k -1, B– 2k -1, C– 2k -1; 23）A–0，B–0，C–0为预留时隙，其中A–0用于骨干节点与汇聚节点精同步；B–0用于新增节点入网精同步；C–0用于新增节点接收时隙分配参数；23) A–0, B–0, and C–0 are reserved time slots, of which A–0 is used for fine synchronization between backbone nodes and aggregation nodes; B–0 is used for fine synchronization of new nodes entering the network; C–0 is used for Added node receiving time slot allocation parameters; 24）不包括23）规定的预留时隙除，A组时隙为分配给普通节点的固定时隙，用于普通节点向骨干节点发送数据；B组时隙为公共竞争时隙，用于普通节点向骨干节点发送突发数据；C组时隙为骨干节点预留时隙，用于骨干节点向汇聚节点发送数据；24) Excluding the reserved time slots specified in 23), group A time slots are fixed time slots allocated to ordinary nodes, and are used for ordinary nodes to send data to backbone nodes; group B time slots are public competition time slots, used for Ordinary nodes send burst data to backbone nodes; time slots in group C are reserved for backbone nodes for backbone nodes to send data to sink nodes; 25）根据QoS需求，每个节点分配多个时隙，称为时隙块，时隙块的大小由重复率数表征，重复率数等于所分配时隙个数的对数，节点n所分配的时隙块表示为：其中A表示节点n的时隙块是A组时隙的子集，
Figure FDA0000364185390000012
表示节点n的时隙块起始时隙索引值，Rn表示节点n的时隙重复率值，时隙块中的各个时隙索引表示为：
Figure FDA0000364185390000013
其中m的取值为
Figure FDA0000364185390000014
25) According to the QoS requirements, each node allocates multiple time slots, which are called time slot blocks. The size of the time slot block is characterized by the repetition rate number, which is equal to the logarithm of the number of allocated time slots. Node n allocates The slot block of is expressed as: where A indicates that the block of slots for node n is a subset of the slots of group A,
Figure FDA0000364185390000012
Represents the starting time slot index value of the time slot block of node n, R n represents the time slot repetition rate value of node n, and each time slot index in the time slot block is expressed as:
Figure FDA0000364185390000013
where the value of m is
Figure FDA0000364185390000014
 26）网络初始拓扑形成时，骨干节点分配给普通节点的A组时隙不能超过A组总时隙数的80%，除预留时隙外，未分配时隙为新增节点备用时隙；26) When the initial topology of the network is formed, the time slots allocated by backbone nodes to common nodes in Group A cannot exceed 80% of the total number of time slots in Group A. Except for reserved time slots, unallocated time slots are reserved time slots for new nodes; 3）基于发送抖动和传播时延保护的时钟漂移影响抵消方法：3) Clock drift impact offset method based on transmission jitter and propagation delay protection: 传感器节点的时间精度随着本地时钟的漂移而下降，在发送时隙的开始和结束预留一段时间Δt以抵消时钟漂移产生的时间重叠导致的发送冲突，Δt由以下公式给出：
Figure FDA0000364185390000015
其中TF为时帧长度，
Figure FDA0000364185390000016
为传感器节点本地时钟漂移率；The time accuracy of the sensor node decreases with the drift of the local clock. A period of time Δt is reserved at the beginning and end of the transmission slot to offset the transmission conflict caused by the time overlap caused by clock drift. Δt is given by the following formula:
Figure FDA0000364185390000015
where TF is the time frame length,
Figure FDA0000364185390000016
is the local clock drift rate of the sensor node; 4）基于业务等级加权的交叉时隙块分配算法：4) Cross-slot block allocation algorithm based on service level weighting: 根据2）中规定的时隙块分配算法，为业务等级高的节点分配较多的时隙；According to the time slot block allocation algorithm specified in 2), allocate more time slots to nodes with higher service levels; 5）基于“汇聚节点-骨干节点-普通节点”分级粗同步和按需精同步的同步算法：5) Synchronization algorithm based on "convergence node-backbone node-ordinary node" hierarchical coarse synchronization and on-demand fine synchronization: 51）在网络拓扑形成阶段，汇聚节点周期性地广播入网同步报文，该同步报文中包含汇聚节点的当前时间；骨干节点根据接收到的入网同步报文调整自己的本地时间，实现粗同步，粗同步完成以后，骨干节点采用CSMA/CA和随机退避机制接入信道，通过双向报文交换机制与汇聚节点实现入网精同步；51) In the network topology formation stage, the aggregation node periodically broadcasts the network synchronization message, which contains the current time of the aggregation node; the backbone node adjusts its local time according to the received network synchronization message to achieve rough synchronization , after the coarse synchronization is completed, the backbone node uses CSMA/CA and the random backoff mechanism to access the channel, and realizes fine synchronization of network access through the two-way message exchange mechanism with the aggregation node; 52）在网络运行阶段，骨干节点的时间精度会随着本地时钟的漂移而下降，因此需要再同步，骨干节点根据时间精度等级要求，按需在23）规定的时隙A-0内采用CSMA/CA和随机退避机制接入信道，通过双向报文交换机制与汇聚节点实现精同步；52) During the network operation phase, the time accuracy of the backbone nodes will decrease with the drift of the local clock, so resynchronization is required. The backbone nodes use CSMA within the time slot A-0 specified in 23) according to the requirements of the time accuracy level. /CA and the random backoff mechanism access the channel, and achieve fine synchronization with the sink node through the two-way message exchange mechanism; 53）在网络拓扑形成阶段，当骨干节点实现与汇聚节点精同步后，开始周期性地广播信标，信标中包括子网号、时戳、发射功率信息；普通节点收到信标后，根据信标时戳调整自己的时间，实现粗同步；普通节点根据接收信标功率的强度选择合适的汇聚节点发送入网请求；骨干节点根据入网请求节点的特征参数为每个节点分配相应时隙块；每个节点利用所分配时隙块的起始时隙完成与骨干节点的入网精同步；53) In the stage of network topology formation, when the backbone node achieves fine synchronization with the sink node, it begins to periodically broadcast beacons, which include subnet numbers, time stamps, and transmit power information; after ordinary nodes receive the beacons, Adjust their own time according to the beacon timestamp to achieve coarse synchronization; ordinary nodes select appropriate aggregation nodes to send network access requests according to the strength of received beacon power; backbone nodes allocate corresponding time slot blocks for each node according to the characteristic parameters of network access request nodes ;Each node uses the initial time slot of the allocated time slot block to complete the network access fine synchronization with the backbone node; 54）在网络运行阶段，普通节点的时间精度会随着本地时钟的漂移而下降，因此需要再同步，普通节点根据时间精度等级要求，按需在所分配时隙块的起始时隙，通过双向报文交换机制与骨干节点实现精同步，不需要同步时，所分配时隙块的起始时隙用来传输数据；54) During the network operation phase, the time accuracy of ordinary nodes will decrease with the drift of the local clock, so resynchronization is required. According to the requirements of the time accuracy level, ordinary nodes can pass The two-way message exchange mechanism realizes fine synchronization with the backbone nodes. When synchronization is not required, the initial time slot of the allocated time slot block is used to transmit data; 55）在网络运行阶段，新增节点利用21）规定的时帧信标进行入网粗同步，然后在23）规定的B-0时隙通过双向报文交换机制与骨干节点实现精同步，在23）规定的C-0时隙接收骨干节点的时隙分配参数进行入网；55) In the network operation phase, the newly added node uses the time frame beacon specified in 21) to perform coarse synchronization of network access, and then realizes fine synchronization with the backbone node through the two-way message exchange mechanism in the B-0 time slot specified in 23). ) The specified C-0 time slot receives the time slot allocation parameters of the backbone node for network access; 6）基于公共竞争时隙块的突发数据传输方法：6) Burst data transmission method based on public contention slot blocks: 根据24）所述，在B组时隙（B-0除外）中，需要传输突发数据的节点通过CSMA/CA竞争机制接入信道；According to 24), in group B time slots (except B-0), nodes that need to transmit burst data access the channel through the CSMA/CA competition mechanism; 7）基于业务等级加权退避的CSMA/CA算法：7) CSMA/CA algorithm based on business level weighted backoff: 将传感器节点按照业务等级分类，业务等级高的节点在竞争时隙块内退避时间较短，从而获得更高的信道接入概率。The sensor nodes are classified according to the service level, and the nodes with high service level have shorter backoff time in the contention slot block, so as to obtain higher channel access probability.
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