CN102194530A - Comprehensive inertial confinement post-controlled nuclear fusion power station - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention designs a comprehensive inertial confinement post-controlled nuclear fusion power station, aiming at overcoming the defects of the conventional controlled nuclear fusion technology and utilizing nuclear fusion energy, and providing new concepts such as comprehensive inertial confinement, post-controlled nuclear fusion and the like, new technical routes and new structures thereof. Various heat-absorbing buffer blocking layers made of low-melting-point metal are loaded around various nuclear fusion devices to form a fuel nuclear fusion device (2) or a fuel explosive. The power station is connected in a nuclear long cylinder (1) serving as a novel pressure vessel, so that the entire fuel explosive is kept under inertial confinement in a static state to realize two nuclear fusion reactions, namely one-time combustion and explosion. The low-melting-point metal has the effects of absorbing heat, reducing pressure and vibration and forcing axial bursting and is finally melted into metal liquid to serve as a heat-conducting medium to be led out of the cylinder for power generation and heat utilization. The specific structure of the novel nuclear fusion power station is designed; and engineering, experimental and calculating data fully prove that the power station can be completely realized by adopting the current engineering technology.

Description

Controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement

Affiliated technical field

The invention provides a class and utilize the novel nuclear fusion power station of nuclear fusion energy generating and heat utilization.

Background technology

The mankind once expressed very big hope to atomic energy uses, the big like that of the original imagination but atomic practical function is far from.So far nuclear power only accounts for 7.2% of world energy consumption, and is the nuclear fission power station.Mankind nowadays still mainly by fossil energies such as oil, natural gas, coals, accounts for about 90% of world energy consumption.And the reserves of these energy are all very limited, with very fast exhaustion, can only keep decades (oil; the king of the energy) to one, 200 year (coal; but can not replace the effect of oil), therefore human facing and serious energy crisis do not found radical solving method so far.Sun power, wind energy etc. " new forms of energy " also unlikely obtain big breakthrough, and be still insignificant.

Under this background, human old project------" controlled nuclear fusion " to that maximum, still do not abandon wishing: because its raw material can extract (heavy hydrogen from seawater, it is deuterium, can synthesize superheavy hydrogen is tritium, be nuclear fusion, comprise the base stock of hydrogen bomb and neutron bomb), thus can think endless, so might " solve human energy problem forever ".Although struggled the time in seven, 80 years for this rosy prospect in the whole world, expensive more than one hundred billion dollar, developed a hundreds of controlled fusion device (wherein China also has tens), the good several generations scientist of the whole mankind has paid painstaking effort and life all one's life for this reason, but the view that successful hope still very remote and remote-----is relatively generally acknowledged is: realize that commercialization also takes the time about 50 years even 100 years, also having many people to think not may success.The current state of the art can be summarized as following three aspects:

1, magnetic confinement controlled nuclear fusion: with the deuterium, tritium plasma of more than one hundred million degree even 1,000,000,000 degree superhigh temperature with magnetically confined in container and do not contact (because of bearing high temperature like this) without any container with chamber wall, be subjected to manually operated generation nuclear fusion reaction, (not being to look like the h-bomb blast formula) discharges fusion energy slowly, for generating and heat utilization.This technology path is (and complicated from " plan of snow Wood " and " the lattice drawing device difficult to understand " of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) of last century four, the fifties U.S., now nobody mentions), " tokamak (circulator) " that reached for the 4th generation till now, the newest fruits that obtains is: temperature reaches 3,400,000,000 degree, the nuclear fusion output power reaches 12.9MW, but only account for 60% of power input, promptly energy is lost more than gain, and the nuclear fusion reaction duration had only for 2 seconds! (1997.9.22, associating Europe ring JET)

Current up-to-date ITER ITER is by cooperative constructions such as European Union, the United States, Russia, day, China, Korea S and India.Advocate a proposal from the U.S. and Russia two countries head in 1985, the negotiation, the design that reach 25 years have been experienced, cooperation member and approach to cooperation, technical scheme and funds are raised or the like therebetween, all and repeatedly through setback repeatedly, change, start building in France to later stage in 2010, plan just can build up in nearly 10 years, connect operation, experiment, spend 35 years, promptly finish mission at last to ability in 2045.10,000,000,000 dollars or 11,000,000,000 Euros of plan funds have report to say because of price rise recently again, need 16,000,000,000 Euros, because of funds are raised difficulty etc., face the danger of getting down from horse again, or the like.

But the technical target of ITER just: the phase one wishes to realize the output of 40～500,000 kilowatts of fusion power, and can continue 500 seconds on (clock more than 8 minutes), and subordinate phase for example continues several hours at least near becoming steady-state operation.But commerce with practical value operation is year in year out every day of generating when per, continue several years, decades at least, and cost of electricity-generating is not less than the existing conventional generating.Could this target realize also being difficult to guarantee, just could only keep for 2 seconds because of paying very big cost now! Even if, realized 8 minutes even operation in several hours, how about can guarantee lasting how many years, decades? but also be the sky-high price cost! Therefore after 50 years, 100 years can be successful, still breakneck!------in fact, from physics principle, with the material of more than one hundred million degree with magnetically confined in container and guarantee again not contact with chamber wall, be equivalent to ball is placed on the pinnacle, or step on steel wire as the acrobat, must be extremely unsettled, unendurable balance: Yin Wendu is the sign of microscopic particle irregular movement speed, temperature is high more, the particle irregular movement is fast more, irregular factor is arranged slightly--experiment proved that this is inevitable--material of-more than one hundred million degree will burn out chamber wall fully, burn whole expensive huge " power station " consuming time thereby rush out, also will scrap by a large amount of factories of this power station power supply and the people's life, this also is inevitable basically.Therefore, this technology path is exactly unendurable, insecure from principle in principle, will the mankind place hope on and step on the steel wire? therefore, also have a lot of people to think that the magnetic confinement method is fundamentally just unlikely successful, sees that technically this view obviously has quite strong basis.

2, laser inertial confinement nuclear fusion device: in bulk container, use intense laser pulse, hit the fusionable material pellet, in container center the small cores fusion microexplosion of disposable burning takes place, but the container edge temperature is lower, makes container can bear this temperature.This technology path sixties in last century are by China, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) scientist proposes, but its technical difficulty still much more difficult-----spent half a century than the initial imagination, so far connect igniting, realize that nuclear fusion reaction all there is not realization: the national portfire (NIF) of California, USA Lao Lunsi livermore national laboratory, having carried out comprehensive igniting experiments on November 2nd, 2010---192 bundle laser concentrate on the glass tube that one of directive is equipped with shelled peanut size deuterium gas and tritium gas, only 3,160,000 degrees centigrade of its center maximum radiation temperature, it does not light-----this also poor very far away of fusion points from 100,000,000 degree from keeping fusion reactor.But NIF is the maximum laser fusion device in the whole world, and this project was built since 1997, and on May 29th, 2009 was completed, and 2,200,000,000 pounds (closing 23,500,000,000 yuan of Renminbi) costed in whole plan.Therefore, the hope of this technology path success is still very remote and remote.

3, quick-fried hole method: hydrogen bomb is placed in the spherical cavern explodes, derivation such as energy water or liquid metal sodium are generated electricity.

The sixties in 20th century, I just produced this imagination (having source book to testify), and this imagination is arranged also the time recently on the net.The sixties in 20th century, the end of the eighties be to the beginning of the nineties, the Pacer that the U.S. proposes at LANL etc. in the works, also once imagining hydrogen bomb more than once explodes in the crude salt hole, makes the work medium with fused salt.USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) scientist also proposed to utilize the idea of nuclear explosion generating in the seventies in 20th century, Russian technology physics research institute also published a monograph " nuclear blast deuterium can energy science " by 1997, wish that government supports their experiment type explosive combustion boiler scheme----from the perspective of policy but all these imaginations all are very preliminary, to contemporary engineering, all can't realize.

(in November, 2008) recently, eight people such as the Peng person with foresight of China Engineering Physics Research Institute, Liu Chengan have introduced the achievement in research of their quick-fried hole method on the net in one piece of article: " China began initial concept is studied and formed in the nuclear fusion power station under the inspiration of people's articles such as Assoc in 1993.In Sino-Russian nuclear specialists discussion " nuclear explosion " meeting, done interchange at the beginning of 1996.Proposed with the Liquid Sodium medium of working, weakened explosion wave to hole wall action intensity, realized notions such as nuclear fuel cycle by spray sodium.And the technological approaches of " nuclear blast deuterium energy energy science " is very similar to our notion.In recent years, under the support of institute, obtained a series of major progresses again, formed the notion and the clearer and more definite technology path of system ".Their spherical quick-fried hole radius reaches 60～80m, can place also can place in the massif underground.The stainless steel of the certain thickness anti-sodium corrosion of hole wall liner is filled impact-resistant prefabricated component between liner and rock mass.Because sodium can burn in air, thereby should take out air fully in the quick-fried hole, charges into inert gas argon.In the overall process of blast, fine sealing all must be accomplished in quick-fried hole, has both prevented that the hole outer air from entering, and will prevent that also the hole from containing radioactive gas and overflowing.Form quick-fried hole group owing to several quick-fried holes may be put together in the future, so nuclear device factory and nuclear fuel recycling factory can be shared.Rapidly hot sodium is put into the thermal medium storehouse after quick-fried, and carry out heat interchange with second loop; Continue to spray into a certain amount of sodium, allow quick-fried hole cool off, or the like.

This is the latest developments of quick-fried hole method.But these technical schemes are to contemporary engineering, remain to realize: because the general diameter of vcehicular tunnel section of China is about 11 meters, in the world, Holland " the green heart " tunnel, tunnel, gulf, Tokyo, tunnel, German Elbe,, build diameter all about 14 meters.Shanghai Changjiang River tunnel diameter reaches 15.43 meters, is our times maximum gauge shield tunnel, and has designed 11 years, constructs again and just finishes in 5 years.The tunnel of 15 meter levels, the design and construction difficulty will become geometric series to increase.Russia richest Luo Man Abramowicz furnishes funds for 8,000 ten thousand pounds a few days ago, bought the tunnel drilling rig present the biggest in the world of 19.2 meters of diameters.，

The pressure vessel of widely applying in China is the Natural Gas Spherical of a ten thousand stere, about 13～14 meters of radius.The maximum Natural Gas Spherical of Japan is three ten thousand steres, and radius is about more than 19 meters, the special material of usefulness.Because of traditional material can't solve materials demand such as the large-size spherical tank of 3 ten thousand stere Natural Gas Spherical, steel mill.

This shows, in mountain, dig the spherical quick-fried hole of radius 60～80m, considerably beyond the ability of contemporary engineering, can't realize.Also have a lot of problems, for example so big fine sealing in quick-fried hole, every once quick-fried, all to drain most air, charge into inert gas argon, not so sodium will automatic combustion, or the like, all contemporary engineering can't realize, perhaps be exactly at sky-high price cost see and can exempt from strong realization? therefore themselves all is called this scheme " hope of human future source of energy ".

Summary of the invention

In order to overcome the above-mentioned weak point of existing nuclear fusion technology, the present invention has carried out basic improvement and innovation from following three aspects:

1) with the outside of various nuclear fusion devices, install various " heat absorption buffering barrier layer " and " the powerful or superpower compressing barrier layers of making by low-melting-point metal " additional, constitute novel " fuel kernel fusion facility (2) ", be called for short by " fuel bullet ", it is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1) this novel pressure container, make whole fuel bullet all under the constraint of the inertia that keeps stationary state, realize " disposable burning " or " blast " these two kinds of nuclear fusion reactions, low-melting-point metal plays heat absorption, the decompression vibration damping, force the effect of axial explosion, be fused into metal liquid at last and, draw outer generating of tube and heat utilization as heat-conducting medium.

2) with the igniting of various fissions, fusion and cross-synthesis use thereof or the device of ignition nuclear fusion, the device that replaces laser ignition or ignition nuclear fusion, and replace portfires such as frequency electromagnetic waves, high-velocity particles stream, with the igniting target that realizes that laser fusion and magnetic confinement controlled nuclear fusion fail to realize;

3) like this, just abandoned carrying out fully " controlled " nuclear fusion-----on principle because its is exactly unstable and insecure (demonstration that sees above) with magnetic confinement, but make nuclear fusion device after the fusion reaction of finishing " disposable burning " or " blast " these two kinds of forms, energy with its release carries out manual control again, is used for generating and heat utilization.

The new ideas and the new technology path of " half controlled nuclear fusion " or " back controlled nuclear fusion " like this, have just been formed; And then invention and design a class novel " comprehensive inertial confinement after controlled nuclear fusion reactor " and " comprehensively controlled nuclear fusion power station after the inertial confinement ", and sufficient engineering practice data, computational data and experimental fact are provided, the particularly experimental fact of U.S.'s underground nuclear test and test data, proof is to contemporary engineering ability, and this power station is can realize fully.

The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems has following 5 new construction features, now is respectively described below.

Feature 1: the definition and the basic structure of the long tube of nuclear

With " nuclear long tube (1) " as the novel pressure container: see Fig. 1, Figure 19～Figure 22, the implication of " tube " be in the middle of the container of sky.The implication of " long tube " is that this container is not that sphere neither be square, but long, its axial length is greater than radical length.

If its horizontal cross placement vertically, just both be included in the real tunnel of excavation in underground or the massif, can manufacture the long cylindrical pressure vessel of hollow again with high-strength materials such as iron and steel, laterally be connected ground or semi-underground (part is underground), the available reinforced concrete in outside is strengthened, and also is a kind of tunnel of broad sense.Therefore can be described as the nuclear tunnel, see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Figure 20.

If its vertical or placement of tilting, just both be included in underground or massif in dig " vertical shaft " or " inclined shaft ", again can be vertically or tilt to be connected on the ground or semi-underground with above-mentioned long cylindrical pressure vessel, the available reinforced concrete in outside is strengthened, and also is a kind of " well " of broad sense.Therefore can be described as nuclear vertical shaft or nuclear inclined shaft, see Figure 21, Figure 22.

Nuclear fusion device is carried out fusion reaction in the long tube of nuclear (1), but nuclear explosion is not only in this reaction, also comprises the disposable burning of fusion material, so also do not cry " quick-fried tube " or " quick-fried hole ".The long tube of nuclear (1) no matter level or vertically, tilt to place, its xsect can be circle or different shapes such as annular (top can be a parabolic shape), rectangle, so also be not cylinder or cylindrical shell, sees Fig. 2, Fig. 3.Therefore " the long tube of nuclear " speech has comprised above various implications.

In order to bear high pressure and the judder that nuclear explosion or disposable burning produce, the long tube of nuclear (1) has following 5 layers of basic structure:

1, main body wall (3): being made by high-strength materials such as high strength alloy steels, is the chief component of the long tube of nuclear (1) wall, and contemporary engineering ability can make its thickness reach 300mm.

2, reinforced concrete floor (4): be close to the outside of main body wall (3), thickness can reach several meters.

3, dirt bed (5): be close to the outside of reinforced concrete floor (4), thickness is not limit.If the artificial earth fill, thickness can reach several meters to tens meters.If excavate the tunnel in underground or massif, thickness can reach km on the hundreds of.

4, soft cushion (6): be close to the inner face of main body wall (3), form by heat-resisting soft materials such as asbestos, rock wools.Thickness can reach tens centimetres, shakes by force thereby can be compressed the high pressure of alleviating nuclear explosion and absorb.

5, sheet steel (7): be close to the inner face of soft cushion (6), the one deck that pastes again with sheet steel.Can protect soft cushion (6), do not damaged by High Temperature High Pressure, hard explosive, but also secluding air and not burning.

The main beneficial effect of this structure is: 1) wall of the long tube of nuclear (1) has just had " defence line, 5 road " that resistance to compression vibration damping, buffering reduce pressure, and can guarantee to bear high pressure and the judder that nuclear explosion produces.Wherein, soft cushion (6) and sheet steel (7) all are to have destroyed the structure that can change at any time, also play the effect of all the other 3 layers of wall agent structures (permanent structure) of protection.

2) the long tube of nuclear reaches necessarily radially radius, just can bear radially pressure of nuclear explosion.This pressure of following analytical calculation and radius radially:

According to testing measured data: the nuclear blast energy mainly is (to account for 70～85% of gross energy with radiation x ray, the U.S. gets 85%) and the form of gamma-rays (accounting for about 5%) discharge, the two all is an electromagnetic wave, its energy (accounting for more than 90%) is that the form with a large amount of photons discharges, particle such as a small amount of neutron of radiation also, blast just produces shock wave in air, does not also resemble chemical explosion and produces a large amount of gases.

Is vacuum state (thermodynamics isolated system) in the hypothesis long tube of nuclear this moment (1) earlier,, sees Figure 19～Figure 22 on the long tube of nuclear (1) inner axes line if hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb explode.Then a large amount of photons of nuclear explosion radiation form photon gas in a vacuum, can not form air-shock wave.The blast gross energy is represented with E, mainly is the energy of a large amount of photons of radiation, then according to the pressure formula of photon gas, with the pressure of quick-fried heart O at a distance of the r place be (this formula can be found by any thermodynamics-statistical physics monograph)

P(r)＝E/3V＝E/4πr ³ (1)

Be that the centre of sphere, radius are that the volume of the ball of r is wherein with quick-fried heart O

V＝4πr ³/3 (2)

Be convenience of calculation, the xsect of the long tube of suppose core (1) is circular, sees Fig. 8.Its longitudinal section and coordinate curve are seen Fig. 9.The radius R of the long tube of nuclear (1) ₂End points be coordinate round dot O ' among Fig. 9.Any some pressure at place is P (r) on the wall of the long tube of nuclear (1), is represented by (1) formula, and r is the distance of this point apart from the quick-fried heart in the formula.This point on wall x axle with round dot O ' at a distance of x.According to the parallelogram of forces rule, pressure P (r) can be decomposed into axial pressure P (r) _x(be parallel to the long tube of nuclear (1) wall, do not play destruction) and pressure P (r) radially _y(perpendicular to examining long tube wall, will playing destruction to wall) is according to Pythagorean theorem

P(r) ²＝P(r) ² _x+P(r) ² _y (3)

r ²＝R ² ₂+x ² (4)

r ³＝R ³ ₂(1+x ²/R ² ₂) ^3/2 (5)

Following trigonometric function relation is arranged among Figure 10

tgα＝R ₂/x＝P(r) _y/P(r) _x (6)

So

P(r) _x＝xP(r) _y/R ₂ (7)

With (3), (5), (7) formula substitution (1), (3) formula, can solve on the x axle with the radially pressure of round dot O ' and be at a distance of the x place

P(r) _y＝E/4πr ³(1+x ²/R ² ₂) ^1/2

＝E/4πR ³(1+x ²/R ² ₂) ² (8)

At r=R ₂, x=0 end points O ' locate, maximum radial pressure is arranged

P ₀＝E/4πR ³ ₂ (9)

So (8) formula becomes at last

P(r) _y＝P ₀/(1+x ²/R ² ₂) ² (10)

From above result of calculation as can be seen, the main beneficial effect of " long tube " shape is:

1) axial buffer is apart from long enough: from (8) formula as can be seen, total pressure P (r) and cube being inversely proportional to apart from r from quick-fried heart O, because two ends vertically, the length that the long tube of nuclear (1) is easy to build enough, r can be enough big, and therefore the energy that has enough distances that axial impact is destroyed is reduced to the degree that the long tube of nuclear can bear;

2) radially pressure reduces rapidly vertically: see Fig. 9: crossing the radius R of quick-fried heart O perpendicular to long barrel ₂It (is whole radius Rs in Figure 11 that end points O ' locates ₂The circumference C that forms of end points ₀The place), pressure maximum.On wall from the transverse axis x=R of O ' ₂The place, pressure drops to 25% rapidly, at x=2R ₂The place, pressure drops to 4% rapidly, at x=3R ₂The place, pressure drop to rapidly 1%!

For the actuality of this scheme of more specific description, now be listed as follows by the computational data of (8), (9), (10) formula above:

Illustrate: 1Pa=1N/m ², 1MPa=10 ⁶Pa=10atm (standard atmospheric pressure), 1J=1N.m

The nuclear explosion energy calculates by the energy that is equivalent to what ton tnt explosives, i.e. what tonne tnt equivalents: 1 ton of tnt equivalent E=4.19 * 10 ⁹J (being N.m).Because the nuclear weapon miniaturization, minimum in the world now hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb have only 10 tonnes of tnt equivalents, and fusionable material reaches more than 90%, tens, hundreds of tonne also a lot.

Radially pressure P (r) perpendicular to wall _ySeveral particular values are arranged:

Maximum pressure P ₀(work as r=R ₂, x=0), P ₁=0.25P ₀(work as x=R ₂); P ₂=0.01P ₀(work as x=3R ₂), P ₃=0.64P ₀(work as x=0.5R ₂), P ₄=0.04P ₀(work as x=2R ₂).

Table 1,10 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=4.19 * 10 ¹⁰J (N.m)

The pressure vessel in the present age as a large amount of pressure vessels of chemical industry, generating plant etc., is divided into following 4 generally acknowledged pressure ratings: in 0.1～1.6MPa, belong to low pressure; 1.6～10MPa belongs to middle pressure; 10～100MPa belongs to high pressure, and the difficulty of engineering manufacturing is not too big; Surpass 100MPa, belong to UHV (ultra-high voltage).Also have the special ultrahigh pressure vessel of only a few, can bear more than 1,000 the UHV (ultra-high voltage) of MPa more than 2,000.Construction ability on the contemporary engineering reaches radius near 20 meters, and for example Japanese maximum Natural Gas Spherical is three ten thousand steres, and radius is about more than 19 meters, but the difficulty that engineering is made is just very big.

Data in the contrast table 1: the radially pressure that produces on the wall, radius R ₂Little during to 4～7 meters, just in common high pressure range; R ₂In the time of 7～12 meters, just has only common middle pressure, radius R ₂More than 13 meters the time, pressure even can be in that these all are in the long tube of nuclear during no any hamper less than low pressure range----radially, 10 tonnes of maximum pressures that nuclear explosion can reach.On wall, send little radius R that departs from ₂End points O ', radially pressure also will drop to above-mentioned peaked 25%～1% rapidly and (works as x=R ₂～3R).Therefore building such pressure vessel on the contemporary engineering is easily.

Table 2,100 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=4.19 * 10 ¹¹J (N.m)

Table 3,300 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=1.257 * 10 ¹²J (N.m)

Table 4,600 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=2.51 * 10 ¹²J (N.m)

Data in contrast table 2, table 3, the table 4: the radially pressure that produces on the wall, radius R ₂More than 7～12 meters, below 20 meters the time, all in common high pressure 100MPa scope, and major part is on the low side in high pressure range, only 10～20,30MPa.Therefore on engineering, build the container that can bear hundreds of tonne nuclear blast pressure like this and remain easy.

Table 5,1000 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=4.19 * 10 ¹²J (N.m)

Data in the contrast table 5: radius R ₂In the time of 15～20 meters, wall radially pressure during no any hamper, still can bear the maximum pressure of 1000 tonnes of nuclear explosions in the long tube of nuclear (1) still in common high pressure 100MPa.

Table 6,2000 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=8.38 * 10 ¹²J (N.m)

Data in the contrast table 6: radius R ₂When reaching 19 meters, wall radially pressure still in common high pressure 100MPa, in the long tube of nuclear (1) during no any hamper, still can bear the maximum pressure of 2000 tonnes of nuclear explosions---but almost reached the limit of bearing common high pressure, pressure or blast are tonne bigger, will enter the UHV (ultra-high voltage) scope.

Table 7,4000 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=1.676 * 10 ¹³J (N.m)

Table 8,6000 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=2.51 * 10 ¹³J (N.m)

Table 9,8000 tonnes of tnt equivalents, total explosion energy E=3.352 * 10 ¹³J (N.m)

Table 10,1 ton tnt equivalent, total explosion energy E=4.19 * 10 ¹³J (N.m)

Through careful contrast, more than data in 10 tables, with the data of nuclear test actual measurement, conforming on the order of magnitude: (in 1 meter) pressure reaches millions of MPa, several ten million atmospheric pressure near the quick-fried heart, but with reducing rapidly apart from increase with the quick-fried heart!

Data in the contrast table 7,8,9,10: radius R ₂When reaching 11～20 meters, wall radially pressure but still in hundreds of MPa, is not gone up 1,000 MPa more than the 100MPa of UHV (ultra-high voltage), also belongs to " less " UHV (ultra-high voltage).If make the long tube of nuclear (1) with contemporary special material, then in it during no any hamper, the special UHV (ultra-high voltage) that the maximum pressure----that still can bear 4,000 to one ton nuclear explosions can bear more than 1,000 MPa more than 2,000 because of special ultrahigh pressure vessel, but the engineering difficulty is just bigger.For example, once be used to make U.S.'s Hastelloy (nickel-base alloy a kind of) of Apollo moonfall rocket nozzle, the special UHV (ultra-high voltage) that just can bear 1260～1525MPa, but not general producer can both make.Now that its material property tabulation contrast is as follows:

Now compare from the angle of speed again, it is investigated interrelated data:

Explosion of atomic bomb, center gas initial velocity: 2500m/s (meter per second); Initial stage: average 1500m/s (～the 2 second end of blast beginning), mid-term: average 625m/s (at the beginning of the 3rd second～and the 8th second end), the later stage progressively is even lower.

And " No. 5, Saturn " rocket engine high-temperature gas exhaust velocity of Apollo mooncraft reaches 2900m/s, and jet time reaches 154 seconds, and is more much longer than nuclear burst time.It is 3400m/s that a lot of rocket engine exhaust velocities reach ten times of velocity of sound, even reaches the twice that 5000m/s----is explosion of atomic bomb center gas initial velocity 2500m/s during ground run! And rocket engine also can be reused repeatedly.

Be exactly general shell, initial velocity also reaches 700---900m/s, has also surpassed the average velocity 625m/s (at the beginning of the 3rd second～the 8th second end) in explosion of atomic bomb mid-term!

Contrast like this, illustrate that nuclear explosion impact failure pressure also is very limited, reach uncontrollable degree far away, much make the material of gun barrel, rocket engine puff prot, can both bear after the nuclear explosion in several seconds, tens meters distances without any the impact failure pressure that hinders.The energy that nuclear weapon also are described also is very limited, does not resemble the nuclear blast hole " radius is wanted two kilometers even 10 kilometers " of online some people's imagination, does not also need 60～80 meters of radiuses, or the like.May be limited to contemporary engineering fully and build ability--in the 20 meters of-radiuses!

But the practice of " confronting the tough with toughnees " can make the engineering difficulty of the long tube of nuclear very big like this, and also the possibility cost is high.Better way is to add the impact failure pressure that hamper slows down nuclear explosion, makes nuclear long tube radius and engineering difficulty all littler! Auspicious each feature that sees below.

Feature 2: the basic structure of fuel kernel fusion facility (nuclear fusion fuel bullet)

We are referred to as nuclear fusion device to the device that nuclear fusion reaction can take place for hydrogen bomb, neutron bomb and high temperature deuterium tritium plasma etc.Nuclear fusion reaction can be blast, as hydrogen bomb, neutron bomb, also can be disposable burning, as high temperature deuterium tritium plasma etc.

Be close to the outside of nuclear fusion device, available low-melting-point metal (as carp, aluminium, sodium etc.) is made various " heat absorption buffering barrier layers ", and profile generally is cylindrical, also can be other shapes, and nuclear fusion device generally is connected on this cylindrical center's axis.So heat absorption buffering barrier layer and these two parts of nuclear fusion device can manufacture an integral body, this integral body can be called fuel kernel fusion facility (2), because it has become the fuel in nuclear fusion power station: its connection is placed on nuclear long tube (1) implode or disposable burning, the energy that its nuclear fusion reaction produces will be fused into liquid metal with low-melting-point metal, export to again outside the long tube of nuclear (1), be used for generating and heat utilization.Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) can abbreviate " nuclear fusion fuel bullet " or " nuclear fuel bullet ", " fuel bullet " as, can unify to produce in batches in special factory, and various concrete structures can be arranged, auspicious seeing below and Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7.

Low-melting-point metal refers generally to the metal that aluminium (Al) and fusing point are lower than 660 ℃ of the fusing points of aluminium, mainly contains carp (Li), sodium (Na), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), plumbous (Pb) or the like.Consider their various performances, wherein the most suitable manufacturing fuel bullet should be lithium, just 180 ℃ of fusing points, or aluminium, and, material widespread use, nontoxic cheap because of it, or the like.

The fuel bullet in the implode of the long tube of nuclear, is seen Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Figure 19～Figure 22, then certainly leads to following beneficial effect:

1) because the inevitable absorption portion explosion energy of heat absorption buffering barrier layer significantly reduces the gross energy of destruction;

2) to axial two ends directional blasting: because the obstruction compressing of heat absorption buffering barrier layer, two ends are gone out to axially (being parallel to the long tube of nuclear wall) can to force a large amount of explosion energies, from and reduced radially (perpendicular to the long tube of nuclear wall) impact failure energy greatly greatly.

The two can make the long tube of nuclear radius reduce significantly, thereby has reduced the long tube of nuclear engineering difficulty greatly.

After nuclear explosion was finished, through the impact failure of a few minutes, its energy all was used for low-melting-point metal is melted body all night at last, calculates the nuclear explosion of much tnt equivalents now and can melt how many low-melting-point metals.

With lithium metal (Li) is example, because of the following performance of lithium is particularly suitable for making heat absorption buffering barrier layer: fusing point t ₁=180 ℃, mean specific heat (solid-state, liquid state) c ₁=3517J/kg. ℃, melting heat c ₂=3 * 10 ⁶J/kg, density d=534kg/m ³

If energy is that the nuclear fusion blast of E is that the lithium of M is from normal temperature t with quality ₀=15 ℃ are heated to t ₅₀₀=500 ℃, the heat that then needs is

E＝c ₁M(t ₁-t ₀)+c ₂M+c ₁M(t ₅₀₀-t ₁)

＝M[c ₁(t ₅₀₀-t ₀)+c ₂] (11)

Therefore

M＝E/[c ₁(t ₅₀₀-t ₀)+c ₂] (12)

The volume of mass M is amounted to the volume of balling-up

V＝M/d＝4πr ³/3， (13)

The radius of this ball is

r＝(3V/4π) ^1/3 (14)

With four formulas more than the concrete data substitution such as all temps, specific heat, can calculate following data:

Table 11

Numeral shows in the last table, nuclear explosion can molten metal lithium and few: the lithium of 10 tonnes of nuclear bomb fusings has only (500 ℃ of the beads of 1.7 meters of radiuses, down together), 100 tonnes of nuclear bombs can only produce the liquid lithium bead of a radius more than 3.6 meters, the little radius of a ball of the liquid lithium of kiloton is also just more than 7 meters, the little radius of a ball of the liquid lithium of ton also is less than 17 meters, and the modern project technology has the ability to produce the container that holds these volumes fully.If these liquid lithium beads are amounted to into cylinder type, then its radius is littler.Be put in the long tube of nuclear (1), then the radius major part of the long tube of nuclear (1) is below 7 meters or littler (kiloton) again, as long as the long tube of nuclear (1) is a bit long a little, contemporary engineering also can be dug out big like this tunnel.Even the ton nuclear blast is amounted to into cylinder type with liquid lithium, the long tube of nuclear (1) radius also can be controlled in below 14,15 meters, and contemporary engineering also is easy to realize.

This illustrates that once more the nuclear explosion energy is very limited, do not resemble the imagination big-----" quick-fried hole " straight through wanting several kilometers or the like.

The low-melting-point metal that another performance is particularly suitable for making heat absorption buffering barrier layer is aluminium (Al), the fusing point t of aluminium ₁=660 ℃, specific heat c ₁=880J/kg. ℃, melting heat c ₂=3.98 * 10 ⁵J/kg, density d=2750kg/m ³The very big advantage of aluminium be material widespread usage, the big price of output are low, just fusing point is higher slightly, but still is much lower than iron and steel.If be melted to 700 ℃ with nuclear explosion, the little radius of a ball of liquid aluminium that then calculates is suitable when lithium is melted to 500 ℃, is identical to the requirement of examining long tube radius promptly.

Feature 3: the nuclear fusion device of various structures in the fuel kernel fusion facility

1, nuclear fusion device is single hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8), is connected the center of fuel kernel fusion facility (2) and connects detonating cord (9), and this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system, sees Fig. 4.

Its beneficial effect be make nuclear fusion fuel bullet simple in structure, axial length is very little, can be more convenient transport the long tube of nuclear (1).

2, nuclear fusion device is a plurality of small-sized hydrogen bombs or neutron bomb (8) series connection blast simultaneously, see Fig. 5 and Figure 19: on the axis of the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) in being connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), make a plurality of pocket size H-bombs or neutron bomb (8) series connection, promptly arrange along axis, the spacing distance between per two is suitable.The detonating cord (9) of each hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8) all is connected with unified detonating cord (10), and unified detonating cord (10) is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1), is connected with control system.So control system can make a plurality of pocket size H-bombs or neutron bomb (8) explode simultaneously, and the fuel bullet is fused into liquid metal, be used for generating and heat utilization.

The main beneficial effect of this structure is: 1) owing to selected pocket size H-bomb or neutron bomb for use---modern minimum each has only 10 tons of tnt equivalents, therefore nuclear explosion very little at long barrel dliameter to the pressure that produces, be that fuel bullet and the long tube of nuclear (1) radius are less, realization and cost are very low easily on engineering for these; 2) but because pocket size H-bomb or neutron bomb number are a lot, fuel bullet and the long tube of nuclear (1) can be very long, gross generation is still very big.

3, split the comprehensive inertial confinement fusion device of fusion (): long clavate or lead type deuterium triton fusionable material

See Fig. 6: on the axis of the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) that is positioned at the long tube of nuclear (1), connect and place long clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device (11), wherein contain deuterium triton fusionable material.Wherein the igniting of an end or apparatus to cause bursting (12) are connected with detonating cord (9), and this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system, are ignited by control system control.

" lead-in wire " or " long rod " can be hard, as strong.Also can be soft, as rope, after this sampling point igniting or the ignition, it will be as the lead-in wire of the blasting charge, to pass through rapidly complete disposable burning or blast, with the low-melting-point metal fusing, derive outer generating of the long tube of nuclear (1) and heat utilization again.Therefore can be described as the lead type nuclear fusion device again.

4, split the comprehensive inertial confinement fusion device of fusion (two): elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma container

High temperature deuterium tritium plasma gas is contained in an elongated tubular or the strip container, the ablation layer that the container outside is made up of middle low atomic number material, it in the ablation layer deuterium tritium main fuel layer, pellet in its structure and the laser fusion is similar, just constitute " elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma nuclear fusion device (13) ", see Fig. 7.This nuclear fusion device is connected on the central axis of fuel kernel fusion facility (2), wherein the igniting of an end or apparatus to cause bursting (12) are connected with detonating cord (9), this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system, is ignited by the control system decision.

More than the main beneficial effect of " 3, ", " 4, " this structure be:

1) if long clavate or elongated tubular nuclear fusion device are blast, then be equivalent to make the hydrogen bomb or the neutron bomb of a strip, be connected on the axis of fuel bullet, can be very long, but only need an igniting or apparatus to cause bursting (12), will a plurality of hydrogen bombs or neutron bomb be cascaded, each all needs an igniting or apparatus to cause bursting, this has just simplified the structure of nuclear fusion device greatly;

2) if long clavate or elongated tubular nuclear fusion device can be realized disposable burning, then one: the enormous impact pressure and the vibration that can make the long tube of nuclear (1) avoid exploding to produce, make nuclear length tin (1) no longer need anti-UHV (ultra-high voltage); Its two: no matter still disposable burning of blast, all realization that can be artificial energy and pressure radially is very little: only need be made long rod of nuclear fusion or long tube to such an extent that more carefully get final product.The radius of the long tube of nuclear (1) and just very little thereby the engineering difficulty is little like this to the requirement of resistance to compression antivibration.But the long tube of nuclear (1) and split the comprehensive inertial confinement fusion device of fusion (), (two) can be very long thereby always explosion energy and gross generation are still very big.

5, above 4 kinds of nuclear fusion devices and fuel bullet thereof are carried out combined serial

Nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is respectively elongated tubular or grows clavate, lead type nuclear fusion device, or single or multiple small-sized hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb, and they constitute various fuel kernel fusion facilities.Various fuel kernel fusion facilities are connected mutually, order is not limit, form various composite fuel nuclear fusion devices, and their radiuses are little but length is very big.The detonating cord of each fuel kernel fusion facility (9) all is connected with unified detonating cord (10), and unified detonating cord (10) is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system.Control system makes blast or the disposable burning simultaneously in the long tube of nuclear (1) of composite fuel nuclear fusion device, with the low-melting-point metal fusing, derives outer generating of the long tube of nuclear (1) and heat utilization again.

Its newly-increased main beneficial effect is that various nuclear fusion devices and fuel bullet thereof can carry out combined serial flexibly by actual needs, makes the radius of the long tube of nuclear (1) little, the engineering difficulty is little, but can be long arbitrarily, thereby total explosion energy and gross generation are still very big.

6, the igniting or the apparatus to cause bursting (12) of elongated tubular, long clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device, the apparatus to cause bursting that can be common hydrogen bomb and neutron bomb is small-sized fission bomb, also can be ultra-intense laser, frequency electromagnetic waves or the high speed particle stream in the laser fusion, or the like.The apparatus to cause bursting that particularly can adopt state-of-the-art fission, fusion intersection to use: for example, concentrated laser is ignited fusionable material, and it can become very little, because it does not need the part of atomic bomb; And for example, adopt boost principle-----gas boost or solid boost, central authorities at the fission device add a spot of fusionable material of people, cause fusion reaction with low fission power, make fusion reaction emit high-energy neutron and cause fission again, improve elementary fissioner utilization ratio with this, so it not that pure fissioner is ignited, ignited but comprehensively split fusion.This director's clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device can adopt the solid boost, and fusionable material exists with the form of lithium deuteriotritide-6, also can adopt other compounds of lithium and deuterium---lithium hydride, lithium deuteride, lithium tritide, or the like.Elongated tubular forming core fusion facility, can adopt the gas boost: promptly fusionable material exists with the form of deuterium tritium gas.

7, controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement

Because the time of the disposable burning that causes of nuclear fusion reaction or blast very short (1,000,000 even ten million/one second), again because whole fuel bullet all has the inertia that keeps stationary state, therefore nuclear fusion device and low-melting-point metal cushion barrier layer in the fuel bullet, all have little time to blow up diffusing, all can under inertial confinement, finish buffering, the damping antivibration of disposable burning or blast, low-melting-point metal buffering barrier layer and be fused into the overall process of liquid! So be referred to as comprehensive inertial confinement.

Owing to be after energy with nuclear fusion reaction discharges, to carry out manual control with the long tube of nuclear (1) again, be used for generating and heat utilization, so be called " half controlled nuclear fusion " or " back controlled nuclear fusion ".It is than just unstable, insecure " magnetic confinement controlled nuclear fusion " on the principle, and is obviously more stable, reliable! And technical easy realization.

Therefore the long tube of nuclear (1) and be connected in fuel kernel fusion facility (2), just constitute controlled nuclear fusion reactor after the novel comprehensive inertial confinement, nuclear long tin (1) just becomes the pressure vessel of this reactor.Combine with heat interchange and electricity generation system again, just constitute " controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement ".

Nuclear implosion and nuclear power station power: time t=365 * 24 * 3600s=3.1536 * 10 in 1 year ⁷S (second), then 1 tonne of tnt equivalent nuclear blast in 1 year can obtain power N=E/t=4.19 * 10 ⁹J/3.1536 * 10 ⁷S=0.13286kw (kilowatt), minimum!

Therefore, if nuclear power station efficient is calculated by 50%, then nuclear power station power can be estimated as follows:

10 tonnes, can obtain power N=0.13286kw * 10 * 365 * 50%=243kw in 1 year 365 days fried 1 of every day, this power is obviously too little! Practical value is little.

100 tonnes, fried 5 times of fried at every turn 1, every day, perhaps 5 series connection are exploded simultaneously, every day is fried once, and perhaps 50 10 tonnes series connection is exploded simultaneously, every day is fried once, 1 year N=243kw * 10 * 5=1.2, ten thousand kw (multikilowatt up to ten thousand).

1000 tonnes, fried 5 times of fried at every turn 1, every day, perhaps 5 series connection are exploded simultaneously, every day is fried once, perhaps 10 100 tonnes series connection explode simultaneously, fried 5 times of every day, 1 year N=1.2 ten thousand kw * ten thousand kilowatts of 10=12 (last 100,000 multikilowatts).

1 ton, fried 5 times of fried at every turn 1, every day, perhaps 5 series connection are exploded simultaneously, every day is fried once, perhaps 10 1000 tonnes series connection explode simultaneously, fried 5 times of every day, 1 year N=12 ten thousand kw * ten thousand kilowatts of 10=120 (last 1,000,000 multikilowatts).

This shows, make nuclear power station reach bigger power---several ten thousand to hundreds of thousands kilowatt, and practical value is greatly just arranged, and then hydrogen bomb that need explode or neutron bomb are considerable, and tonne can not be too little.The energy of these explanation nuclear weapon is still very limited, does not resemble online some people's imagination " 1 atomic bomb that explodes was with 1 year " or the like.

Feature 4: the heat absorption of various structures buffering barrier layer in the fuel kernel fusion facility

In order more effectively to reduce the destruction of nuclear fusion blast, according to its blast characteristics, can be with the structure of heat absorption buffering barrier layer in the fuel bullet, specific design become following which floor, outside from its longitudinal center line, have successively:

1, gasification layer (14) and liquefaction layer,----in fuel kernel fusion facility (2), be close to the nuclear fusion device at axial line place, connecting the structure of matter layer of forming by low-melting-point metal (first-selected lithium or aluminium), for example forming by the irregular fragment of low-melting-point metal.Generally be long tubular, see Fig. 1～Fig. 7.The high temperature of the more than one hundred million degree that produce because of nuclear fusion reaction or blast must make the low-melting-point metal of the nearest one deck of this freestone fusion facility become high-temperature plasma, metal gas, metal liquid successively.They must absorb a large portion explosion energy again, are converted into the heat energy of gas liquid, thereby have significantly reduced the energy that radial impact destroys.

2, the first buffer corruption layer (15) and liquefaction layer----are connected the outside of the gasification layer (14) that is made of low-melting-point metal, are long tubular, see Fig. 1～Fig. 7.After nuclear fusion reaction or the blast, the inevitable volume of the high-temperature plasma of gasification layer (14) and metal gas expands rapidly, produces powerful physical shock destructive power, and the first buffer corruption layer (15) destruction, a part are liquefied, and forms the liquefaction layer.Even some also can be gasified.But simultaneously, high speed metal gas stream is subjected to the strong obstruction of this one deck again, inevitable go out----this energy of going out to axial two ends and add this damage layer work done, liquefaction, gasification are absorbed the energy that is converted into heat energy, absorb a large portion explosion energy again for the second time, significantly reduced the energy that radially destroys for the second time.

3, the powerful breakable layer (16)----that hinders is made of the higher material of intensity, still generally is long tubular, and xsect is not really thick, and the first buffer corruption layer (15) and gasification layer (14) all are connected in the long tube, see Fig. 1～Fig. 7.Requirement to it is: can the long barrel dliameter of more strong obstruction to impact energy, force it to go out to axial two ends, but impact energy again can with should length destruction, play the buffer action that reduces pressure.Therefore: 1) intensity of making its material is higher and can not be too high, for example with the dualumin or the various aluminium alloy manufacturing of making airplane skin, can be strong the long barrel dliameter of obstruction compressing to impact energy, fusing point is still the same with aluminium low, at last still destroyedly is fused into useful liquid aluminium; 2) wall thickness of this length tube is just thicker and can not too thick (for example 100mm is following)----not cause the nuclear blast impulsive force not destroy it.

Impact energy hinders the current strong obstruction of breakable layer (16) and to axially turning to through powerful, the energy that radially destroys that absorbed a large portion explosion energy, bigger minimizing for the third time again for the third time.

4, the second buffer corruption layer (17)----is connected the powerful outside that hinders breakable layer (16), still is made of low-melting-point metal, sees Fig. 1～Fig. 7, still generally is long tubular.Impact failure power is destroyed this layer continuation and liquefaction, the energy that radially destroys that absorbed a large portion explosion energy, the 4th bigger minimizing the 4th time.

Forward to axially through these four times heat absorptions, decompression vibration damping and energy, radially the energy of Po Huaiing should be insignificant.

More than four layers, add the nuclear fusion device on its axis, can manufacture an integral body, just become can be separately whole fuel kernel fusion facility (2) or the fuel bullet that moves.Can make in special factory, form different models, produce in batches, a large amount of use.

5, the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19): if the four layers of impact failure that all also is not enough to hinder nuclear explosion in front, it is also conceivable that and add this layer again: its structure and preceding two-layer buffer corruption layer are similar, but can be close on the sheet steel (7) in the main body wall (3) that is connected the long tube of nuclear (1), see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3.Also can install in the space that is connected between sheet steel (7) and the fuel kernel fusion facility (2), just be connected the second buffer corruption layer (17) outside in case of necessity, become the ingredient of fuel bullet with support.

This one deck is the last obstacle that hinders the nuclear explosion impact failure.If four, the five layers of impact failure that just is enough to hinder nuclear explosion in front can not wanted this layer yet.Like this, buffer corruption compressing layer on fuel kernel fusion facility (2), becomes an integral body entirely.

6, superpower compressing barrier layer (18) has 3 kinds of structures.The 1st kind is framed structure: shape is not limit, and profile can be lacunary long tube, or the framework of cube shaped or other shapes of many small gap, more than 5 layers all be connected its inside, see Fig. 4.The effect of this one deck is powerful 5 layers of low-melting-point metal fragment and the liquid that is melted and scraps in front that hinder, and makes their very difficult time of extruding, extrude from the framework of lacunary long tube or many small gap also longer.So in the time that this extrudes, low-melting-point metal fragment and liquid that explosion energy is scraped with regard to super-strength compressing are gone out to axial two ends, and superpower compressing barrier layer (18) itself is not damaged because of the intensity superelevation, also can reuse next time.The 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) also can be connected on the outside surface of superpower compressing barrier layer (18), stops low-melting-point metal fragment and the liquid extruded from framework aperture or slit at last.

The 2nd kind of structure: superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is long tubular, its outside surface is connected on the inside surface of the long tube of nuclear (1), its length only with one, the two sesquialters footpath of the long tube of nuclear (1) quite, only account for the long tube of nuclear (1) very little a part of length, have only 1 fuel kernel fusion facility (2) to be connected its inside.Fuel kernel fusion facility this moment (2) generally only comprises 1 hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb, sees Figure 20, Figure 21.Or a plurality of its length superpower compressing barrier layer (18) directly suitable with one, two sesquialters of the long tube of nuclear (1), its outside surface that keeps at a certain distance away is connected on the inside surface of the long tube of nuclear (1), each superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is connected its inside with 1 fuel kernel fusion facility (2) respectively, sees Figure 19.

The 3rd kind of structure: superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is long tubular, and its surperficial atresia is seamless, sees Fig. 6.Be connected the skin of fuel bullet, for example be connected the 2nd layer reciprocal.Gasification layer (14), the first buffer corruption layer (15), powerful obstruction breakable layer (16), the second buffer corruption layer (17) all are connected its inside, and the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) connects on its outer surface.

Adopt the 2nd, 3 kind of structural reason be: radially pressure reduces rapidly vertically: only enclose circumference C perpendicular to one of long barrel crossing quick-fried heart O ₀Place's (seeing Figure 11), the pressure maximum.From circumference C ₀One, two sesquialters footpaths x=R ₂～2R ₂The place, pressure drops to 25%～4% rapidly, and is insignificant, sees Fig. 9.Therefore in the long tube of nuclear (1), only need to hinder or bear a circle circumference C ₀Near the maximum pressure of weakness very, the pressure that the wall of the long tube of nuclear (1) other positions is subjected to is much smaller, also much smaller to the requirement of the wall strength of materials.Therefore, the wall of other positions does not need to strengthen with superpower compressing barrier layer (18), all available general steel manufacturing of main body wall (3) of the long tube of promptly whole nuclear (1), and cost is not high.Only at a plurality of circle circumference C ₀Near very short length strengthen with superpower compressing barrier layer (18), the expense of increase is also few.Total cost is not high like this, can also significantly reduce the engineering difficulty.

In the fuel bullet,, see Fig. 4, Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21 when having only single or when hydrogen bomb that a few equivalent is bigger or neutron bomb, superpower compressing barrier layer (18) being installed just generally.Like this, local wall just need bear high pressure or reduce high pressure.In addition, this situation fuel bullet is shorter, makes and transport all to be easier to.Otherwise, just should not add this layer again, see Fig. 5, Fig. 7.

Preferably adopt the contemporary intensity superpower compressing barrier layer of the highest made (18), for example with breathing out third constellations alloy, the U.S. successfully is applied to the making of the high temperature high voltage resistant parts such as rocket nozzle of Apollo lunar module.Perhaps use the tungalloy manufacturing of the high manufacturing long-range artillery gun barrel of intensity, can be competent at surely.

Feature 5: the various concrete structures of heat absorption buffering barrier layer

The structure in porous or many slits in the middle of if heat absorption buffering barrier layer is made with low-melting-point metal in the fuel bullet, then when the impact failure pressure of nuclear explosion acts on this structure, hole that these are a large amount of or slit, just like a large amount of traps, constantly retardance, consumption, alleviation impact failure pressure make breaking pressure will spend the longer time to destroy " trap " of the many seams of these porous.Adding whole fuel bullet all has the inertia that keeps stationary state, just makes the action time of breaking pressure longer, and longer time of promptly whole fuel bullet is by inertial confinement, thereby can more fully finish buffering, damping antivibration and be fused into the overall process of liquid metals! Thereby force more explosion energy to go out bigger radially failure energy and the pressure of having reduced simultaneously to axial two ends!

The beneficial effect of the heat absorption buffering barrier layer in Here it is this porous or many slits, they have following different concrete structure:

1, make cellular structure with low-melting-point metal: as Figure 13, its mesopore or slit are exactly that " honeycomb " of a large amount of hexagonal shape is as honeycomb briquette.The size of honeycomb and spacing distance determine the intensity of this structure, thereby can determine the ability (i.e. the size that decision " destroys work factor k ", the calculating that sees below) of retardance, consumption, alleviation impact failure pressure.Therefore can in manufacture process, artificially control cell size, can artificially control the size of " destroying work factor k ".

2, make a plurality of spherical shape structures with low-melting-point metal: as Figure 14, a plurality of essentially identical balls directly are deposited in together, and its mesopore or slit are exactly gaps a large amount of between ball.The size in the size decision gap of ball, thereby the ability (destroying work factor k) of impact failure pressure is blocked, consumes, alleviates in decision.This structure is suitable for using in vaporization layer (14).

3, make a plurality of irregular cloddy structures with low-melting-point metal: as Figure 15, a plurality of irregular fragments directly are deposited in together, and its mesopore or slit are exactly gaps a large amount of between fragment.Also there is irregular size in the gap, thereby determines the ability (destroying work factor k) of retardance, consumption, alleviation impact failure pressure, and this structure also is suitable for use in vaporization layer (14).

4, make the strip laciniation with low-melting-point metal: as Figure 16, be the strip laciniation that a plurality of sawtooth are arranged, be fit to be close to the inner face of wall the layer 5----sheet steel (7) that is connected the long tube of nuclear (1).Also can be used as the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) and be connected the outermost of fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

5, make two strip serrated clips steel plate shape structures with low-melting-point metal: as Figure 17, be two strip laciniations up and down, therebetween one block plate (20).When on the strip laciniation below impact failure pressure acts on, on steel plate (20), steel plate (20) is again on the superincumbent strip laciniation of mass action with regard to mass action.Like this, to retardance, alleviate impact failure pressure effect bigger, action time is longer, thereby forces the explosion energy of going out to axial two ends more.This structure also is fit to be close to the inner face of wall the layer 5----sheet steel (7) that is connected the long tube of nuclear (1).

6, make spongy structure with low-melting-point metal: in low-melting-point metal inside, dense distribution a large amount of tiny irregular air-gap or minute bubbles, as a large amount of thin stain among Figure 18, as the sponge (polyethylene foamed etc.) of making Sofa cushion.The size of air-gap or minute bubbles and spacing distance determine the intensity of this structure, thereby can determine the ability (destroying work factor k) of retardance, consumption, alleviation impact failure pressure, can artificially control in manufacture process.This structure is suitable for making second, third buffer corruption layer.

The fuel bullet that will have feature 2,3,4,5 structures is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), can make the process and the result of nuclear explosion, and very big change all takes place, and existing is that example is analyzed explanation with hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb.

According to testing data: nuclear explosion does not resemble chemical explosion and produces a large amount of gases, and nuclear explosion just can produce the shock wave that destruction is arranged in a large number in air.(for example in the exoatmosphere or superaltitude) nuclear explosion in a vacuum, owing to be a large amount of photons of radiation (x ray, gamma-rays account for more than 90%) mainly, the shock wave that destruction arranged just seldom.

But actually, the long tube of nuclear (1) is interior neither the vacuum state of feature 1 hypothesis, neither be full of the state of nature of air, but each buffering barrier layer made from low-melting-point metal entirely on every side of hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb, almost be full of the long tube of nuclear (1)----and radially almost all be full of, axially also be full of very long one section, see Fig. 1, Fig. 2.Like this, do not have air layer in blocks around hydrogen bomb or the neutron bomb, blast can not be formed with the air-shock wave of destruction.The buffering barrier layer is inner and on every side in the slit, has a large amount of spaced-apart air points or air to stitch, and can only play the buffering inhibition, can not be formed with the air-shock wave of destruction.

If be positioned at the nuclear fusion reaction at fuel bullet center energy is discharged slowly, then radiation energy can be fused into liquid with low-melting-point metal on every side gradually, and can not produce impact failure pressure or vibration.But nuclear explosion just all discharged the photon form energy in ten million/one second, became very complicated with regard to the change procedure that blast is caused.Now that its change procedure and interpretation of result is as follows: during the blast beginning, the a large amount of radiation photons of the quick-fried heart, neutron and other particles etc., inject immediate low-melting-point metal, rapid generation is several necessarily, more than one hundred million degree high temperature is broken down into plasma, the outer temperature of plasma reduces gradually, form metal gas, plasma and metal gas constitute the gasification layer.The gasification layer is outer to be exactly molten metal liquid, forms the liquefaction layer.The volume of gasification layer sharply expands, and the impact failure pressure and the vibration of the character that produces mechanical energy destroy work done to the low-melting-point metal of the solid state buffer barrier layer beyond the liquefaction layer, and mechanical energy is converted into the heat energy of deposite metal again.When destroying work done, go out to two ends with regard to oppressed steering axle after radially explosion energy is obstructed, low-melting-point metal fragment of being scraped and liquid also are forced to axial two ends and are gone out, also had originally and also went out, and axially have sufficient length to slow down impact failure pressure and vibration to axial two ends with regard to explosion energy vertically.

The acute variation process experience that nuclear explosion causes finished after a few minutes, and after calming down at last, each layer absorbed whole energy of nuclear implosion in the fuel bullet, all is converted into the metal liquid that has only normal pressure, and deposition is in the long tube of nuclear (1), for generating and heat utilization.

So in nuclear explosion acute variation process, its gross energy will be absorbed respectively by each layer.Now by the effect of energy and character with the fuel bullet be divided into following which floor, incomplete same with its structural sheet, and be example with the lithium, the energy spectrometer of each layer of low-melting-point metal " distribution " is calculated as follows:

1, gasification layer, its energy is E ₁, quality is M ₁: the fusing point t of lithium ₁=180 ℃, mean specific heat (solid-state, liquid state) c ₁=3517J/kg. ℃, melting heat c ₂=3 * 10 ⁶J/kg, density d=534kg/m ³, boiling point t ₂=1342 ℃, the heat of gasification c of lithium ₃=1.478 * 10 ⁸J/kg, c ₄Be the lithium specific heats of gases.Y is the coefficient of colligation of the expression lithium plasma specific heat and the heat of ionization.

Being provided with gross energy is the nuclear fusion blast of E, is M with quality wherein ₁Lithium from normal temperature t ₀=15 ℃ are heated into temperature is t _X1Gas, again with M ₁In mass M ₁₁Be heated into more than one hundred million degree t _X3Plasma, then the heat that needs altogether is

E ₁＝E ₁₁+E ₁₂

＝yt _x3M ₁₁+c ₁M ₁(t ₁-t ₀)+c ₂M ₁+c ₁M ₁(t ₂-t ₁)+c ₃M ₁+c ₄M ₁(t _x1-t ₂)

＝yt _x3M ₁₁+M ₁[c ₁(t ₂-t ₀)+c ₂+c ₃+c ₄(t _x1-t ₂)] (15)

Wherein

E ₁₁＝yt _x3M ₁₁ (16)

Be to be M with quality ₁₁Lithium be t from temperature _X1The lithium gas heating to more than one hundred million degree t _X3The energy that absorbs of lithium plasma.

E ₁₂＝M ₁[c ₁(t ₂-t ₀)+c ₂+c ₃+c ₄(t _x1-t ₂)]

＝M ₁[7.67×10 ⁶+147.8×10 ⁶+c ₄(t _x1-1342)] (17)

Be to be M with quality ₁Lithium from normal temperature t ₀=15 ℃ are heated to temperature is t _X1The energy of lithium gas absorption.

Wherein y, t _X3, M ₁₁, MX, t _X1After all can only from experiment, measuring at present, ENERGY E ₁, E ₁₁, E ₁₂Just can calculate precise figure.But the data that specific energy is calculated, for example the gasification heat 147.8 * 10 of equal in quality ⁶Than liquefaction heat 7.67 * 10 ⁶Big more than 19 times, deuterium tritium (DT) plasma specific heat 1.152 * 10 ¹¹J/kg. ℃ specific heat c than lithium ₁=3517J/kg. ℃ big more than 3,000 ten thousand times.And it is also more much bigger than plasma specific heat to be ionized into the heat of ionization that plasma need absorb from metal gas! These can illustrate the ENERGY E that the gasification layer absorbs ₁Quite a lot of, this inevitable energy that radially destroys that reduces greatly.

2, liquefaction layer, ENERGY E ₂, mass M ₂, with lithium from normal temperature t ₀Being heated into temperature is t _X2The energy that absorbs of liquid metal

E ₂＝c ₁M ₂(t ₁-t ₀)+c ₂M ₂+c ₁M ₂(t _x2-t ₁)

＝M ₂[c ₂+c ₁(t _x2-t ₀)] (18)

T wherein _X2, M ₂After can only from experiment, measuring, E ₂Just can calculate.E ₂Many more, radially the energy of Po Huaiing is few more.

3, axial energy E ₃, mass M ₃, comprise the energy that just faces toward axial two ends originally and oppressed by force that steering axle can be M with quality to the energy at two ends at last by obstruction ₃Lithium be fused into liquid.E ₃Also can only use measuring.Be still E ₃Big more, radially the energy of Po Huaiing is few more.

4, impact failure ENERGY E ₄, mass M ₄, direct energy to each buffering barrier layer impact failure work done.Ruined quality is M ₄, also will be fused into metal liquid, ENERGY E at last ₄The last heat energy that also will become metal liquid.

5, act on the ENERGY E of the long tube of nuclear (1) wall at last ₅, can be with corresponding mass M ₅Be fused into metal liquid, wherein be divided into radial energy E again perpendicular to wall ₅₂With the axial energy E that is parallel to wall ₅₁, promptly

E ₅＝E ₅₁+E ₅₂ (19)

So nuclear blast gross energy E is following 5 part sums

E＝E ₁+E ₂+E ₃+E ₄+E ₅ (20)

Gross mass M also is following 5 part sums

M＝M ₁+M ₂+M ₃+M ₄+M ₅ (21)

More than various energy finally all be converted into the heat energy of liquid lithium, gross mass is that the barrier layer that respectively cushions of M all is converted into liquid lithium (or other low-melting-point metals), derives generating or heat utilization outside the long tube of nuclear (1).

More than in the various energy, the energy that the wall of examining long tube (1) is played destruction has only radial energy E ₅₂, the ratio that it accounts for nuclear blast gross energy E is very little very little.If replace hydrogen bomb with neutron bomb, E then ₅₂Ratio littler.

Neutron bomb for mainly killing and wounding factor, is the thermonuclear weapon of low equivalent, weak blast impulse wave effect with the high-energy neutron radiation still with the fusion reaction produce power.Neutron bomb also claims " enhanced rad bullet " or " reduced blast intense radiation bullet ".For example, according to interrelated data, the nuclear radiation of common atomic bomb shared ratio in killing and wounding destructive factor is 5%, and the nuclear radiation ratio of neutron bomb is up to 30%.According to measuring and calculating, shock wave to the damage radius of buildings not as good as 1/2nd of atomic bomb.Replace hydrogen bomb if therefore it is connected fuel bullet center, the final radial energy E that destroys the long tube of nuclear wall ₅₂Will be littler than hydrogen bomb---and much smaller!

But also can artificially rationally control the above-mentioned different structure of low-melting-point metal, and destroy the best size of work factor k and the optimum thickness L of buffer corruption barrier layer with regard to may command, just can make this very little radial energy E ₅₂Reduce to zero, just make impact failure pressure reduce to zero through retardance, after consuming, alleviating---reach optimum.We just calculate " can make pressure P → 0 o'clock L, K value " with the basic physics theory of variable force work done now, provide theoretical direction so that make fuel bullet optimum structure for reality.

Fuel bullet in the long tube of nuclear (1) is supposed to explode under the vacuum perfect condition, supposes that blast gross energy E is W (r) (J/cm in the average energy on quick-fried heart r place sphere unit area ²Or MJ/m ², 1MJ=10 ⁶J, 1m ²=10 ⁴Cm ²), then

E＝4πr ²W(r) (22)

See Fig. 8, R ₂It is the maximum radius of buffering barrier layer.At r=R ₂The place

W(R ₂)＝E/4πR ² ₂ (23)

Be under the vacuum perfect condition, R ²Maximum average energy on place's sphere unit area.

But the long tube of nuclear (1) interior virtual condition is seen Fig. 1～Fig. 3, its transversal Fig. 8 that meets personally.Therefore in fact W (r) also is divided into 5 parts:

W(r)＝w ₁+w ₂+w ₃+w ₄+w ₅ (24)

W wherein ₁, w ₂, w ₃The corresponding E of difference ₁, E ₂, E ₃, be gasification layer, liquefaction layer and the average energy of axial energy on corresponding sphere unit area, they can not play destruction to the wall of examining long tube (1).

Wherein directly be to each energy that cushions barrier layer impact failure work done

E ₄+E ₅＝E ₄+E ₅₁+E ₅₂＝4πr ²W(R ₂) ₄₅ (25)

W(R ₂) ₄₅＝w ₄+w ₅＝(E ₄+E ₅₁+E ₅₂)/4πR ² ₂ (26)

The physical meaning of following formula is: beyond gasification layer, liquefaction layer and axial energy, when not cushioning barrier layer, and energy (E ₄+ E ₅) at R ₂The maximum average energy of place's unit area is W (R ₂) ₄₅But in fact, W (R ₂) ₄₅Destroy the work done of buffering barrier layer, calculate W (R now ₂) ₄₅The size of institute's work done.

Above the pressure formula (1) of photon gas in the feature 1 only is suitable in a vacuum, and is inapplicable herein.But according to this formula, as can be known with pressure P (r) and the r of quick-fried heart O at a distance of the r place ³Be inversely proportional to

P(r)＝K/r ³ (27)

Wherein, can be described as " destruction work factor " than of the structure of matter characteristic decision of row COEFFICIENT K by the buffering barrier layer.

See Fig. 8, at r≤R ₁In the scope gasification layer (14) and liquefaction layer, r=R ₁→ R ₂It is the solid state buffer barrier layer.

It is differential dr that acting force P (r) on the r place unit area (being r place pressure) will cushion the small degree of depth of barrier layer destruction, and then acting force P (r) makes small elementary work

dW(r)＝P(r)dr＝Kdr/r ³ (28)

With buffer corruption damage layer depth of interaction is L=R ₂-R ₁The time, acting force P (r) makes total work

$w\left(r\right)=\underset{R_1}{\overset{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_2}{\&Integral;}}\mathrm{dw}\left(r\right)=w{\left(R_2\right)}_{45}$

$=K\underset{R1}{\overset{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}2}{\&Integral;}}\mathrm{dr}/{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="r"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^3$

$=-\frac{K}{2{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}{|}_{R_1}^{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_2}$

$=K(1/{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}^2}_1-1/{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA00000497734600011.png,HSA00000497734600012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}^2}_2)/2---\left(29\right)$

Therefore

K＝2w(R ₂) ₄₅/(1/R ² ₁-1/R ² ₂) (30)

It is the same with the Young modulus Y of material to destroy work factor K, is the physical quantity of the reflection strength of materials, and every kind of material has own specific K value.K has reflected the structure and intensity that porous is stitched low-melting-point metal more in the fuel bullet herein: material is different with the structure of the many seams of porous, and the numerical value of K is also different; Fill air the hole, the seam more less, more little, the buffering barrier layer intensity high more, the K value is big more.

Therefore according to formula (30), can measure the K value of various different materials, different structure with experiment.

Also can calculate the K value according to formula (30).But this is not the specific K value of certain material oneself, but w (R ₂) ₄₅, R ² ₁, R ² ₂3 physical quantitys and the desired K value of formula (30).Have only the specific K value of material oneself, with to calculate the K value according to formula (30) identical, this material just can be applied to formula (30).

Therefore formula (30) is made for reality theoretical direction is provided in the optimum structure fuel bullet: can be artificial with experiment determine fuel bullet low-melting-point metal mesopore, seam size, what, produce the different structure of various different materials, thus obtain that we need, with energy w (R ₂) ₄₅Supporting K value obtains bearing energy w (R in other words ₂) ₄₅, the K value determined by formula (30).Could after nuclear explosion, make to the pressure P that examines long tube wall → 0!

Energy W (R ₂) ₄₅Be that the total work that power P (r) does should be explained as follows:

See Figure 10, in the fuel bullet, radially length r from quick-fried heart O to R ₁Be gasification layer (14) and liquefaction layer, arrive R again ₂, form a conicle or little pyramid, from R ₁To R ₂Between little round platform or little terrace with edge be exactly the part of conicle or little pyramid back.

Suppose R ₁→ R ₂Between do not cushion barrier layer, do not have an energy, energy (E yet ₄+ E ₅) all concentrate on R ₂On place's sphere, the maximum average energy of this sphere unit area is exactly W (R ₂) ₄₅, hypothesis could calculate W (R by (29) formula like this ₂) ₄₅

But the buffering barrier layer is in fact arranged, so W (R ₂) ₄₅Will destroy buffering barrier layer work done rather than all concentrate on R ₂On place's sphere, will be distributed in R ₁→ R ₂Between little round platform or the scope of little this work done of terrace with edge in, all be used for power P (r) work done, the total work of making is exactly W (R ₂) ₄₅Energy W (R ₂) ₄₅Be maximum work done energy, it does not have other energy to be made for merit in addition yet.

With R ₂For the whole spheroid of radius can be divided into the sort of conicle of numerous Figure 10 or little pyramid, each is from R ₁To R ₂Between all form a little round platform or little terrace with edge, to be made for the energy of merit all be W (R to maximum in it ₂) ₄₅, the computing method and the result of power P (r) work done therein are just the same.Total work W (the R that does in whole little round platforms or the little terrace with edge ₂) ₄₅Sum is exactly the gross energy (E to each solid state buffer barrier layer impact failure work done ₄+ E ₅₁+ E ₅₂), the last heat energy that all is converted into low-melting-point metal liquid.

If gross energy (E ₄+ E ₅₁+ E ₅₂) all run out of then last remaining radial energy E because of destroying work done ₅₂Naturally go to zero, i.e. E ₅₂→ 0, so R ₂Radially pressure P → 0 at place.At this moment do not have to play the energy of destruction to the wall of examining long tube (1), thereby it is just very little to build the engineering difficulty of the long tube of nuclear (1) ideal state of our expectation that Here it is.

Average energy W (R ₂) ₄₅Experiment measuring can only be used, temporarily concrete numeral can't be calculated.But specific heat, melting heat, heat of gasification, plasma specific heat and the heat of ionization of contrast metal can estimate it and maximum average energy W (R ₂) order of magnitude difference: only plasma specific heat is just big more than 3,000 ten thousand times than the specific heat of metal, and promptly the order of magnitude differs and reaches 10 ⁷(seeing the explanation to (16), (17) formula) infers thus, and the energy that the gasification layer absorbs (also is ceiling capacity W (R ₂) in a part), than the energy W (R that destroys work done ₂) ₄₅Big several magnitude.

So we can suppose: at R ₂On place's sphere unit area, each buffering barrier layer is destroyed the average energy W (R of work done ₂) ₄₅Only be the maximum average energy W (R under the vacuum state ₂) 1/10,1/100,1/1000,1/10000 ... even it is littler.

In order to express conveniently, order is as W (R ₂) ₄₅=W (R ₂) time, the destruction work factor that is calculated by formula (30) is expressed as K;

As W (R ₂) ₄₅=W (R ₂)/10, this coefficient table is shown K ₁W (R ₂) ₄₅, W (R ₂) unit be (MJ/m ²)

As W (R ₂) ₄₅=W (R ₂)/100, this coefficient are K ₂

As W (R ₂) ₄₅=W (R ₂)/1000, this coefficient are K ₃, or the like.

Application of formula (29) or (30) like this: artificially select R according to the engineering difficulty ₁, R ₂, L=R ₂-R ₁Numerical value, making them is to realize easily to the modern project ability, calculates the unit area average energy W (R of the destruction work done under the different IPs explosion energy again according to (23) formula ₂) and W (R ₂) ₄₅, then with R ₁, R ₂, W (R ₂) ₄₅Substitution (30) formula just can calculate corresponding K value.Artificial then control low-melting-point metal mesopore, the size of seam, what, produce the fuel bullet of this K value, guarantee artificial selection, can bear energy W (R ₂) ₄₅R ₁, R ₂Numerical value with L.

Below with regard to several groups of R of ascending artificial selection ₁, R ₂, L=R ₂-R ₁Numerical value (contemporary process capability can both reach), different W (R that calculate according to (23) formula, (30) formula again ₂), W (R ₂) ₄₅With K value (unit is N.m), be listed as follows:

Table 12, R ₁=1.7m, R ₂=3.64m, L=R ₂-R ₁=1.94m, 1 tonne of tnt equivalent E=4.19 * 10 ⁹J

Table 13, R ₁=1.7m, R ₂=5.25m, L=R ₂-R ₁=3.55m,

Table 14, R ₁=2.5m, R ₂=6.62m, L=R ₂-R ₁=4.12m,

Table 15, R ₁=4m, R ₂=7.85m, L=R ₂-R ₁=3.85m,

Table 16, R ₁=5m, R ₂=10m, L=R ₂-R ₁=5m,

Table 17, R ₁=7.45m, R ₂=12.45m, L=R ₂-R ₁=5m,

Table 18, R ₁=5m, R ₂=14.26m, L=R ₂-R ₁=9.26m,

Table 19, R ₁=6m, R ₂=16m, L=R ₂-R ₁=10m,

Table 20, R ₁=8m, R ₂=18m, L=R ₂-R ₁=10m,

Table 21, R ₁=10m, R ₂=20m, L=R ₂-R ₁=10m,

Explain each digital physical significance in above 10 tables now:

Notice at first that 1, numerals such as the K value in the table are calculated by formula (23), (30), the K value that the membrane inside the rush stalk closes this two formula means that the work done of destruction fuel bullet can be with energy W (R ₂) or w (R ₂) ₄₅Exhaust, make at last nuclear explosion to the pressure P that examines long tube (1) wall → 0! At this moment the long tube of nuclear radius below 20 meters, great majority about 10 meters, contemporary engineering ability can realize fully.

2, nuclear explosion tonne or W (R ₂), w (R ₂) ₄₅Big more, just require the K value big more, the work done distance L is big more, means the low-melting-point metals that need the many seams of porous in the fuel bullet firm more (its mesopore, seam few more), thick more, and promptly will make more merit could be with energy W (R ₂) or w (R ₂) ₄₅Exhaust.Otherwise, nuclear explosion tonne or W (R ₂), w (R ₂) ₄₅More little, just require K value, L value more little.

3, the order of magnitude of K is 10 ³～10 ⁸Between, great majority are 10 ⁴～10 ⁶Between.And pressure P (r)=K/r ³Than little 2～3 orders of magnitude of K, great majority are 10～10 ³Between.It is compared with the Young modulus Y of the same reflection strength of materials (unit of P (r), Y all is N/m ²): the order of magnitude great majority of metal material Y are 10 ¹⁰～10 ¹¹Between, more much bigger than P (r), P (r) is than little 5～6 orders of magnitude of Y.This true physical meaning is: the implication of Young modulus Y is that the acting force on the unit area is pressure P=F/S with material extending or compresses one in a small amount during Δ L, the order of magnitude of the size of reflection P, attention is in the elastic properties of materials limit, and is atresia seamless " entity metal ".And K, P (r) are the physical quantity of reflection nuclear explosion to the material damage work done, exceed the elastic properties of materials limit certainly already.K, P (r) are littler than P, Y, reflected that low-melting-point metal in the fuel bullet fills the hole of air, seam is many more, big more, the strength ratio entity metal of buffering barrier layer is low more, just easily to cushioning the material damage work done of barrier layer, promptly need to produce the low intensive low-melting-point metal buffering of the many seams of this porous barrier layer, this is to realize easily on manufacturing technology.

4, in above 10 tables, as K ≈ 10 ⁴～10 ⁶, P (r)=K/r ³≈ 10～10 ³, work done distance L at this moment=R ₂-R ₁≈ 2m～10m, nuclear blast is the tnt equivalent tonne from 10 tons to 10,000 tons.As long as this explanation has had suitable fuel bullet, the long tube of the nuclear of 10 meters left and right sides radiuses just can bear the ton nuclear explosion.

5, be that hypothesis is as W (R more than ₂) ₄₅=W (R ₂), be W (R ₂) ₄₅During maximal value, the maximal value of K, L.But in fact, W (R ₂) ₄₅Only be W (R ₂) 1/10,1/100,1/1000, corresponding K value is K ₁, K ₂, K ₃, than again little 1～3 order of magnitude of K value, corresponding P (r), L value are littler.Its physical significance is that low-melting-point metal fills air in the fuel bullet hole, seam are more, bigger, and promptly to stitch material softer more for porous, easier technically manufacturing.

6, W (R in above 10 tables ₂) the order of magnitude be below 10～10 ⁵MJ/m ²(corresponding nuclear blast equivalent is 10～10,000 tons, corresponding R ₂≈ 4～20m), particularly from several～tens MJ/m ², the per day radiation energy of sunshine all has so big on the ground.This illustrates the nuclear blast energy once more and the destruction of causing size and scope are limited, do not resemble the big of the imagination to uncontrollable, just can bear and control fully with the way of fuel bullet, this illustrates also that above the calculating numeral in 21 tables is that the membrane inside the rush stalk closes actual conditions basically.

Description of drawings

The invention will be further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.

Fig. 1 is that fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected the basic structure longitudinal diagram in the long tube of nuclear (1).

Fig. 2, Fig. 3 are the xsect basic block diagram of device shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 4 is the basic block diagram with the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) of superpower compressing barrier layer.

Fig. 5 is the basic block diagram of axial connect a plurality of hydrogen bombs or neutron bomb in fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Fig. 6 is the basic block diagram that connects long clavate deuterium tritium fusionable material in fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Fig. 7 is the basic block diagram that connects elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma container in fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Fig. 8 is the xsect basic block diagram of the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) of expression gasification liquefaction layer, solid state buffer barrier layer.

Fig. 9 is the coordinate curve that the long tube of nuclear (1) radial force is decayed rapidly vertically.

Figure 10 is the three-dimensional structure diagram of nuclear explosion compressive load per unit area conical work done scope in fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 11 is the synoptic diagram of the long tube of nuclear (1) radial force.

Figure 12 is a U.S. Lei Naier underground nuclear test pressure-from the coordinate curve of quick-fried heart variable in distance relation

Figure 13 is the cellular structure synoptic diagram of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 14 is many spherical shape structural representation of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 15 is the rubble shape structural representation of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 16 is the laciniation synoptic diagram of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 17 is two laciniation synoptic diagram of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 18 is the spongy structure synoptic diagram of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2).

Figure 19 is a controlled nuclear fusion power station general structure vertical view after the comprehensive inertial confinement of long tube type.

Figure 20 is a controlled nuclear fusion power station general structure synoptic diagram after the comprehensive inertial confinement of tunnel type.

Figure 21 is a controlled nuclear fusion power station general structure synoptic diagram after the comprehensive inertial confinement of vertical shaft type.

Figure 22 is a controlled nuclear fusion power station general structure synoptic diagram after the comprehensive inertial confinement of inclined shaft formula.

Figure 23 is single tunnel basic structure synoptic diagram in controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement.

Figure 24 is the three tunnel basic structure synoptic diagram in controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement.

Figure 25 is many tunnels basic structure synoptic diagram in controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement.

Embodiment

Above 5 new construction features are carried out different organic assembling, also can produce more new construction feature and more beneficial effect.Through scrutinizing, the present invention chooses 5 specific embodiments altogether, now is respectively described below.

Embodiment 1: controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement of long tube type

Its general structure vertical view is seen Figure 19: the long tube of nuclear (1) is built connection on the ground or semi-underground (promptly a part of underground), its axial along continuous straight runs.Its chamber wall still has main body wall (3), reinforced concrete floor (4), dirt bed (5), soft cushion (6), sheet steel (7) this " defence line, 5 road ", is used to bear high pressure.But there is the pressure door (22) of open and close at its container two ends, also can bear High Temperature High Pressure.Pore (21) is arranged on the pressure door (22), but the baffle plate of open and close is arranged on the pore.

Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) level is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), and the fixedly pole (37) on its outward flange is connected with the wall of the long tube of nuclear (1).Figure 19 is the structure of axial connect a plurality of hydrogen bombs or neutron bomb (8) in the fuel bullet, also can be other nuclear fusion devices.Near pressure door (22), one end of liquid metal passage (23) is communicated with and interface channel door (24) with the long tube of nuclear (1), this passage other end is communicated with liquid metal apotheca (25), and this apotheca is communicated with the heat exchanger (27) of liquid metal and water by valve (26).Heat exchanger (27) connects water inlet pipe (28), and to replenish cold water, its lower end has outlet (29) to flow out the low-melting-point metal that is condensed into piece, sees Figure 19.Heat exchanger (27) is communicated with steam turbine (30), and steam turbine (30) is connected with generator (31), and generator (31) is connected with power transmission and transformation device (32).Between heat exchanger (27) and the steam turbine (30), between heat exchanger (27) and its water inlet pipe (28) and the outlet (29), all have valve (26) to control the size of its flow.

This power station principle of work is as follows: from pressure door (22) nuclear fusion fuel bullet is transported in the long tube of nuclear (1), with fixedly pole (37) fixation, linked detonating cord outside the tube and control system connects, access door (24) is closed.After all were ready, the outer control of manual operation tube system made the blast of fuel bullet, and after calming down through a few minutes, the low-melting-point metal in the fuel bullet (first-selected lithium or aluminium) all is molten into liquid metal, and deposition is in the long tube of nuclear (1).Temperature preferably is controlled at (to lithium) about 500 ℃, or 700～800 ℃ (to aluminium).Open the baffle plate on the pore (21), will examine outside the gases at high pressure expelling tube in the long tube (1), making in the tube is 1 atmospheric normal pressure.The quantity of artificial control low-melting-point metal can make metal liquid account for a greater part of volume of the long tube of nuclear (1).

Access door (24) is opened, liquid metal flows into apotheca (25) from examining in the long tube (1) through access door (24), flow to heat exchanger (27) by valve (26) again, water in it is converted into high temperature and high pressure steam, pushing turbine (30), drive generator (31) generating again, electric current is transported to the user through power transmission and transformation devices (32).Heat exchanger (27) has water inlet pipe (28) constantly to replenish cold water, and the lower end has outlet (29) to continuously outflow the low-melting-point metal that cooled and solidified becomes blocks of solid simultaneously, is recovered to special factory and continues to make fuel bullet, reciprocation cycle use.

Behind the blast primary fuel bullet, just the low-melting-point metal liquid that it is produced all flows into apotheca (25) preservation and uses, again new fuel bullet is transported simultaneously the long tube of nuclear (1) implode (can cool off with cold water earlier in the tube in case of necessity), produce new low-melting-point metal liquid, so just can make generating continuously carry out, also generate electricity throughout the year.Waste hot steam after steam turbine (30) generating and the vapours that produces with back in the cold water cooling cylinder all can be used for common heat utilization device.Certainly overall process will notice all preventing that radioactive nucleus from polluting, but the radioactivity that nuclear fusion produces is original just much smaller than nuclear fission, is easier to prevent.

There are following beneficial effect or advantage in the nuclear fusion power station of this structure:

1, after the implosion of present technique nuclear, the long tube of nuclear (1) inner metal liquid body is completely stable balance, and is normal pressure, does not have danger such as blast.Non-steady state in the blast process has only a few minutes, maximum tens minutes.And with the prior art of magnetically confined high-temperature plasma, in principle in principle, unsettled exactly, insecure balance (demonstration in see above " background technology ").

2, can artificially control the quantity of nuclear blast equivalent and axial series nuclear bomb simultaneously flexibly:

The size of control nuclear blast equivalent, the size with regard to the long tube of may command nuclear (1) radius generally from several meters～tens meters, makes the engineering difficulty become less, also can bear the high pressure of nuclear blast and shakes by force, thereby solve this maximum difficult problem!

The quantity of control axial series hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb---can be many arbitrarily, nuclear long tin (1) can be long arbitrarily, obtain enough big gross energy and gross generation with regard to available less single nuclear blast equivalent, promptly the long tube of nuclear (1) radius little, on engineering, be easy to realize, the while can guarantee to obtain enough big power station power again---make it reach hundreds of thousands, up to a million kilowatts (computational data that sees above).

3, along the axial distance x=1～3R that examines long tube (1) ₂(radius), radially pressure just is reduced to 1/100 (computational data that sees above) rapidly.Therefore, only need on a small circle ring crossing the quick-fried heart, hinder nuclear blast surge pressure (annulus C among Figure 11 ₁-C ₀-C ₂), just can make the long tube of whole nuclear (1) avoid high pressure and shake by force, greatly reduced quantities and engineering difficulty.

4, ingeniously reasonably manufacture and design the fuel bullet, make the low-melting-point metal structure at its center very loose, make nuclear blast energy being absorbed as much as possible, be used to gasify and the low-melting-point metal, particularly gasification as much as possible that liquefy as much as possible are the plasma of more than one hundred million degree, the energy of absorption is more; Make the central space volume bigger simultaneously, make gasification substance that bigger expansion space be arranged, the two all can reduce greatly and produces the radially energy of breaking pressure.

5, ingeniously reasonably manufacture and design the fuel bullet, make its without hindrance thing in central core two ends, simultaneously outermost layer is made the powerful breakable layer that hinders with the very high low-melting-point metal of intensity (for example using dualumin), perhaps makes superpower obstruction compressing layer with the highest Hastelloy of contemporary intensity or tungalloy.This three can force as much as possible nuclear blast energy and low-melting-point metal gas, liquid, fragment to be gone out to two ends, from and reduced greatly and produced the radially energy of breaking pressure, and two ends have enough axial lengths to slow down impact failure pressure.

6, artificial build-up of pressure vibration barrier layer: between the wall of fuel bullet outward flange and the long tube of nuclear (1), leave certain slit.Like this, when fuel bullet outward flange is passed in nuclear blast surge pressure and vibration, just on the place, slit is blocked, passes less than wall, can not destroy wall certainly.This principle with blocking-up grassland big fire is similar: hoeing up weeds on the grassland forms a no straw cord, and then big fire burns this band place and will cease naturally and go out!

In a word, the essence of fuel bullet scheme is: it bears nuclear blast and destroys as useful " victim "-----allow with the fuel bullet, but has changed into useful liquid metal, so the radius R of two problems----long tubes of nuclear (1) that just will be the most difficult ₂Can not be too big (contemporary process capability does not reach), pressure and vibration can not too big (the long tube of a nuclear chamber wall holds and can't stand), be transformed into artificial control low-melting-point metal mesopore, seam size, what, produce fuel bullet with suitable K value---this is just much relatively easy! , after test figure is determined, just produce fuel bullet in batches with suitable K value at special factory, this just can have less R naturally ₁, R ₂And L=R ₂-R ₁, less engineering difficulty is promptly arranged, also can bear very big pressure and vibration----because of being dropped near zero by the fuel bullet.

In a word, on the fuel bomb body, there are a lot of articles can do----when specifically making,, a lot of very big rooms for improvement arranged all in each side such as material, structure, shapes.One reaches surely and makes wall pressure near zero target as long as improve well!

In addition, nuclear explosion impact failure pressure is instantaneous, and overall process needs only a few minutes, has just become normal pressure.Be not afraid of gas and leak, also need initiatively venting to leak.Therefore to examining long requirement height that also is nothing like the usual pressure container, for example a lot of chemical industry or rock gas storage are irritated and are just required to bear for many years high pressure, and a bit leakage must not be arranged.

The long tube of nuclear (1) suffered instantaneous pressure, similar to the instantaneous pressure of the suffered shell of artillery gun barrel.Therefore, if can make its main body wall (3) with the steel (No. 45 steel gets final product, and thickness below tens mm, also is very common steel and thickness only) of making general artillery gun barrel, can bear through repeatedly hindering the surplus pressure after reducing, just quite desirable.

Technical pattern, calculating and the demonstration that proposes everywhere above, can draw such overall conclusion: with the long tube of nuclear (scope that contemporary engineering ability can reach) of radius several meters to tens meters (below 20 meters), just can bear tens tons (minimum 10 tons) nuclear fusion blast, thereby can build up several ten thousand to hundreds of thousands, up to a million kilowatts commercial practical nuclear fusion power station to a few kiloton tnt equivalents.

The measured data of underground nuclear test can fully be supported this overall conclusion:

1, the test data of U.S. Lei Naier (Reiner) underground nuclear test shows: pressure P is along with from the increase of quick-fried heart distance R and decay very rapidly, its P-R curve is that a pitch angle is greater than 90 degree, very steep (it is very fast promptly to descend) straight line, see Figure 12: though its quick-fried heart is neighbouring up to several ten million atmospheric pressure, millions of MPa, but from 2.3 meters of the quick-fried heart, pressure P just drops to 1MPa rapidly, from 3.3 meters of the quick-fried heart, pressure P just drops to 0.4MPa rapidly, this belongs to the low pressure range of common pressure vessel, and contemporary pressure vessel can bear MPa! up to a hundred, thousands of

And blast the underground of Nevada ,Usa testing field, place is rock salt or eruptive tuff, and its intensity is not as good as reinforced concrete, generally not as the low-melting-point metal in the fuel bullet, for example dualumin.Can not show a candle to general iron and steel, farther not as making the tungalloy of artillery gun barrel, more be nothing like the Hastelloy of making Apollo moonfall rocket jet mouth.This fully has proved fuel bullet radius within several meters, just nuclear explosion pressure P can be dropped to below the 1MPa, goes to zero soon then, thereby has fully proved the actuality of fuel bullet technical scheme!

2, underground nuclear test cavity radius data are calculated by the following formula of generally acknowledging

R＝zW ^1/3， (31)

Wherein R is the maximum radius (making the maximum radius of rock vaporization, liquefaction) of the cavity of closed (underground very depths) underground nuclear blast formation, and unit is a rice (m).W is that coefficient z is determined by characteristics such as the rock or the strengths of materials in the nuclear blast equivalent of kiloton (kt): the z=8.9 of rock salt, and the z=15 of eruptive tuff, as seen, material is tight more, intensity is high more, and the z value is more little.

Therefore, can artificially control the material, structure, the intensity that respectively cushion barrier layer in the fuel bullet, make the z value less.For example, with low-melting-point metal lithium or aluminium, make honeycomb or spongy structure (material in the middle of have a lot of honeycombs or small air gap), with regard to may command material density degree and intensity: dualumin from honeycomb, foamed aluminium (lithium) to entity, intensity differs greatly, thereby the z value differs greatly.Also have powerful breakable layer and the superpower compressing barrier layer of hindering in the fuel bullet, its material from dualumin, iron and steel to the highest tungalloy of intensity, Hastelloy etc., its intensity is all much higher than rock salt etc., so the z value can be very little, can make the z value get arbitrary value from 3 to 8.9.

When z=8.9 (rock salt), z=8 (foamed aluminium etc.), z=7 (honeycomb aluminium etc.), z=6 (aluminium etc.), z=5 (dualumin etc.), z=4 (iron and steel etc.), z=3 (iron and steel etc.) calculates the R value of different nuclear blast equivalents by formula (31), is listed as follows.Table 22:

Underground nuclear test cavity radius test data is consistent with the data that calculated by formula (31).

1961.12.10 for example, the underground nuclear blast of New Mexico Ge Nuomu (Gnome) is carried out in rock salt, and z=8.9, equivalent are 5kt, underground degree of depth 365m, the cavity radius of formation is 15.2m, closes finely with the calculated value membrane inside the rush stalk.

1957.9.19 and for example, the underground nuclear blast of the Ni Ruier at Nevada ,Usa testing field, be study fullest once.Carry out in eruptive tuff, z=15, equivalent are 1.7kt, and underground degree of depth 240m, shot room are of a size of 1.8m * 1.8m * 2.1m, and the cavity radius of actual measurement is 18.6m, with the basic membrane inside the rush stalk mutually of calculated value.If carry out nuclear blast in rock salt, then the cavity radius that is calculated by formula (31) is 10.6m.Also form a chimney-like fracture area, apart from the about 116m of the quick-fried heart.Such radius and length, the long tube of nuclear can realize fully that on engineering the Natural Gas Spherical radius maximum because of the present age is that 19m is many.

The underground nuclear blast of Buddhist nun's riel also proves: outside the cavity of vaporization, liquefaction, also form a fracture area, and suitable with cavity radius.Therefore, the real radius of long tube of nuclear or fuel bullet should be the twice of R value in the table 22, could comprise cavity and fracture area simultaneously.

For example, when the z=8.9 of fuel bullet (the z value of rock salt), nuclear blast reaches 300～1 kiloton, the R value is 6.0m, 7.5m in the table 22,, 8.9m, the real radius of long tube of nuclear or fuel bullet should be its twice, promptly should be 12.0m, 15.0m,, 17.8m, the long tube of the nuclear of radius can be realized on engineering fully like this.Power station power can reach more than 100,000 kilowatts, and bigger practical commercial value is arranged.

And for example, when artificial control make the z=6,7 of fuel bullet, 8 the time (the z value of aluminium or foamed aluminium), nuclear blast can reach 300～4 kilotons, the R value is 5.6m～9.6m in the table 22, its twice is 11.2m～19.2m, and this radius of long tube of nuclear or fuel bullet can be realized on engineering fully.Power station power can reach more than the hundreds of thousands kilowatt, and very big practicality and commercial value are arranged.

When artificial control makes the z=5 of fuel bullet (the z value of dualumin), nuclear blast can reach 300～6 kilotons, and the R value is 3.4m～9.1m in the table 22, and its twice is 6.8m～18.2m, and this radius of long tube of nuclear or fuel bullet can be realized on engineering fully.Power station power can reach more than seven, 800,000 kilowatts, and very big practicality and commercial value are arranged.

When artificial control make the z=3 of fuel bullet, 4 the time (the z values of dualumin or iron and steel etc.), nuclear blast can reach 300～upward tons, the R value is 2.1m～8.8m in the table 22, and its twice is 4.2m～17.6m, and this radius of long tube of nuclear or fuel bullet can be realized on engineering fully.Power station power can reach more than the gigawatt, and very large practicality and commercial value are arranged.

Owing to can ingeniously reasonably manufacture and design the fuel bullet, make its without hindrance thing in central core two ends, simultaneously outermost layer is made the powerful breakable layer that hinders with the very high low-melting-point metal of dualumin equal strength, and makes superpower obstruction compressing layer with the highest Hastelloy of contemporary intensity or tungalloy.This three can force most of nuclear blast energy and low-melting-point metal gas, liquid, fragment to be gone out to two ends, from and reduced greatly and produced the radially energy of breaking pressure, therefore actual R value also should be littler than top numeral, thereby the engineering difficulty is littler, cost is lower, easier realization!

Embodiment 2: controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement of tunnel type

Its general structure synoptic diagram is seen Figure 20: the long tube of nuclear (1) is the tunnel of excavation massif (33) in or below ground (34), the axially general also along continuous straight runs in this " nuclear tunnel ".Its tunnel chamber wall still has main body wall (3), and its outside surface is being close to the rock or the dirt bed (5) of reinforced concrete floor (4) and massif.The inside surface of main body wall (3) still is connected with soft cushion (6) and sheet steel (7), still forms " defence line, 5 road ", is used to bear high pressure.

Fuel bullet still level is connected in the nuclear tunnel, with fixing pole (37) with examine that the tunnel wall is connected, fixation, the fuel bullet axially can connect any one nuclear fusion device.

The end sealing of the long tube of nuclear (1) in underground or massif (33), the other end is connected with the pressure door (22) of pore (21) and shifting board thereof, and this end also is communicated with and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24) with an end of liquid metal passage (23).The liquid metal apotheca (25) that the other end of passage (23) is communicated with is lower than the nuclear tunnel in below, the position of the long tube of nuclear (1), is convenient to liquid metal and flows into naturally, generally builds underground.This apotheca is communicated with the heat exchanger (27) of liquid metal and water by valve (26); Heat exchanger (27) has water inlet pipe (28) to replenish cold water, and the lower end has outlet (29) to flow out the low-melting-point metal that is condensed into piece, sees Figure 20.And heat exchanger (27) can reach on the ground from underground, successively be connected ground (34) on steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) be connected; Between heat exchanger (27) and the steam turbine (30), between heat exchanger (27) and its water inlet pipe (28) and the outlet (29), all have valve (26) to control the size of its flow.

This power station principle of work is substantially the same manner as Example 1, and following beneficial effect or advantage are arranged: the nuclear tunnel is built in massif or is underground, more can bear high pressure.It and liquid metal apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27) etc. are all underground or semi-underground, and are just safer, help particularly preventing that radioactive nucleus from polluting.

Embodiment 3: controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement of vertical shaft type

Its general structure synoptic diagram is seen Figure 21: the long tube of nuclear (1) is vertically placed, and is axially vertical with surface level.Can be to build in massif (33) or underground, semi-underground vertical shaft.The chamber wall of this " nuclear vertical shaft " still has main body wall (3), and its outside surface is being close to the rock or the dirt bed (5) of reinforced concrete floor (4) and massif.The inside surface of main body wall (3) still is connected with soft cushion (6) and sheet steel (7), still forms " defence line, 5 road ", is used to bear high pressure.Pressure door (22) is connected nuclear vertical shaft upper end, leads to outside the mountain or on ground (34), and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it.

The fuel bullet vertically is connected in the nuclear vertical shaft, with fixing pole (37) with examine that the vertical shaft wall is connected, fixation, the fuel bullet axially still can connect any one nuclear fusion device.In nuclear vertical shaft lower end, have liquid metal passage (23), there is access door to be opened/closed (24) passway, and this passage other end is communicated with liquid metal apotheca (25), and this apotheca is communicated with the heat exchanger (27) of liquid metal and water by valve (26).Apotheca (25) is built underground, and the position is lower than nuclear vertical shaft lower end, is convenient to liquid metal and flows into naturally.And heat exchanger (27) can reach on the ground from underground, is connected successively with ground steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32).Heat exchanger (27) has water inlet pipe (28) to replenish cold water, the lower end has outlet (29) to flow out the low-melting-point metal that is condensed into piece, between heat exchanger (27) and the steam turbine (30), between heat exchanger (27) and its water inlet pipe (28) and the outlet (29), all there is valve (26) to control the size of its flow, sees Figure 21.

This power station principle of work is substantially the same manner as Example 1, following beneficial effect or advantage are arranged: vertically the fuel bullet explodes in the nuclear vertical shaft, the liquid metal that produces is deposited on nuclear vertical shaft lower end, inflow apotheca (25) naturally naturally under action of gravity, the high-pressure hot air nature is gone out from the pore (21) on the nuclear vertical shaft upper end pressure door (22) simultaneously, makes the nuclear vertical shaft be atmospheric pressure state; The nuclear vertical shaft is built in massif or is underground, equally more can bear high pressure.It and liquid metal apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27) etc. are all underground or semi-underground, and are also just safer, still are particularly conducive to prevent that radioactive nucleus from polluting.

Embodiment 4: controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement of inclined shaft formula

Its general structure synoptic diagram is seen Figure 22: the long tube of nuclear (1) is to build in massif (33) or the tunnel of underground, semi-underground inclination, be called " nuclear inclined shaft ", the fuel bullet tilts to be connected in the nuclear inclined shaft, and using fixedly, pole (37) is connected with nuclear inclined shaft wall, fixation.Pressure door (22) is connected nuclear inclined shaft upper end, and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it.The nuclear vertical shaft scheme of all the other structures and embodiment 3 is basic identical: its chamber wall still has " defence line, 5 road " to bear high pressure; In nuclear inclined shaft lower end, connection is positioned at underground passage (23), access door (24), apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27) (semi-underground) and ground steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) etc. successively.

This power station principle of work is identical with embodiment 3, has whole advantages of embodiment 3; Also newly-increased following beneficial effect: fuel bullet and relevant goods and materials, equipment etc. can be transported or transport to inclined shaft more easily than vertical shaft.

Embodiment 5: controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement in single tunnel and many tunnels

1, single tunnel junction structure: the long tube of the nuclear among the embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 (1) is changed over single tunnel shown in Figure 23, one end closure, sealing end is sphere or parabolic shape, other end opening, its openend (Figure 23 is a right-hand member) connects pressure door (22), and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it.Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) can be connected any position in single tunnel long tube of nuclear (1), or preferably is connected the centre of sphere or the parabolic focus place of single tunnel sealing end.One end of the passage of liquid metal (23) is communicated with and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24) with the openend of the long tube of nuclear (1), passage (23) back connects apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) etc. successively, be all the other structures and principle of work and embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 identical, just constitute controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement in single tunnel.

Its newly-increased beneficial effect is that tunnel structure is simpler than both ends open; In addition, if the fuel bullet is connected the centre of sphere or the parabolic focus place of single tunnel sealing end, hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8) in it are overlapped with the centre of sphere or focus, then after the blast, all energy all will wash away to the direction of single tunnel sealing end, wherein original all will be through sphere or parabolic reflector to this direction at the energy of this direction, shown in a plurality of arrows among Figure 23, the pressure except that sphere or parabolic most tunnel wall is just significantly reduced.

2, three tunnel structures: make the long tube of the nuclear among the embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 (1) into three tunnel structures shown in Figure 24: have three long tubes of nuclear (1) to be communicated with respectively with central container (36).Wherein, there is the other end of two long tubes of nuclear to seal, the other end opening of the long tube of another nuclear also connects pressure door (22), pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it, one end of liquid metal passage (23) is communicated with and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24) with the openend of the long tube of nuclear (1), all the other structures and principle of work and embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 is identical: promptly passage (23) back connects apotheca (25) successively, heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation devices (32) etc. just become controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement in three tunnels.Its newly-increased beneficial effect is, the fuel bullet explodes in central container (36), and then the whiles such as gases at high pressure of Chan Shenging go out to three long tubes of nuclear, more can reduce the energy that radially destroys and pressure, vibration.

3, multiple tunnel junction structure: make the long tube of the nuclear among the embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 (1) into multiple tunnel junction structure shown in Figure 25: have four or the many long tubes of nuclear (1) to be communicated with respectively with central container (36).Wherein, the other end opening of a long tube of nuclear is arranged and connect pressure door (22), pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it, this openend also is communicated with an end of liquid metal passage (23), and connecting access door to be opened/closed (24), the other end of all the other the many long tubes of nuclear seals.All the other structures and principle of work and embodiment 1 or 2,3,4 identical, be that passage (23) back connects apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) etc. successively, just become controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement in many tunnels.Its newly-increased beneficial effect is, the fuel bullet is connected blast in central container (36), and then while such as gases at high pressure of Chan Shenging go out to many nuclears long tin (1), more can reduce the energy of destruction radially and pressure, vibration than three tunnel structures.

Claims (8)

1. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement, magnetic confinement or inertial confinement fusion reactor are connected with heat exchanger, and heat exchanger is communicated with steam generator, steam generator is connected with steam turbine, steam turbine is connected with generator, and generator is connected with the power transmission and transformation device, it is characterized in that:

[1] chamber wall of the long tube of nuclear (1) this novel pressure container has main body wall (3), reinforced concrete floor (4), dirt bed (5), soft cushion (6), these 5 kinds of structural sheets of sheet steel (7), the long tube of nuclear (1) two ends connect pressure door (22), pore (21) is arranged on the pressure door (22), shifting board is arranged on the pore;

[2] fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is made of the nuclear fusion device of its central authorities' connection and these two parts of heat absorption buffering barrier layer be made up of low-melting-point metal that connect on every side thereof, fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), fixedly pole (37) on its outward flange is connected with the wall of the long tube of nuclear (1), and low-melting-point metal is the metal that aluminium or fusing point are lower than 660 ℃ of the fusing points of aluminium;

[3] near pressure door (22), one end of passage (23) is communicated with and interface channel door (24) with the long tube of nuclear (1), the other end is communicated with apotheca (25), this apotheca is communicated with heat exchanger (27) by valve (26), heat exchanger (27) connects water inlet pipe (28), and its lower end connects outlet (29);

[4] heat exchanger (27) is connected with steam turbine (30), and steam turbine (30) is connected with generator (31), and generator (31) is connected with power transmission and transformation device (32).

2. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

[1] nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is single hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8), is connected the central authorities of fuel kernel fusion facility (2) and connects detonating cord (9), and this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system;

[2] nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is a plurality of hydrogen bombs or neutron bomb (8) axial series, the detonating cord (9) of each hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8) all is connected with unified detonating cord (10), unified detonating cord (10) is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1), is connected with control system;

[3] nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is long clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device (11), and wherein the igniting of an end or apparatus to cause bursting (12) are connected with detonating cord (9), and this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system;

[4] nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is an elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma nuclear fusion device (13), and wherein the igniting of an end or apparatus to cause bursting (12) connect detonating cord (9), and this detonating cord is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected with control system;

[5] nuclear fusion device in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is elongated tubular or long clavate, lead type nuclear fusion device, single or multiple small-sized hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb, constitute various fuel kernel fusion facilities, various fuel kernel fusion facilities are connected mutually and are formed various composite fuel nuclear fusion devices, the detonating cord of each fuel kernel fusion facility (9) all is connected with unified detonating cord (10), unified detonating cord (10) is connected to outside the long tube of nuclear (1), is connected with control system.

3. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 2 is characterized in that:

[1] igniting or the apparatus to cause bursting (12) of growing clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device (11) and elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma nuclear fusion device (13) is fission bomb; Or the cross-synthesis of gas boost or solid boost splits the fusion apparatus to cause bursting; Or concentrated laser fusion apparatus to cause bursting; Or laser, frequency electromagnetic waves, high speed particle flow point fire or apparatus to cause bursting;

[2] grow clavate or lead type nuclear fusion device (11) and elongated tubular deuterium tritium plasma nuclear fusion device (13) in the long tube of nuclear (1), carry out the disposable burning of comprehensive inertial confinement or explode these two kinds of nuclear fusion reactions.

4. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

[1] the heat absorption buffering barrier layer of forming by low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2), outside from its longitudinal center line, connect following structural sheet successively: gasification layer (14), the first buffer corruption layer (15), powerful breakable layer (16), the second buffer corruption layer (17), superpower compressing barrier layer (18), the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) of hindering; Or the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) be connected the inside surface of the long tube of nuclear (1) or be connected the outside surface of fuel kernel fusion facility (2) or be connected in the space between sheet steel (7) and the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) with support;

[2] the gasification layer (14) and the first buffer corruption layer (15) are connected the inside of the brute force obstruction breakable layer (16) of long tubular;

[3] the powerful breakable layer (16) that hinders is by dualumin or various aluminium alloy manufacturing;

[4] superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is long tubular, and its outside surface is connected on the inside surface of the long tube of nuclear (1), and is littler than the length of the long tube of nuclear (1), and 1 fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected its inside; Or a plurality of long tubular superpower compressing barrier layers (18) shorter than the long tube of nuclear (1), its outside surface that keeps at a certain distance away is connected on the inside surface of the long tube of nuclear (1), connects 1 fuel kernel fusion facility (2) in each superpower compressing barrier layer (18) respectively;

[5] superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is the long tube or the framed structure of many apertures or many small gap, be connected the skin of fuel kernel fusion facility (2), gasification layer (14), the first buffer corruption layer (15), powerful obstruction breakable layer (16), the second buffer corruption layer (17) all are connected its inside; The 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) is connected on the outside surface of superpower compressing barrier layer (18);

[6] superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is long tubular, its surperficial atresia is seamless, be connected the skin of fuel kernel fusion facility (2), gasification layer (14), the first buffer corruption layer (15), powerful obstruction breakable layer (16), the second buffer corruption layer (17) all are connected its inside, and the 3rd buffer corruption layer (19) connects on its outer surface;

[7] superpower compressing barrier layer (18) is by the iron and steel manufacturing or by the tungalloy manufacturing or by the Hastelloy manufacturing.

5. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: each structural sheet of the heat absorption buffering barrier layer of being made up of low-melting-point metal in the fuel kernel fusion facility (2) has following different structure: make cellular structure with low-melting-point metal; Or a plurality of spherical shape structures; Or a plurality of irregular cloddy structures; Or strip laciniation; Or two strip serrated clips steel plate shape structures; Or spongy structure.

6. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

[1] the long tube of nuclear (1) is that level is connected on the ground or the long tube of semi-underground hollow, and fuel kernel fusion facility (2) level is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1);

[2] the long tube of nuclear (1) is the horizontal tunnel that excavates in underground or massif (33), fuel kernel fusion facility (2) water is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), its end sealing in underground or massif (33), the other end is connected with the pressure door (22) of pore (21) and shifting board thereof, also be communicated with and interface channel door (24) with an end of passage (23), the apotheca (25) that the other end of passage (23) is communicated with is in the below of the long tube of nuclear (1), this apotheca is communicated with heat exchanger (27) by valve (26), heat exchanger (27) connects water inlet pipe (28), and its lower end connects outlet (29); Heat exchanger (27) is connected with the steam turbine (30), generator (31), the power transmission and transformation device (32) that are connected the ground successively;

[3] the long tube of nuclear (1) is the long tube that vertically is erected at ground or semi-underground hollow, or the vertical shaft that in underground or massif (33), excavates, fuel kernel fusion facility (2) vertically is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), the upper end of long tube or vertical shaft is connected with the pressure door (22) of pore (21) and shifting board thereof, its lower end is communicated with an end of passage (23) and interface channel door (24), the apotheca (25) that the other end of passage (23) is communicated with is in the below of the long tube of nuclear (1) lower end, this apotheca is communicated with heat exchanger (27) by valve (26), heat exchanger (27) connects water inlet pipe (28), and its lower end connects outlet (29); Heat exchanger (27) is connected with the steam turbine (30), generator (31), the power transmission and transformation device (32) that are connected the ground successively;

[4] the long tube of nuclear (1) is the inclined shaft that excavates in underground or massif (33), or tilt to be erected at the long tube of ground or semi-underground hollow, fuel kernel fusion facility (2) tilts to be connected in the long tube of nuclear (1), the upper end of long tube or inclined shaft is connected with the pressure door (22) of pore (21) and shifting board thereof, its lower end is communicated with an end of passage (23) and interface channel door (24), the apotheca (25) that the other end of passage (23) is communicated with is in the below of the long tube of nuclear (1) lower end, this apotheca is communicated with heat exchanger (27) by valve (26), heat exchanger (27) connects water inlet pipe (28), and its lower end connects outlet (29); Heat exchanger (27) is connected with the steam turbine (30), generator (31), the power transmission and transformation device (32) that are connected the ground successively.

7. controlled nuclear fusion power station after the comprehensive inertial confinement according to claim 6 is characterized in that:

[1] axial length of the long tube of nuclear (1) is greater than radical length;

[2] xsect of the long tube of nuclear (1) is circular;

[3] the xsect bottom of the long tube of nuclear (1) is circular, and top is parabola shaped;

[4] xsect of the long tube of nuclear (1) is a rectangle.

8. according to controlled nuclear fusion power station after claim 1 or 6, the 7 described comprehensive inertial confinements, it is characterized in that:

[1] the long tube of nuclear (1) is single tunnel, and an end closure, sealing end are sphere or parabolic shape, other end opening, and its openend connects pressure door (22), and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it; Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected in the long tube of nuclear (1) or is connected the centre of sphere or the parabolic focus place of single tunnel sealing end, and hydrogen bomb or neutron bomb (8) in it overlap with the centre of sphere or focus; One end of passage (23) is communicated with the openend of the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24), and passage (23) back connects apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) successively;

[2] the long tube of nuclear is three tunnel structures: three long tubes of nuclear (1) are communicated with respectively with central container (36), wherein, article two, the other end of the long tube of nuclear seals, and the other end opening of the long tube of another nuclear also connects pressure door (22), and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it; One end of passage (23) is communicated with the openend of the long tube of nuclear (1) and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24), and passage (23) back connects apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) successively; Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected in the central container (36);

[3] nuclear length tube is the multiple tunnel junction structure: the many long tubes of nuclear (1) are communicated with respectively with central container (36), wherein examine the other end opening of long tube (1) and connect pressure door (22) for one, and pore (21) and shifting board thereof are arranged on it; One end of liquid metal passage (23) is communicated with and is connected access door to be opened/closed (24) with the openend of a long tube of nuclear (1) wherein, and the other ends of all the other the many long tubes of nuclear seal; Passage (23) back connects apotheca (25), heat exchanger (27), steam turbine (30), generator (31), power transmission and transformation device (32) successively; Fuel kernel fusion facility (2) is connected in the central container (36).

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