CN102151612A - An electrostatic fluid accelerator for and method of controlling a fluid flow - Google Patents

An electrostatic fluid accelerator for and method of controlling a fluid flow Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102151612A
CN102151612A CN2010105824688A CN201010582468A CN102151612A CN 102151612 A CN102151612 A CN 102151612A CN 2010105824688 A CN2010105824688 A CN 2010105824688A CN 201010582468 A CN201010582468 A CN 201010582468A CN 102151612 A CN102151612 A CN 102151612A
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Prior art keywords
electrode
voltage
corona
amplitude
current
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CN2010105824688A
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I·A·克里克塔弗维奇
V·L·格罗伯特斯
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Adeia Semiconductor Solutions LLC
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Tessera LLC
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Priority claimed from US10/175,947 external-priority patent/US6664741B1/en
Priority claimed from US10/187,983 external-priority patent/US6937455B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/188,069 external-priority patent/US6727657B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/352,193 external-priority patent/US6919698B2/en
Application filed by Tessera LLC filed Critical Tessera LLC
Publication of CN102151612A publication Critical patent/CN102151612A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/47—Generating plasma using corona discharges
    • H05H1/471—Pointed electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/14—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation the gas being moved electro-kinetically

Abstract

A device for handling a fluid includes a corona discharge device (602) and an electric power supply (601). The corona discharge device (602) includes at least one corona discharge electrode (603) and at least one collector electrode (605) positioned proximate each other so as to provide a total inter-electrode capacitance within a predetermined range. The electric power supply (601) is connected to supply an electric power signal to the corona discharge and collector electrode (603, 605) so as to cause a corona current to flow between the corona discharge and collector electrodes (603, 605). An amplitude of an alternating component of the voltage of the electric power signal generated is no greater than one-tenth that of an amplitude of a constant component of the voltage of the electric power signal. The alternating component of the voltage is of such amplitude and frequency that a ratio of an amplitude of the alternating component of the highest harmonic of the voltage divided by an amplitude of the constant component of the voltage being considerably less than that of a ratio of an amplitude of the highest harmonic of the alternating component of the corona current divided by an amplitude of the constant component of the corona current, i.e., (Vac/Vdc) < (Iac/Idc).

Description

Electrostatic fluid accelerator and method that the control fluid flows
The application is that to be called " control fluid flow electrostatic fluid accelerator and method ", the applying date be that February 21, application number in 2005 are 03819690.5, international filing date is that June 23, international application no in 2003 are dividing an application of PCT/US2003/019651 to name.
Related application
The full content that this paper quotes following patent is for your guidance: " spark control method and the device " of the series number 10/187,983 that on July 3rd, 2002 submitted to; " method that electrostatic fluid accelerator and control fluid flow " of the series number 10/352,193 that on January 28th, 2003 submitted to; " electrostatic fluid accelerator " of the series number 09/419,720 that on October 14th, 1999 submitted to; " being used for the method and apparatus that the mobile electrostatic fluid of fluid is quickened control " of the series number 10/175,947 that on January 21st, 2002 submitted to; " method that electrostatic fluid accelerator and control fluid flow " of the series number 10/188,069 that on July 3rd, 2002 submitted to.
Technical field
The present invention relates to produce the method and apparatus of corona discharge, specifically, relate to and be used for the method and apparatus that fluid quickens, so that utilize ion and this type of electric field of being used to move provides the speed and the momentum of a fluid (especially air), and to the control of such fluid.
Background technology
Many patents (for example, see the United States Patent(USP) Nos. 4,210,847 of authorizing people such as Shannon and Spurgin 4,231,766) have realized that such fact: corona discharge can be used to produce ion and charged particle.Such method is widely used for electrostatic precipitator and electric fan, as by Chapman﹠amp; Described in " practical electrostatic precipitator " book that Hall (1997) publishes.Corona discharge assembly can apply a high voltage and form on paired electrode (for example, a corona discharge electrode and attracts electrode).Wherein, a high voltage source is applied on the paired electrode, produces corona discharge thus.Near all electrode structures and be arranged to therein to produce a uneven electric field electrode (being referred to as corona discharge electrode), so, a corona produced and towards near the synthetic corona current of the electrode (being referred to as to collect or attract electrode) of complementation.The geometric form that corona discharge electrode needs requires a tip or cutting edge of a knife or a sword mouth towards direction of corona current flow usually, for example, and towards collecting or the attraction electrode.
Therefore, corona discharge electrode should be little or comprises tip or cutting edge of a knife or a sword mouth at least, so that produce the electric-force gradient that needs near electrode.Corona discharge occurs in the narrow relatively voltage range, between the lower voltage limit of corona outbreak and higher puncture (or spark) voltage.Begin below the voltage at corona, do not have ion from corona discharge electrode, to launch, therefore, do not produce the acceleration of air.On the other hand, if the voltage that applies then can cause spark and electric arc near dielectric breakdown or electric spark level, the corona process of wherein cutting off the power supply and the offending electric arc sound of formation.Therefore, generally advantageously, between these values, keep high voltage, specifically, near but be lower than spark level slightly, like this, it is the most effective that fluid quickens.
There are many patents to put forth effort on and solve the problem that produces spark in the electrostatic equipment.For example, the U.S. Patent No. 4,061,961 of Baker has been described a circuit that is used for controlling the working cycles of two-stage electrostatic precipitator power supply.This circuit comprises that a switching device and that is connected with the elementary windings in series of power transformer can work the circuit of gauge tap device.One capacitor network that is suitable for electric current in the elementary winding of monitoring power supply transformer is set operates this control circuit.Under normal work operating mode, that is, when in the restriction of electric current in nominal in the elementary winding of power transformer, capacitor network is operated this control circuit, flows through the elementary winding of power transformer to allow electric current.Yet, one detects the primary current of the increase relevant with the high instantaneous voltage of starting the arc generation, electric arc occurs between the parts of deduster and is reflected to the elementary winding of power transformer by the secondary windings of power transformer, and at this moment, capacitor network is operated this control circuit.Echo mutually therewith, control circuit causes switching device to suppress the elementary winding that electric current flows through transformer, is pressed or the alternate manner inhibition up to the starting the arc operating mode relevant with high instantaneous voltage.Behind the certain hour interval after high instantaneous voltage stops, switching device has automatically rebulid power supply to elementary winding, thus, recovers the operate as normal of electrostatic precipitator power supply.
People's such as Baker U.S. Patent No. 4,156,885 has been described an automatic current overload protecting circuit that is used for the electrostatic precipitator power supply, and it carries out work after detecting an overload that continues.
The U.S. Patent No. 4,335,414 of Weber has been described an autoelectrinic restoring current that is used for the electrostatic precipitator air cleaner power supply and has been cut off.One holding circuit utilizes an iron resonance transformer to protect power supply, and described transformer has a primary source winding, provides high-tension relatively secondary windings and that the tertiary winding of relative low-voltage is provided.If transship in ion generator or current-collector unit, then holding circuit compares by detecting from a high-tension voltage and with detected voltage and fixed reference, suppresses the work of power supply with this operation protection circuit.When detecting voltage falling when being lower than a predetermined value, the electric current by primary is suppressed a preset time.Electric current automatically recovers, and circuit will cause power-off circularly, till fault is eliminated.Reference voltage is taken from tertiary winding voltage, and the time of overload operating mode is shortened in the sensitivity that causes improving circuit.
Be familiar with any high-tension danger that can present discharge that applies as prior art.For some applying charge is desirable.To many other high-tension application, electric spark is the unfavorable thing that avoid or prevent.Remain at high voltage that (that is, dielectric breakdown voltage in) the application, this situation is especially true near a spark level.For example, electrostatic precipitator like this, produces electric spark inevitably with possible maximal pressure level work.Electrostatic precipitator keeps the spark incidence per minute 50-100 time usually.When a spark took place, power supply output dropped to zero volt usually, only through after being called the predetermined amount of time of " ionization time ", just resumed work, and in described " ionization time " process, atmospherical discharges also rebulids the preceding resistance of spark.Each spark event reduces the gross efficiency of high voltage device, and is that electrode becomes bad and aging one of the main reasons.The generation of spark also form a kind of in many environment and relevant application unacceptable offending sound, for example, static air accelerator, filter and various apparatus that family uses.
Except the undesirable noise that produces by spark, other the invalid prior art of also bothering.For example, paired corona discharge and attraction electrode should be constructed and arranged to produce an electric field heterogeneous, at least one electrode, promptly, corona discharge electrode, normally relatively little and/or comprise tip or cutting edge of a knife or a sword mouth, so that a suitable electric-force gradient is provided near electrode.There are several known structures to be used between electrode, applying voltage, so that the electric field of needs takes place effectively for the generation of ion.People's such as the U.S. Patent No. 4,789,801 of Lee and Taylor patent Nos.6,152,146 have described and apply a pulse voltage waveform and traverse paired electrode, and this waveform has the working cycles between 10% and 100%.These patents have been described by the corona discharge assembly that generates, and compare with the application of the D.C. power supply of stable state, and such voltage reduced the generation of ozone.No matter for how reducing actual benefit that this kind voltage that ozone takes place takes place, by using the generation that reduces air stream less than 100% working cycles significantly, and the air stream of synthetic pulsation is considered to offending.
People's such as Sherman U.S. Patent No. 6,200,539 has been described the alternating voltage that the high voltage source of using high frequency produces the about 20kHz of frequency.Such high-frequency high-voltage produces and requires an a large amount of quite expensive power supply, and such power supply causes high energy loss usually.The U.S. Patent No. 5,814,135 of Weinberg has been described a kind of high voltage source, and it produces the potential pulse of very narrow (that is the duration of weak point, suddenly).The air of a small amount of and little ratio stream relatively only takes place to produce in such voltage, and is unsuitable for the acceleration or the motion of high air stream.
The U.S. Patent No. 4,789,801 of Lee, Weinberg 5,667,564, people's such as Taylor people such as 6,176,977 and Sakakibara 4,643,745 air movement device has been described also, they use an electrostatic field to quicken air.The air velocity that reaches in these devices is very low, for application commerce or industry and impracticable.
The United States Patent(USP) Nos. 3,699,387 and 3,751,715 of Edwards has been described and has been used the multistage static air accelerator of placing in succession (EFA) to improve flowing of air.These devices use a conductive mesh as attracting (collection) electrode, near the corona electrode this net separates.Net presents a sizable air drag and slows down air mobile, thus, stops EFA to meet the requirements of higher flow rate.
Regrettably, these devices do not have to produce the throughput of viable commercial.Provide multistage traditional air movement device itself can not provide an answer.The electrostatic fluid accelerator of five polyphone levels of for example, placing in succession only than the accelerator of independent one-level more and is supplied 17% air-flow.For example, referring to the U.S. Patent No. 4,231,766 of Spurgin.Similarly, electrode relative to each other changes relative position, only provides limited improvement to performance and the fluid velocity of EFA.For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,812,711 have reported and have produced the only air velocity of 0.5m/s, are expected to reach and available speed far below commercial fan and air blast.
Therefore, need the electrostatic fluid accelerator of a practicality, it can produce the commercial useful flow rate that, and simultaneously, the undesirable and parasitic effect such as spark is reduced to minimum.
Summary of the invention
The present invention includes all features that relate to ion generating device and process, export, and reduce or eliminate such as the spark of minimizing and the ghost effect the ozone generation so that high efficiency, height to be provided.
Even have found that spark begins voltage level phase electrode is not on the same group had a steady state value yet.Spark is the accident that can not be sure about and foretell.The generation of electric spark is a uncertain incident that can be caused by multiple reason normally, and if not all so, then many situations are instantaneous situations.The beginning of spark is tending towards with such as (that is dielectric) condition such as the fluid of humidity, temperature, contamination etc. and change.For same group of electrode, sparking voltage can have greatly to 10% or the variation of above beginning nargin.
High voltage applications and device known in the industry are handled usually only at the later spark of spark generation.If avoid all sparks, then operating voltage must remain on low relatively level.The voltage level that necessity reduces has reduced the flow rate of air, also reduces the device performance of the relevant apparatus such as electrostatic fluid accelerator and deduster.
As noted above, prior art and device are only handled spark and are begun spark event afterwards; Also there is not the technical scheme of commercially practical to stop the generation of spark.Provide a dynamic mechanism to avoid spark that (rather than only extinguishing an existing electric arc) takes place, simultaneously, voltage level is remained within the issuable scope of spark, this will cause one more effectively to install work, simultaneously, avoid following the electric arc sound of spark generation.
A feature of the present invention is to provide high-tension generation for the device such as (but being not limited to) corona discharge systems.The invention provides the beginning of in whole dielectric breakdowns and the certain hour before the spark discharge, surveying spark.Use " mertialess " high voltage source, a feature of the present invention can be controlled the electrical discharge relevant with spark.Therefore, actual way is, uses such high voltage level, and its more close haply spark begins level, prevents that spark from taking place simultaneously again.
Many features of the present invention and aspect also relate to the spark control in the situation below, for example, do not require that absolute spark suppresses, or even can be the situations that does not require.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a spark control device comprises that a high power supply and a structure monitor the detector of the parameter of the electric current that offers a load device.Discern condition before the spark in response to these parameters.The identification of the condition of one on-off circuit before in response to spark is so that control offers the electric current of load device.
According to a feature of the present invention, high voltage source can comprise such high voltage source, and it is configured to that a primary source is transformed into a high-voltage power and presents, for induced current.
According to another characteristic of the invention, high voltage source can comprise the power transformer of rising progressively, and high voltage source comprises an alternating current (ac) impulse generator, and it has an output that is connected to the elementary winding of the power transformer of rising progressively.One rectification circuit is connected to the secondary windings of the power transformer of rising progressively, so that the electric current of high voltage level to be provided.
According to another characteristic of the invention, high voltage source can comprise that one has the high voltage source of low inertia output circuit.
According to another characteristic of the invention, high voltage source can comprise that one can work the control circuit of standby current.In response to the condition before the spark that detects, the voltage of electric current is reduced to a level (for example, being lower than the level of spark) that does not guide spark to take place.
According to another characteristic of the invention, load circuit can be connected on the high voltage source, so that accept a suitable part of electric current selectively in response to the condition before the spark of identification.Load circuit can be that an electric device (for example, converting electric energy to the resistor of heat energy) or that is used for dissipating electric energy is used for the electric device (for example, capacitor or inductor) of store electrical energy.Load device also can comprise some equipment, for example, corona discharge assembly not at the same level, it comprises that a plurality of electrode structures accept electric current and form a corona discharge.Corona discharge assembly can be the form that is static air accelerator, electric air cleaner and/or electrostatic precipitator.
According to another characteristic of the invention, on-off circuit can comprise circuit, and except the elementary load device of being powered by power supply, described circuit also is used for powering to servicing unit selectively.Therefore,,, at least a portion that is fed to the power of primary device regularly can be diverted to servicing unit, thus, reduce the voltage in the primary device and avoid spark to take place then in response to the condition before the spark that recognizes if detect an initial spark.One or two elementary load device can be the static air treating apparatus, and it is configured to accelerating fluid under the influence of the electrostatic force that is produced by the corona discharge structure.
According to another characteristic of the invention, detector is to following phenomenon sensitivity: comprise the variation of variation, voltage level or the waveform of current level or waveform, or with relevant magnetic, incident electricity or light of condition before the spark.
According to a further aspect in the invention, the method for control spark can comprise device provisioning one high-tension current, and monitors the condition before high-tension current is with the spark of surveying this device.Control high-tension current in response to the condition before the spark, so that the generation of the relevant spark event of the preceding condition of control and spark.
According to another characteristic of the invention, the step of supervision can comprise the current spike that detects in the high-tension current.
According to a feature of the present invention, the step of supplying a high-tension current can comprise the secondary voltage level that a power supply is higher than the primary voltage level from a primary voltage level translation to.Then, the power supply of secondary voltage level carries out rectification and high-tension current is fed to device.This can comprise the voltage that reduces output voltage or device place, for example, and the voltage level on the corona discharge electrode of the air accelerator of a corona discharge.Voltage can be reduced to the level that does not guide spark to take place.Control also can realize to auxiliary load device by at least a portion of arranging high-tension current.Can be by implementing above-mentioned arrangement in the output circuit that a resistor is switched to the high voltage source of supplying high-tension current.
According to another characteristic of the invention, additional step comprises that the guiding fluid to a corona discharge electrode, switches on to corona discharge electrode with high-tension current, produce a corona discharge and enter into fluid, and under the influence of corona discharge accelerating fluid.
According to a further aspect in the invention, electrostatic fluid accelerator can comprise array corona discharge and collector electrode, and the high voltage source that is connected to array on electric, so that to corona discharge electrode supply high-tension current.One detector can be constructed the current level that monitors high-tension current, and responsively identifies the condition before the spark.One on-off circuit can be controlled high-tension current in response to the condition before the spark of identification.
According to a feature of the present invention, on-off circuit can be configured to be fed to corona discharge electrode by suppressing high-tension current in response to the condition before the spark by high voltage source.
According to another characteristic of the invention, on-off circuit can comprise a bleeder resistance, and it is configured to accept at least a portion high-tension current in response to the condition before the spark of identification.
Having found that has the imminent electrical events of certain observable exposure one spark event earlier before the corona discharge spark, and can monitor and foretell when dielectric breakdown is about to take place.The indication omen of spark can be the increase of an electric current, or the change or the variation (for example, increases progressively) near the magnetic field the corona discharge, or in circuit or other domestic capable of being monitored situation of electrode retaining collar.Especially, determine that the increase of corona current is arranged earlier before spark event takes place usually by test method.The increase of this electric current occurs in the short time interior (that is 0.1-1.0 millisecond) before the spark event.The increase of electric current can be the form of the current spike of a short time, and it manifested about 0.1-1.0 millisecond (msec) before relevant electrical discharge.The increase of this electric current is irrelevant with voltage change basically.In order to prevent spark event, must survey initial current spike incident, and will be applied to sharp and/or drop under the spark level at the voltage level of corona discharge electrode.
Two kinds of conditions should be met, so that can control such spark.At first, high voltage source should be able to be before spark event takes place, that is, from incident detection within the time period that spark event begins, output voltage apace descends.The second, corona discharge assembly should be able to discharge and store electrical energy, that is, and and the discharge before the spark.
Time between corona current increase and the spark is on the magnitude of 0.1-1.0msec.Therefore, the electric energy that is stored in the corona discharge assembly (corona discharge electrode that comprises power supply and energising) should be able to be in the short period, that is, energy stored dissipated in the time of inferior millisecond scope.In addition, high voltage source should have the circuit of " low inertia " characteristic (that is, can change a voltage level apace in its output) and interrupt voltage generation, preferably in inferior millisecond or millisecond scope.It is practicable that such quick voltage descends, the high voltage source work that this can use a high frequency to switch, and working range is in 100kHz to 1MHz, and it has the circuit that low storage can and descend apace or closes output voltage.For such ability is provided, power supply should " a closing " cycle (promptly, discontinuous high voltage is exported the needed time) under the high-voltage switch frequency, to work, described " closing " cycle is less than the time between the spark event of corona current spike detection and any generation.Because the power supply of the state of the art of present technique industry can be worked under the switching frequency up to 1MHz, specifically, the power supply of an appropriate designs (for example, noninertia) can be in the generation of the Asia of needs millisecond scope interruptive current.That is, can powered-down, and output voltage is reduced to safe level significantly, that is, drop under the level that begins far below the electrical discharge that is the spark form.
There is different technology to be used for surveying electrical events before electric spark.One current sensor can be used to measure peak value or mean value, or RMA (root mean square), or the quantity of any other output current or value, and the rate of change of electric current, that is, and and dI/dt.Perhaps, can use a voltage sensor to survey the voltage level of a power source voltage level or an AC component.Can be used for another parameter of the upcoming spark event of monitors identified is the drop of output voltage, or the voltage of the AC compounent of output voltage to the first derivative of time (that is, dV/dt).Other variation in also detectable electric field or magnetic field intensity or the corona discharge before the electrical discharge that is the spark form.A common trait of these technology is that the increase of corona current spike is not attended by increase or any significant power-supply fluctuation of output voltage.
Can adopt different technology to reduce the output voltage that produces by power supply apace.One preferred methods is to close power transistor, or SCR, or any other switch block of power supply, and they form the high frequency ac electricity of the elementary pulsation that is supplied to step-up transformer, so that interrupt the process that electrical power produces.In this case, the switch block inoperative that becomes, and do not have electrical power to produce or be fed in the load.The shortcoming of this method is, be accumulated in residual amount of energy in the power supply unit, especially, must be discharged into some place such as the energy in the output filtering stage of capacitor and inductor (comprising stray capacitance and leakage inductance), promptly, be discharged into a suitable energy sink, be referred to as " ground connection " usually.If there is not certain discharging mechanism fast, then the residual amount of energy that is stored by power supply just may be discharged in the load, therefore, makes the speed of output voltage decline (that is, " falling ") slow down.Perhaps, the elementary winding of one preferable structure and method " short circuit " magnetic part (transformer and/or multiturn inductor) on electric (promptly, the terminals of interconnection winding), puncture stored any energy with dissipation magnetic field, guaranteeing does not thus have energy to be transferred in the load.Other is the output of fundamental method short circuit power supply more, reaches the resistance of a comparison low value.Yet this resistance should be more much higher than spark resistance, simultaneously, should be less than the operating resistance of corona discharge assembly to be powered, just before spark event takes place the moment occurred like that.For example, if a high voltage corona unit (for example, one electrostatic fluid accelerator) just before spark detection, consumes the 1mA electric current, and in a spark event process (or, other short-circuit conditions) (for example by a current-limiting apparatus, the current-limiting resistance of polyphone) limits the 1A that outputs current to from power supply, then traverse load (promptly, between the corona discharge electrode and attractor electrode of corona discharge assembly) " releasing " resistance of applying should progressively proceed to greater than 1mA (promptly, one lower resistance is provided and conducts electric current thus) greater than the operate as normal load current, but less than 1A (that is, less than electric current that maximum short circuit current limited).Bleeder resistance that should be additional can pass through a high voltage reed type relay or other high voltage fast-acting relay or switch block (for example, SCR, transistor etc.) and be connected to power supply output.Mertialess high voltage source common and important being characterised in that very, it can interrupt the generation of electrical power constantly in short time and certain, the described short time is less than before electrical events and indicate time between the initial spark event, the described moment is when spark has taken place practically under not having certain intervention situation, that is, normally inferior millisecond or millisecond scope.
Another key character of such noninertia power supply is, any accumulation and the residual amount of energy that is stored in the power supply unit should not slow down significantly, or alternate manner hinders in the load, for example the discharge process in the corona discharge assembly.For example, if the electric energy of corona discharge device discharges its oneself in 50 milliseconds, and the minimum expected time before spark event be 100 milliseconds, then, power supply should not add greater than 50 milliseconds to drain time, like this, the actual discharge time is no more than 100 milliseconds.Therefore, high voltage source should not used the energy storage component of any picture capacitor or inductor and so on, and they can discharge its energy in corona discharge assembly after the active parts such as power transistor is closed.For this ability and function are provided, any high voltage transformer should have a relatively little leakage inductance and or little or do not have an output filter capacitor.The layout that has found that the traditional high voltage source that comprises voltage amplifier and flyback inductor generally is not suitable for such spark control or prevention.
The present invention also puts forth effort to solve the deficiencies in the prior art, and to be familiar with or to estimate such fact: the ion generating process comes complicatedly than only a voltage being applied to two electrodes.On the contrary, prior art system and method generally can not produce suitable air-flow, can not limit the generation of ozone simultaneously.
The process relevant with corona has three common aspects.First aspect is the generation of the ion in the fluid media (medium).Second aspect is to emit fluid molecule and foreign particles by the ion of emission.The third aspect is to emit the acceleration (that is, along power line) of particle towards relative (gatherer) electrode.
The air that is caused by ion or other fluid quicken to depend on that the quantity (that is number) of ion and its are near the fluid ion and so repel the ability of fluid ion towards the charge inducing of comparative electrode.Simultaneously, the generation of ozone is proportional to the power that is applied on the electrode basically.When ion is sensed when entering into fluid, they are tending towards and will itself be attached on the fluid molecule of particle and neutral charge.Each particle can accept to depend on the only limited amount electric charge of special particle size.According to following formula, maximum amount of charge (so being referred to as saturated charge) can be expressed as follows:
Q p={ (1+2 λ/d p) 2+ (1/ (1+2 λ/d p)) * ((ε r-1)/(ε r+ 2)) * π ε od p 2E, wherein, d p=particle size, ε rBe the dielectric constant of the dielectric material between the electrode pair, and ε oIt is the vacuum medium dielectric constant microwave medium.
From then on equation as seen, it defers to such rule: be incorporated into a certain amount of ion in the fluid will make near molecule and ambient particles charged to certain maximum level.The quantity representative of this ion flows to the amount of charge of another electrode from an electrode, and determines corona current mobile between two electrodes.
In case charged, fluid molecule attracted to relative collector electrode along the direction of electric field.The molecule with charge Q is moved in this directive space that electric field force F applies thereon, and charge Q depends on electric field strength E, that is, it is proportional to the voltage that is applied on the electrode again:
F＝-Q*E
If the ion of Rr maximum quantity is incorporated in the fluid by corona current, and the voltage that the electric charge that generates is applied separately quickens, and then produce a suitable air-flow, and average power consumption descends significantly.This can be achieved like this: how the numerical value of control corona current changes to certain maximum from certain minimum of a value, and simultaneously, it is constant that the voltage between the electrode keeps basically.In other words, have found that, farthest reduce to be applied to the supply voltage of electrode (as the average high-tension part that applies) the high voltage ripple (or, alternating component), simultaneously, compare with the overall average or the RNS amplitude of electric current, keep current ripple quite high and idealized, this is useful.Unless (point out in addition or in use existing hint, as used herein, term " ripple " and phrase " alternating component " are meant the time change component of signal, comprise all time-varying signal waveforms such as sine wave, square wave, sawtooth waveforms, irregular wave, complex wave etc., also comprise bidirectional waveform (also being referred to as " alternating current " or " ac ") and such as the pulsation direct current or the unidirectional waveform of " dc of pulsation ".In addition, unless point out in addition in the literary composition, the adjective that uses together in conjunction with the such term that includes, but is not limited to " ripple ", " ac component ", " alternating component " etc. such as " little ", " greatly " etc., relative or the absolute amplitude of special parameter has been described, special parameter such as signal potential (or " voltage ") and signal flow rate (or " electric current ").) because the component of the reactivity (capacitive character) of the corona generation array of corona and attractor electrode, so the such difference between the voltage and current waveform is possible in the technology of relevant corona and device.Capacitive component causes the voltage alternating component of relative low amplitude value, produces the alternating component of big relatively corresponding current.For example, in corona discharge assembly, can use one to produce the high-tension power supply that has ripplet.These ripples should be high relatively frequency " f " (that is, greater than 1kHz).Electrode (that is, corona electrode and collector electrode) is designed to when high frequency voltage applies, and their mutual capacitor C is enough high and present relatively little impedance X C, it is expressed as follows:
X c＝1/2πfC
Electrode can be represented the parallel connection that maybe can regard non-reacted dc resistance and reactive ac capacitive reactances as.Ohmic resistance causes corona current to flow to another electrode from an electrode.This current amplitude is approximate to be proportional to the voltage magnitude that applies, and substantial constant constant (dc).Capacitive reactances is responsible for the ac part of the electric current between two electrodes.This part is proportional to the amplitude of the ac component (" ripple ") of the voltage that applies, and is inversely proportional to the frequency of voltage alternating component.According to the amplitude and the frequency thereof of ripple voltage, the amplitude of the ac component of the electric current between two electrodes can less than or greater than the dc component of electric current.
Have found that, can produce have the small magnitude ripple high voltage (promptly, the dc voltage that filters) but provide traverse having of electrode big relatively ac component (promptly, the power supply of electric current big amplitude current ripple), can provide the ion of raising to take place and the fluid acceleration, simultaneously, in the situation of air, reduce or farthest reduce the generation of ozone significantly.Therefore, current ripple is expressed as a ratio or mark, and its amplitude of ac component that is defined as corona current is divided by amplitude (that is I, of the dc component of corona current Ac/ I Dc), current ripple should be greater than ripple voltage (promptly considerably, at least 2 times), preferably at least 10 times, 100 times, even more preferably be 1000 times, ripple voltage is defined as amplitude (that is, the V of the amplitude of the time dependent component of the voltage that is applied on the corona discharge electrode or ac component divided by the dc component similarly Ac/ V Dc).
Also have been found that in addition, corona discharge assembly can reach optimum performance in following state: output voltage has the alternating component with respect to the small magnitude voltage of average voltage amplitude, and the dielectric material by electrode and intervention (promptly, the fluid that is accelerated) electric current is at least 2 times of alternating component (with respect to dc voltage) greater than voltage, be preferably 10 times (with respect to dc current components), that is, the ac/dc of electric current compares much larger than the factor 2,10, or even greater than the ac/dc ratio that applies voltage.That is, be preferably and traverse corona discharge electrode and produce a voltage, so that the electric current that generates satisfies following relation:
V Ac＜＜V DcAnd I Ac～I Dc
Or V Ac/ V Dc＜＜I Ac/ I Dc
Or V Ac＜V DcAnd I Ac＞I Dc
Or V RMS≈ V MEANAnd I RMS＞I MEAN
If any one in the above-mentioned requirements is met, then the ac/dc with electric current and voltage compares than approximately equalised power supply, the corona discharge assembly that generates consumes less power on every cubic feet of mobile fluid, and produces less ozone (in the situation of air).
In order to satisfy these requirements, power supply and corona generating device should design and construct suitably.Especially, power supply should produce a high voltage output, and it has just minimum and simultaneously high relatively frequency ripple.Corona generating device itself should have designed spuious or parasitic capacitance predetermined value, and described electric capacity provides the electric current that suitable high frequency is provided by electrode (that is, from an electrode to another electrode).If power supply produces low frequency ripple, then X cTo be quite big, and the amplitude of alternating component electric current can not be compared with the amplitude of the DC component of electric current.If power supply produces very ripplet or do not have ripple, then alternating current can not be compared with direct current.If corona generating device (that is, electrod-array) has a low electric capacity (comprising parasitism and/or stray capacitance between the electrode), then alternating current will can not be compared with direct current on amplitude once more.If a big resistance is installed between power supply and electrod-array (for example, referring to the U.S. Patent No. 4,789 of Lee, Fig. 1 and 2 in 801), then the amplitude of ac current ripple will be suppressed (that is, descending), and on amplitude, can not compare with the ripple of dc (that is, the constant) component of electric current.Therefore, if having only certain condition to be met, so that predetermined voltage and current relation exists, then corona generating device could be brought into play function best provides enough air to flow the ozone levels of increasing work efficiency and requiring.The power supply cost that generates is also lower.
Especially, a power supply that produces waveform does not require suitable output filtering, and otherwise, providing of filtration is quite expensive, and connects physically big high voltage capacitor in power supply output place.List makes power supply become more cheap with regard to this point.In addition, such power supply has less " inertia ", that is, being tending towards reducing the storage that amplitude changes in the output can be less, and therefore, it can change output voltage apace than the high inertia power supply that maybe can not ignore ripple.
The present invention also puts forth effort on some deficiencies of the prior art, and its limitation is air stream and the common unable theoretical optkmal characteristics that reach.One of these deficiencies comprise the undue dimensional requirement for multistage EFA device, because some grades EFA places continuously, so, need suitable length along air duct (that is, along air-flow direction).This long passage also presents the bigger resistance that air is flowed.
When multistage placement close to each other, also cause other problem.The spacing that reduces between the level can produce " back of the body corona " between the corona discharge electrode of an attractor electrode of one-level and a contiguous next stage, it causes reverse air stream.In addition, because the electric capacity between the adjacent level has parasitic electric current between adjacent level.This electric current is caused by asynchronous high voltage ripple or the high voltage pulse between the adjacent level.
Use big or multistage EFA, so that the level of (or in groups) of each separation is provided with its oneself high voltage source (HVPS), then also can produces other problem.In this case, form the spark that the corona discharge necessary high voltages can cause producing between all electrodes and reach a unacceptable level.When a spark took place, HVPS must fully close a period of time, this time be resume work before deionization and to extinguish spark needed.When number of electrodes increased, then the generation of spark was than more frequent with one group of electrode.If a HVPS presents some groups of electrodes (that is, some levels), then must close spark more continually with the increase number of times that extinguishes generation.This causes increasing the interruption of power supply for whole system undesirablely.In order to address this problem, advantageously, from its own special-purpose HVPS, be fed at different levels.Yet it is wideer to use independent HVPS to require continuously level to get at interval, with the unfavorable electrical interactions of avoiding being caused by the stray capacitance between the electrode of adjacent level, and avoids producing back of the body corona.
The present invention proposes the solution of an innovation, increases air stream by all levels near at interval EFA, simultaneously, farthest reduces or avoids introducing unfavorable effect.The invention process comprises geometric electrode, mutual position and is applied to the combination of the voltage of electrode, so that augmented performance to be provided.
According to feature of the present invention, a plurality of corona electrodes and passive electrode are located in parallel with each other, or extend between corresponding flat perpendicular to airflow direction.All electrodes of adjacent level are parallel to each other, and all electrodes (that is, corona discharge electrode or passive electrode) of same type are placed in the identical parallel plane, and all parallel planes are orthogonal to the electrode of same type or electrode edge and are positioned at wherein all planes.According to another feature, multistage closely at interval, to avoid or at utmost to reduce any corona discharge between adjacent level multipole.If the most close spacing between the adjacent electrode is " a ", then be applied to the voltage V1 of first electrode and be applied to electrical potential difference (V1-V2) between the voltage V2 of hithermost second electrode, with the ratio of all distance between electrodes, be a normalized distance " aN ", then aN=(V1-V2)/a.Normalization distance between the corona discharge wire of one-level and the most close part of adjacent level, should surpass the corona outbreak voltage that applies between these electrodes, in practice, this means that corona outbreak voltage should be not less than 1.2 to 2.0 times of normalization distance, described normalization distance is to be correlated with (promptly from the corona discharge electrode to the correspondence, the most close) the attraction electrode, the formation that prevents to carry on the back corona thus.
At last, the voltage that is applied to adjacent level should be synchronous and homophase.That is, the ac component of voltage that is applied to the electrode of adjacent level should side by side rise and fall, and has identical waveform and magnitude and/or amplitude basically.
The present invention increases EFA electrode density (measuring usually) in the per unit length level, and eliminates or reduce parasite current between the electrode significantly.At this moment, the present invention eliminates the corona discharge (for example, back of the body corona) between the electrode of adjacent level.Partly by with substantially the same voltage waveform adjacent EFA level being powered, that is, the electromotive force on the adjacent electrode has identical or closely similar alternating component in the enforcement of this point, so that eliminate or reduce the differential voltage of any ac between the level.Carry out work in such one synchronous mode at inter-stage, it is invariable that electrical potential difference between the adjacent electrode of then adjacent EFA component keeps, and reduces to minimum from an electrode to the parasite current of any generation of another electrode or avoid fully.Can implement by diverse ways synchronously, but the easiest method is to use synchronous and voltage homophase from the correspondence of the power supply of correspondence to adjacent EFA component power supply, or the ac component of the similar amplitude of the voltage that correspondence applies is provided with synchronous power supply.This available identical power supply that is connected to adjacent EFA component realizes, or realizes with different (being preferably coupling) power supply of synchronous and ac component homophase that produces the voltage that applies.
The present invention also solves other deficiency of the prior art, and it comprises the restriction of air-flow and can not reach theoretical optkmal characteristics usually.The other aspect of these deficiencies comprises that generation is used for the mobile limited capability of a large amount of fluids of commercial use.Also have other deficiency to be, must avoid producing high-intensity electric field with big electrode structure (outside the corona electrode).Use physically big electrode also to increase fluid flow resistance and restriction EFA capacity and efficient.
When working, also cause other problem when the contiguous heap(ed) capacity of an EFA or at the heap(ed) capacity place, that is, certain maximum apply voltage and power consumption.In this case, remain near the dielectric breakdown voltage to the operating voltage feature that applies, the undesirable electrical events such as spark and/or electric arc consequently can take place.If by mistake contact one of them electrode, then can produce the shortcoming that also has other, may produce a big electric current and flow through the person, this both unhappy also normally danger.
Normally use fine rule to be used as corona electrode and also can cause other problem.Therefore such line must be considerably thin (be about 0.004 usually " diameter) and frangible, is difficult to clean or other work.
When must or require a stronger fluid to flow (for example, higher fluid flow rate), other problem also can take place.Traditional multipole layout causes a low relatively multipole density (therefore, being not enough to accessible the biglyyest electrical power), because corona electrode must be positioned at minimum distance each other, so that avoid its corresponding electric field is interfered with each other.Spacing requires to increase volume and limits electrode density.
A feature of the present invention provides the solution of an innovation, utilizes highly resistant material in the structure of accelerating electrode and processing, and the geometric electrode by using an innovation and the electrode position each other (that is, interpolar is how much) of optimization improve flowing of fluid.
According to feature of the present invention, a plurality of corona electrodes and accelerating electrode are located in parallel with each other, and some electrode extends between the corresponding flat perpendicular to the direction of air-flow.Corona electrode is made by conductive material, for example, and metal or conductivity ceramics.Corona electrode can be the shape of fine rule, blade or band.Should be noted that corona discharge occurs on the narrow region of corona electrode, these narrow zones are referred to as " ionization edge " here.These edges are usually located at the downstream with respect to the corona electrode of the fluid flow direction that requires.Other electrode (for example, accelerating electrode) is the shape of bar or faciola, and the main direction that faciola longshore current body flows is extended.In general, the quantity of corona electrode equals quantity+1 of accelerating electrode.That is, each corona electrode be positioned at respect to be parallel to one or two contiguous accelerating electrode.
Accelerating electrode is made by the highly resistant material that high resistance pathways is provided, that is, made by the material of high resistant rate, and this material is easy to the conduct electricity corona current, does not cause significant voltage falling and traverse electrode.For example, accelerating electrode is made by high-resistance relatively material, for example, and the plastics of filling carbon, silicon, GaAs, indium phosphide, boron nitride, carborundum, cadmium selenide etc.The electricalresistivity that these materials should have usually in the scope of 103 to 109 Ω-cm, preferably between 105 to 108 Ω-cm, more preferable scope be 106 and 107 Ω-cm between.
At this moment, the geometry of electrode is selected like this, so that local event such as spark or electric arc or disturbance can be terminated, and does not have remarkable electric current to increase or produces noise.
The present invention increases EFA electrode density (using ' electrode length ' of every volume to measure usually), and reduces the aerodynamic fluid resistance that is caused by the electrode that relates to the electrode physical thickness significantly.Additional advantage of the present invention is, no matter the operating voltage that is applied to electrode how near-earth near the limit value of a dielectric breakdown, always it provides actual nonarcing work.Of the present invention also have additional advantage to be, a more solid corona electrode shape is provided, and makes electrode firm more and reliable.The design of electrode makes it can form the EFA of " fault-free ", for example, if there is the people to be not intended to touch, then can not have the harm of security.
Of the present invention also have additional advantage to be, uses the electrode except that solid material that corona discharge is provided.For example, a conductor fluid can be used for the emission of corona discharge effectively, supports the ability that bigger electrical power is handled, and therefore, increases the speed of fluid.In addition, fluid can change electrochemical process near the sheath of corona discharge, and for example, the ozone of generation (in the situation of air) lacks than the ozone by solid corona material production, or the chemical change by fluid (harmful gas of moment destroys) is provided.
Brief description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram that has the signal of the high voltage source (HVPS) of hanging down the inertia output circuit, described output circuit can be controlled and apace a voltage output level be reduced to the level of certain nargin that is lower than the dielectric breakdown triggering level, this puncture triggering level also produces the dc voltage of a high amplitude, and it has low amplitude value high frequency voltage ripple;
Fig. 2 is the circuit diagram of the signal of another high voltage source, and it is configured to prevent such as the spark event in the high voltage device of corona discharge assembly;
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of the signal of another high voltage source, and it is configured to prevent flashing incident in high voltage device;
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of the signal of a high voltage source, and it is configured to prevent flashing incident in high voltage device;
Fig. 5 is the oscilloscope trace of output corona current and an output voltage at the corona discharge electrode place of electrostatic fluid accelerator, and electrostatic fluid accelerator is expected and avoided accepting electric energy the HVPS of spark event from constructing;
Fig. 6 is the figure that is connected to the HVPS of the HV power supply of supplying with an electrostatic equipment;
Fig. 7 A is the schematic diagram that produces the power supply of dc voltage and dc+ac electric current;
Fig. 7 B illustrates the waveform of voltage and current amplitude to the power supply output of time respectively;
Fig. 8 A is the schematic diagram with corona discharge assembly of insufficient interelectrode capacity, so that (i) optimize air stream, (ii) reduces power consumption and/or (iii) farthest reduce ozone to take place;
Fig. 8 B is the schematic diagram of a corona discharge assembly, its optimize come from all power supplys as shown in Figure 1 to benefit and with described power supply cooperation;
Fig. 9 is applied to the high voltage of corona discharge assembly and the oscilloscope trace of the corona current that synthesizes;
Figure 10 A is the schematic diagram of electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) assembly, and it has the single high voltage source of presenting contiguous corona discharge level;
Figure 10 B is the schematic diagram of an EFA assembly, and it has a pair of synchro source of presenting each contiguous corona discharge level;
Figure 11 A is the timing chart of the voltage and current between the electrode of adjacent EPA level, does not have ac differential voltage component between level;
Figure 11 B is the timing chart of the voltage and current between the electrode of adjacent EPA level, wherein, has little ripple voltage between the level;
Figure 12 is the schematic diagram of a power subsystem, and this power subsystem comprises a pair of high voltage source subcomponent with synchronous output voltage;
Figure 13 A is the vertical view of signal of implementing the two-stage EFA assembly of how much of one first arrangement of electrodes;
Figure 13 B is the vertical view of signal of implementing the two-stage EFA assembly of how much of one second arrangement of electrodes;
Figure 14 is the schematic diagram that has the EFA assembly of the corona electrode that forms fine rule, and all fine rules are spaced apart with relative high resistance accelerating electrode on electric;
Figure 15 is the schematic diagram of EFA assembly that has the corona electrode that forms fine rule and form the accelerating electrode of high resistance rod, and the latter's current-carrying part complete closed in the enclosure;
Figure 16 is the schematic diagram of EFA assembly that has the corona electrode that forms fine rule and form the accelerating electrode of high resistance rod, and it has the adjacent segmentation along the electric conductivity wide variety of accelerating electrode or step;
Figure 17 is the schematic diagram that has the EFA assembly of the corona electrode that is the faciola shape, and described faciola is electric between the relative high resistance accelerating electrode;
Figure 18 A illustrates the chart that fluid intrinsic corona current interior and corresponding accelerating electrode distributes;
Figure 18 B is the chart that the path of current that is produced by spark or arc event is shown;
Figure 19 is the schematic diagram of a comb shape accelerating electrode; And
Figure 20 is the schematic diagram that is filled with a conductor fluid and is inserted in the drop shape corona electrode of the hollow between the high resistance accelerating electrode.
The specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram of the signal of high voltage source (HVPS) 100, and it constructs the flashing incident in the high voltage device such as electrostatic fluid accelerator that prevents.HVPS 100 comprises the high voltage step-up transformer 106 that has elementary winding 107 and secondary windings 108.Elementary winding 107 is connected to an ac voltage, and ac voltage is provided by half-bridge converter (power transistor 104,103 and capacitor 105,114) by dc voltage source 101.Gate signal controller 111 produces control impuls at the door place of transistor 104,113, and its frequency is determined by the value of resistor 110 that forms the RC time circuit and capacitor 116.Secondary windings 108 is connected to voltage rectifier 109, and it comprises four high voltages (HV), and high-frequency diode is configured to a full wave bridge rectifier circuit.HVPS 100 produces a high voltage between terminals 120 and ground connection, terminals 120 and ground connection are connected to a HV device or electrode (for example, corona discharge assembly).The AC component that is applied to the voltage of HV device (for example, traversing the corona discharge electrode of an array) is detected by high voltage capacitor 119, and detected voltage is by Zener diode 122 restrictions.When the voltage fluctuation characteristic before the output voltage demonstration spark, the AC wave component of feature causes traversing resistor 121 1 sizable signal levels, thereby opens transistor 115.Transistor 115 is grounded on the needle pin 3 of signal controller 111, and the voltage of the door of power transistor 104 and 113 is traversed in interruption.Make transistor 104 and 113 not conductings, then an almost instantaneous voltage interruption has influence on elementary winding 107, therefore, is delivered to close-coupled secondary windings 108.Because a similar quick voltage drop causes being lower than a spark at the corona discharge assembly place and begins level, so, the puncture of any upcoming electric arc or dielectric material can be avoided.
Spark prevents that technology from comprising two steps or stage.At first, being stored in energy in the stray capacitance of corona discharge assembly drops to corona by the corona current discharge and begins voltage.This voltage always far away from spark begin voltage below.If this discharge occurs in and is shorter than about 0.1msec (that is in) time cycle, less than 100mksec, then the whereabouts of voltage will prevent effectively that spark event from taking place.Determined that with test method voltage begins voltage level from higher spark and drops to corona and begin level, can preferably realize in about 50mksec.
Reach corona at supply voltage and begin after level and corona current stop, it is much slow that discharge process becomes, and voltage drops to zero on the time of several milliseconds.After the identical preset time that limits of natural capacity by the door source of resistor 121 and transistor 115, the generation of power supply 100 recovery voltages.Preset time on several milliseconds magnitude, has found that usually such scheduled time is enough for ionization process and operate as normal recovery.Again be applied to transformer 106 in response to power supply, the voltage that is provided to corona discharge assembly begins electrical level rising to the operate as normal level from the corona power supply approximately in several milliseconds of times.Adopt such structure, even when output voltage surpasses certain value, can the flashing incident yet, same corona discharge is arranged and structure causes frequent spark otherwise the described magnitude of voltage that surpasses can traverse.Power supply 100 can use the electronic unit that provides to form; Do not need special parts.
Fig. 2 is the circuit diagram of the signal of a power supply 200 that changes, and it has spring strip contact 222 and additional load 223.Power supply 200 comprises the high voltage two winding electric sensors 209 that have elementary winding 210 and secondary windings 211.Elementary winding 210 is connected to ground connection by power transistor 208, and is connected to the dc power supply that is arranged on terminals 201.PWM controller 205 (for example, a UC3843 current mode PWM controller) produces control impuls at the door place of transistor 208, and its operating frequency is determined by the RC circuit that comprises resistor 202 and capacitor 204.Typical frequency can be 100kHz or higher.Secondary windings 211 is connected to voltage multiplier circuit, and it comprises HV capacitor 215 and 218, and high frequency HV diode 216 and 217.Power supply 200 produces HV dc electricity between the outlet terminal 219 and 220 that is connected to a HV device or electrode (that is, load), its between 10 and 25kV between, and be generally 18kV.When the electric current by by-passed resistor 212 surpasses a default level and allows an electric current to flow through one when comprising the control coil 221 of reed type relay of spring strip contact 222, control transistor 203 is opened.When electric current passed through coil 221, in the certain hour of being determined by resistor 207 and capacitor 206, spring strip contact 222 was closed, and HV outputs to HV drain resistor 223 along separate routes, loaded output and reduction output-voltage levels.Use this spark control circuit and make up various EFA parts and/or install and to cause in course of normal operation, eliminating practically all sparks.Anchor relay 203/222 can be the ZP-3 by the Ge-Ding Information Inc. product in Taiwan.
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of signal that is similar to another HVPS structure of structure shown in Figure 2.Yet, comprise spring strip contact 322 and directly be connected under the situation of additional load 323 of outlet terminal of HVPS that at HVPS 300 HVPS 300 comprises that one has the high voltage transformer 309 of elementary winding 310 and secondary windings 311.Elementary winding 310 is connected to ground connection by power transistor 308, and is connected to a DC source that is connected power input terminal 301.PWM controller 305 (for example a, UC3843) produces control impuls at the door place of transistor 308.The operating frequency of these control impuls is determined by resistor 302 and capacitor 304.Secondary windings 311 is connected to a voltage multiplier circuit, and it comprises HV capacitor 315 and 318 and high frequency HV diode 316 and 317.HVPS300 produces the high voltage output of about 18kV at outlet terminal 319 that is connected to HV device or electrode (load) and 320 places.When the electric current by by-passed resistor 312 surpassed certain predetermined predetermined level and allows electric current to flow through control coil 321, spark control transistor 303 was connected.When electric current flows through coil 321, spring strip contact 322 close and along separate routes the HV of HVPS output to HV drain resistor 323, thus, in a time period of determining by resistor 307 and capacitor 306, reduce output-voltage levels.Use this initial spark detection and slow down structure, cause in the working time that prolongs, in fact not having spark to take place.
Fig. 4 illustrates a power supply architecture that is similar to structure shown in Figure 2, and HVPS400 also comprises relay and power drain load 423, and described relay comprises normally open contact 422 and coil 421.HVPS400 comprises that one has the power transformer 409 of elementary winding 410 and secondary windings 411.Elementary winding 410 is connected to ground connection by power transistor 408, and is connected to the dc power supply at terminals 401 places.PWM controller 405 (for example a, UC3843) produces a string control impuls at the door place of transistor 408.The operating frequency of these control impuls is set by resistor 402 and capacitor 404.Secondary windings 411 is connected to a voltage multiplier circuit, and (for example, 9kV), multiplier circuit comprises HV capacitor 415 and 418 and high frequency HV diode 416 and 417 to supply a high voltage.Power supply 400 produces high voltage output at terminals 419 that are connected to HV device or corona electrode (load) and 420 places.When the electric current by by-passed resistor 412 surpassed the predetermined level of certain feature that is predefined for initial spark event and allows electric current to flow through coil 421, spark control transistor 403 was connected.When electric current flow through coil 421, relay contact 422 was closed, and made elementary winding 410 short circuits by drain resistor 423.The additional load that is provided by drain resistor 423 reduces output-voltage levels apace in a time period of being determined by resistor 407 and capacitor 406.
Fig. 5 is an oscillographic demonstration, and it comprises two sweep traces with the power supply output of corona current 501 and output voltage 502 expressions.As seen in FIG., corona current has the narrow spike 503 of feature, and the initial spark event that it was illustrated in about time of 0.1 to 1.0msce is shown as the about 2.2msce behind the current spike here.Survey the current spike 503 in corona discharge or the similar HV device, but excitation control circuit disconnects HVPS, and the storage power of any needs of preferably releasing, an electrode potential is dropped to or is lower than the safety level of dielectric breakdown.Therefore, except for example passing through, (for example, PWM controller 205) work is interrupted outside the primary source of HVPS, and the voltage that also can take other step to come will be applied to apace the HV device is reduced to and is lower than spark and starts or the dielectric breakdown potential level to stop a high frequency pulse generator.These steps and support circuit to comprise the electric charge of any storage " is released " in suitable " recipient ", for example, a resistor, capacitor, inductor, or their certain combination.Physics circle that recipient can be positioned at HVPS encloses, and/or is positioned at the device place of energising, that is, and and HV device or load.If be positioned at the load place, then recipient can accept to be stored in the electric charge in the load quickly, and a recipient that is positioned at the HVPS place can be directed reducing the voltage level of HVPS output.Should be noted that use the HV resistor, recipient can dissipated power reduce the voltage level that is applied to the load place or is positioned at the load place.Perhaps, solved and after apace device being turned back to best effort in spark event, energy can be stored and apply again.In addition, there is no need under any circumstance to reduce the voltage to the zero potential level, but voltage level is reduced to certain known or predetermined value, to avoid spark event, this is gratifying.According to an embodiment, HVPS with specific pre-spark indicators (for example comprises processing and memory capability, current spike intensity, waveform, time etc.) feature and suitable response interrelate, on certain default level, to avoid or farthest to reduce the probability of spark event.For example, HVPS can be in response to an absolute amplitude or (that is ∫, of the area under a current spike T1 T2(i t-i Average) dt), be used for inserting selectively a plurality of previous load of determining, so that a spark event controlled quentity controlled variable that requires to be provided, for example, avoid a spark event, postpone or reduce the intensity of spark event, the quantity or the speed that provide spark event etc. to require.
Referring again to Fig. 5, if the output of HVPS all is interrupted, there is not electric current to flow into corona discharge assembly, the voltage that then traverses corona discharge assembly descends as shown in Figure 5 and as described above fast.After certain short time, can be observed current spike 504, it indicates moment that actual spark event taken place and does not take action and reduce to be applied to the voltage level of HV device.Fortunately, because output voltage is far below spark level, so, there are not spark or electric arc to produce.On the contrary, only visible one medium current spike, it is enough little and do not cause any disturbance or unfavorable arc hissing.After the certain hour section on the 2-10msec magnitude after probe current spike 504, or behind the 1-9msec after current spike 503, HVPS connects and the recovery operate as normal.
Fig. 6 is the figure according to HVPS601 of the present invention, its connection and the HV electricity is fed to an electrostatic equipment 602, for example, a corona discharge fluid accelerator.Electrostatic equipment 602 can comprise a plurality of corona discharge electrodes 603, and they are connected to HVPS601 by public connection 604.Attractor or collector electrode 605 are exported by connecting 606 HV that are connected to complementary HVPS601.After the HV electromotive force is applied to corona discharge electrode 603, corresponding corona discharge electron cloud is formed near the electrode, for the fluid of getting involved (for example, air) molecule charges, and described fluid molecule rises does one between the attractor of corona discharge electrode 603 and relative charging or the dielectric material between the collector electrode 605.The fluid molecule of ionization is accelerated the relative electric charge towards collector/attractor electrodes 605, causes a desirable fluid motion.Yet owing to all-environment disturbance with other, the dielectric property of fluid can change.This kind variation can be fully, so that dielectric breakdown voltage can drop to certain a bit, at this moment, electric arc can occur between the corona discharge and attractor electrode 603,605 of many groups.For example, the variation of dust, moisture and/or fluid density dielectric breakdown level can be reduced to be lower than the operating voltage that is applied to device a bit on.By monitoring electric characteristic (for example, current spike or pulse etc.) for the power supply signal of spark front signal incident, can implement suitable step and come the control incident to take place, for example, reduce the operating voltage in these situations, wherein require to avoid spark to take place.
Although above-mentioned the present invention is directed to eliminated or reduced a plurality of spark event and/or spark event intensity, other embodiment also can provide the ability and the function of other spark control device.For example, method according to one embodiment of the invention can be controlled spark event, and it changes voltage level (for example, changing the duty cycle of PWM controller) apace makes spark discharge more even, one spark intensity and/or the speed that requires is provided, or is used for any other purpose.Therefore, the application of other of embodiments of the invention and enforcement comprise that detection before the spark and voltage change to a special level apace to obtain the result to require.
According to above-mentioned feature with other of the present invention, three features provide controls spark event effectively.At first, power supply should be mertialess.This means that power supply should be able to change an output voltage apace in the time less than the time period between pre-spark indicators and the spark event generation.This time be generally a millisecond or less than.The second, one method effective and the preceding detection of spark fast should be included in the power shutdown circuit.The 3rd, load device (for example, corona discharge assembly) should have low natural capacity, and it can discharge in the time less than the time period between spark front signal and the actual spark event.
Fig. 7 A be one with the corresponding to block diagram that is suitable for the power supply of corona discharge assembly power supply of embodiments of the invention.High voltage source (HVPS) 705 produces the supply voltage 701 (Fig. 7 B) that can change amplitude Vac+dc.Voltage 701 is the alternating component of stack one ac or amplitude Vac on the average dc voltage of Vdc, and described Vac has an instantaneous value (that is the alternating component of voltage) by distance 703 representatives.The typical average dc component (Vdc) of voltage 701 is preferably and equals 18kV in 10kV to 25kV scope.The normally about 100kHz of ripple frequency " f ".Should be noted that, the harmonic wave of low frequency, for example, the mains frequency of multiple 60Hz comprises that 120Hz can be presented in the waveform of voltage.Most important harmonic wave is only considered in following calculating, that is, high-frequency harmonic is 100kHz in this case.The peak of ripple can preferably be less than or equal to 900V to peak amplitude 703 (Vac is the ac component of voltage 701) in the scope of 0 to 2000 Fu Feng to the peak, its RMS value is approximately 640V.Voltage 701 is applied to paired electrode (that is, corona discharge electrode and attractor electrode).Resistor 706 is represented the internal resistance of HVPS705 and HVPS705 is connected to the resistance of the electric wire of electrode, and this resistance has a relatively little value usually.Electric capacity 707 is represented two stray capacitances between the electrode.It should be noted that the value of electric capacity 707 is not constant, but can generally be estimated as about 10pF level.
Resistance 708 is represented the feature of dc ohm load resistor R of the non-impedance of the air gap between corona discharge electrode and the attractor electrode.This resistor R depends on the voltage that applies, and has the representative value of 10M Ω usually.
The dc component flows through resistor 708 from HVPS705, and the ac component mainly flows through capacitor 707, and its working range at 100kHz presents quite low impedance than resistor 708.Especially, the impedance Xc of capacitor 707 is functions of ripple frequency.In this case, it equals approx:
Xc＝1/(2πfC)＝1/(2*3.14*100,000*10*10 -12)＝160kΩ
Flow through the ac component I of the electric current of capacitor 707 AcEqual:
I ac＝V ac/X c＝640/160,000＝0.004A＝4mA。
Flow through the dc component I of the electric current of resistor 708 DcEqual:
I dc＝V dc/R＝18kV/10MΩ＝1.8mA。
Therefore, the ac component of resultant current approximately is 2.2 times of dc component of resultant current between the electrode.
The work of device 700 can be described with reference to the timing chart of Fig. 7 B.When the electric current of ionization arrived certain maximum amplitude (Imax), ion was launched from corona discharge electrode, with molecule around the convection cell and particle (that is air molecule) charging.At this moment, produce peak power and the maximum ozone generating (in air or oxygen) of generation.When electric current is reduced to I MinThe time, produce less power, in fact there is not ozone to take place.
At this moment, the molecule of charging and particle with the maximum current situation in identical power (because voltage keeps constant substantially) be accelerated towards electrode of opposite (attractor electrode).Therefore, fluid acceleration rate is unaffected basically, and does not reach the degree as reducing the ozone generation.
The acceleration of surrounding fluid produces by forming the moment of corona discharge electrode to the ion of attractor electrode.This is because ion forms " ion cloud " that surrounds corona discharge electrode from the corona discharge electrode emission under the influence of voltage 701.This ion cloud moves towards relative attractor electrode in response to electric-field intensity, and the intensity of electric field is proportional to the value of the voltage 701 that applies.The electric current that is applied by power supply 705 is proportional to output current 702 (supposition voltage 701 keeps constant substantially) approx.Therefore, the pulse characteristic of electric current 702 causes the pure dc electric current of the identical amplitude of energy loss-rate lower.The alternating component 703 of the output voltage of the relation between the such current waveform and the ac of electric current and the dc component by having a low internal resistance 706 and small magnitude is guaranteed.Method by test determined, when the relative amplitude of the alternating component of electric current 702 (that is, Iac/Idc) (that is, in the time of Vac/Vdc), can reach the most effective electrostatic fluid and quicken greater than the relative amplitude of the alternating component of voltage 701.In addition, because these ratios variations, so, realize other improvement.Therefore, if Vac/Vdc less than Iac/Idc (promptly considerably, be not more than half), and preferably be not more than 1/10,1/100 of Iac/Idc, or even preferably be not more than 1/1000 (wherein, Vac and Iac measure similarly, for example, all be RMS, peak to the peak, or similar value), then can reach the other efficient that fluid quickens.Changing other mode with mathematical method explains, the constant component of corona current and the product that applies the time dependent component of voltage, product divided by two kinds of the components of the constant of the time dependent component of corona current and the voltage that applies, the gained merchant should be minimum, for some initial step, each discrete step provides significant improvement at quantitative aspects:
Fig. 8 A illustrates the corona discharge assembly that does not satisfy above-mentioned equation.It comprises the corona discharge electrode 800 that is aciculiform, and its sharp-pointed geometric form provides the electric field of necessity to produce a corona discharge near needle tip.Relative collector electrode 801 is much bigger, and it is the form of a smooth shaft.High voltage source 802 is connected to two electrodes by high voltage supply electric wire 803 and 804.Yet, because sparking electrode is perpendicular to the relative orientation of the central axis of collector electrode 801, so this structure does not form any significant electric capacity between electrode 800 and 801.In general, any electric capacity be proportional between the electrode towards effective area.This area is very little in the device shown in Fig. 8 A, because one of them electrode is the shape of the needle point with cross-sectional area.Therefore, the electric current that flows to electrode 801 from electrode 800 will not have significant ac component.The structure that is similar to the corona discharge assembly of structure shown in Fig. 8 A shows that the ozone of low-down air acceleration capacity and relative significant quantity takes place.
Fig. 8 B illustrates another kind of corona discharge assembly.A plurality of corona discharge electrodes are the shape of long and thin corona discharge wire 805, and its relative collector electrode 806 is the shape of much thick rod, and they are parallel to corona wire 805.High voltage source 807 is connected to corona discharge wire 805 and collector electrode 806 by the high-tension electricity streamline 809 and 810 of correspondence.This structure provides much bigger area between electrode, therefore, form much bigger electric capacity betwixt.Therefore, the electric current that flows to collector electrode 806 from corona wire 805 will have significant ac component, if high voltage source 807 has enough electric current deliverabilities.When with having significant high frequency electric ripple but during the power supply of the high voltage source of less ripple voltage (that is, alternating component), the structure of the corona discharge assembly shown in Fig. 8 B provides bigger air acceleration capacity and less ozone to take place.
Referring again to Fig. 1, high-voltage power circuit 100 can be constructed to be permeable to have the high voltage of little high-frequency ripple.As mentioned above, power supply 100 comprises the high-tension doublewound transformer 106 that has elementary winding 107 and secondary windings 108.Elementary winding 107 is connected to a dc voltage source 101 by half bridging parallel operation (power transistor 104,113 and capacitor 105,114).Gate signal controller 111 produces control impuls at the door place of transistor 104,113 by resistor 103 and 117.The operating frequency of these pulses is determined by the value of selected resistor 110 and capacitor 116.The secondary windings 108 of transformer 106 is connected to bridge-type voltage rectifier 109, and it comprises four high voltage frequency power diodes.Power supply 100 produces high voltage output between terminals 120 and ground connection, ground connection is connected to the electrode of corona discharge assembly.
Fig. 9 illustrates scope sweep trace as described below: the high voltage 901 at the waveform of output current and voltage, corona discharge assembly place is together with the synthetic electric current 902 that produces and flow through array electrode.This shows that it is about 15 that voltage 901 has, the constant relatively amplitude of 300V, and have minimum or do not have alternating component.On the other hand, electric current 902 has the big relatively electric current alternating component (ripple) above 2mA, far surpasses current average (1.189mA).
Therefore, except above-mentioned feature, the present invention also comprises all embodiment, wherein, the corona discharge cells of the power pack unification array of low inertia, they present a high reactive load to power supply.That is, the capacitance load of array surpasses any impedance component in the power supply output widely.This relation provides the voltage constant, that hang down ripple and the electric current of high ripple.This result is, the generation of electrostatic fluid accelerator and the ozone that reduces efficiently.
Figure 10 A is the schematic diagram of electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) device 1000 according to another embodiment of the present invention, and it comprises two EFA levels 1014 and 1015.The one EFA level 1014 comprises corona discharge electrode 1006 and relevant accelerating electrode 1012; The 2nd EFA level 1015 comprises corona discharge electrode 1013 and relevant accelerating electrode 1011.Two EFA levels and all electrodes all schematically illustrate in the drawings.Have only one group of corona discharge electrode and collector electrode to each grade demonstration, so that diagram, but be expected corona electrode and the accelerating electrodes that comprise that a large amount of one-tenth arrays is right at different levels.Important being characterised in that of EFA1000, between corona discharge electrode 1006 and the collector electrode 1012 apart from d 1Between comparable collector electrode 1012 of intending back level 1015 and its corona discharge electrode 1013 apart from d 2, promptly the hithermost distance between the element of adjacent level is not too greater than with the distance between electrodes in the one-level.Normally, the stage distance d between the corona discharge electrode 1013 of collector electrode 1012 and adjacent level 2Be the inter-stage spacing d between interior corona discharge electrode 1006 at the same level and the collector electrode 1012 1(or the spacing between corona discharge electrode 1013 and the collector electrode 1011) 1.2 and 2.0 times.Because spacing that should unanimity, so, between the electrode 1006 and 1012 and the electric capacity between 1006 and 1013 be identical magnitude.It should be noted that in this structure, the electric capacity that is coupled between corona discharge electrode 1006 and 1013 can allow some stray electrical current to flow between electrode.This stray electrical current be with electrode pair 1006 and 1012 between the identical magnitude of amplitude of capacity current.In order to reduce unnecessary electric current between electrode 1013 and 1006, each electrode should be supplied with synchronous high voltage waveform.In the embodiment shown in Figure 10 A, two EFA levels promptly, are presented the power supply of the single voltage conversion circuit of having of parallel two-stage (for example, current transformer, rectifier and filtering circuit etc.) by 1005 power supplies of common power supply.This guarantees that the voltage difference between electrode 1006 and 1013 keeps invariable with respect to electrode 1006 and 1011, like this, does not have electric current or only has very little electric current to flow through between electrode 1006 and 1013.
Figure 10 B illustrates the alternative structure of an EFA1001, and it comprises a pair of respectively by power supply 1002 that separates and the 1003 EFA levels 1016 and 1017 of powering.The one EFA level 1016 comprises corona discharge 1007 and collector electrode 1008, and they form the electrode of a pair of complementation in level 1016.The 2nd EFA level 1017 comprises corona discharge electrode 1009 and collector electrode 1010, and they form the electrode of one second pair of complementation.Two EFA levels 1016,1017 and all electrode 1007-1010 are schematically illustrated among the figure.
The one EFA level 1016 is by power supply 1002 power supplies, and the 2nd EFA level 1017 is by power supply 1003 power supplies.Two EFA levels and two power supplys 1002 can be identical designs with 1003, and are synchronous to simplify, but different designs can be used as the layout of holding other kind suitably.Power supply 1002 and 1003 is realized synchronously so that synchronous output to be provided by control circuit 1004.Control circuit guarantees that two power supplys 1002 and 1003 produce the output voltage of homophase synchronous and that equate basically, so that the electrical potential difference between electrode 1007 and 1009 keeps substantially constant (for example, not or have very little ac component of voltage).(note: although term " synchronously " usually comprises the consistent of frequency between the signal and phase place, but further emphasize the requirement of phase alignment by using term " homophase ", its require signal at the position of correspondence homophase each other, for example, as be applied to and be present at different levels in.) keep this electrical potential difference be constant (promptly, farthest reduce or eliminate any ac component of voltage) can limit or eliminate flowing of any capacity current between electrode 1007 and 1009, to reach an acceptable value, for example, usually less than 1mA, and preferably less than 100 μ A.
With reference to waveform shown in Figure 11 A and 11B, can see the minimizing of the parasitic capacitive electric current between the electrode of contiguous EFA level.Shown in Figure 11 A, being presented on the voltage V1 (Figure 10 B) on the electrode 1007 and being presented on voltage V2 on the electrode 1009 is synchronously and homophase, but needn't equate on the dc amplitude.Because synchronous completely, so, be presented on poor V1-V2 between the voltage on electrode 1007 and 1009 near constant, be illustrated between the signal an only dc deviation value (that is, not having the ac component).The electric current I c that flows through the capacitive coupling between electrode 1007 and the electrode 1009 is proportional to the time rate of change (dV/dt) of the voltage that traverses electric capacity:
Ic＝C*〔d(V1-V2)/dt〕。
Can directly draw from this relational expression, keep constant (that is, not having the ac component), then not have electric current to flow through this path if traverse the voltage of any electric capacity.On the other hand, if voltage changes (that is, d (V1-V2)/dt is big) apace, what for extremely little voltage change can form big capacity current.Go out excessive electric current for fear of the different electrode stream from adjacent EFA level, the voltage that is applied to the electrode of these adjacent levels should be synchronously and homophase.For example, with reference to Figure 11 B, corona voltage V1 and V2 are slightly asynchronous, cause at difference d (V1-V2)/medium and small ac component of voltage of dt.This little ac component of voltage causes a parasite current Ic who flows through significantly between the adjacent EFA level.One embodiment of the invention comprise the power that is applied to all grades synchronously, flow through inter-stage to avoid electric current.
The hithermost spacing of the electrode of adjacent EFA can be similar to as follows.Notice that typical EFA works effectively on a rather narrow voltage range.Be applied to the voltage V between corona discharge electrode and the at the same level passive electrode cShould surpass so-called corona and begin voltage V Onset, so that carry out suitable work.That is, as voltage V cLess than V OnsetThe time, do not have the corona discharge generation and do not have air movement to take place.At this moment, V cShould be no more than dielectric breakdown voltage V b, to avoid electric arc.According to the geometry of electrode and other condition, V bCan be V OnsetTwice.For typical electrode structure, V b/ V OnsetRatio be about 1.4-1.8, like this, any special corona discharge electrode should not be positioned at the distance from adjacent passive electrode that one " back of the body corona " may take place.Therefore, the normalization between the most close electrode of adjacent level apart from aNn should be at least, and corona discharge electrode and with 1.2 times of the distance of the normalization between the passive electrode of one-level " aNc " preferably is not more than 2 times of distance " aNc ".That is, the electrode of adjacent level should be spaced apart, begins voltage to guarantee the voltage difference between the electrode less than the corona between any electrode of adjacent level.
If above-mentioned condition is not being met, then Bi Yao result is, adjacent level must further and than other situation be spaced apart from each other widelyer.The spacing that increases inter-stage like this causes influencing unfriendly several situations of air movement.For example, the spacing of the increase between the adjacent level causes the longer pipe road, therefore, causes the resistance bigger to air-flow.Whole volume and weight of EFA also increases.For synchronous and HVPS homophase, the generation that does not lower efficiency or improve spark by reducing spacing between the HFA level can be avoided these negative aspects thus.
With reference to Figure 12, the EFA1200 of a two-stage comprises a pair of HVPS1201 and 1202, they with corresponding first and second grade 1212 and 1213 relevant.Two-stage is substantially the same, and by identical HVPS1201 and 1202 supplied with electric power.HVPS1201 and 1202 comprises pulse width modulation (PWM) controller 1204 and 1205 separately, power transistor 1206 and 1207, high voltage inductors 1208 and 1209 (that is, filtering choke coil), and voltage multiplier 1201 and 1202.The EFA corona discharge electrode of the HVPS1220 and the 1221 pairs of levels 1212 and 1213 correspondence provides power.As mentioned above, although level 1212 and 1213 EFA electrode is schematically represented as a single right corona discharge electrode and accelerations (or attractor) electrode, at different levelsly will generally include how right electrode, they are configured to two-dimentional array.PWM controller 1204,1205 produces (with being provided at needle pin 7) high-frequency impulses to separately filtration transistor 1206 and 1207 door.The frequency of these pulses is determined by the RC timing circuit of the correspondence that comprises resistor 1216 and capacitor 1217 and resistor 1218 and capacitor 1219.In general, the difference slightly between these component values of inter-stage can cause the different slightly operating frequency of two HVPS levels.Yet, frequency in addition slightly a variation also can cause nonsynchronous work of the level 1212 and 1213 of EFA1200.Therefore, in order to ensure power supply 1201 and 1202 synchronous and homophases (promptly, zero phase-shift or differ) work, connect controller 1205 by a synchronous input circuit that comprises resistor 1215 and capacitor 1214, come to accept a synchronous signal pulse from the needle pin 1 of PWM controller 1204.This structure is synchronized to PWM controller 1204 with PWM controller 1205, so that the potential pulse of two PWM controller outputs not only synchronous (same frequency) but also homophase (same-phase).
Figure 13 A and 13B are the sectional views of two different structures of two-stage EFA device.Although two-stage only is shown, the details of principle and configuration aspects is identical.With reference to Figure 13 A, an EFA device 1311 by two series or one in front and one in back level 1314 and 1315 form.The first order 1314 comprises a plurality of parallel corona discharge electrodes 1301 that are aligned in first vertical column, and the passive electrode 1302 that is aligned in second post of the post that is parallel to corona discharge electrode 1301.All electrodes are presented in the cross section that longitudinally passes in and out the paper extension.Corona discharge electrode 1301 can be the form of lead as shown in the figure, but also can use other structure.Passive electrode 1302 levels of being shown as are extended for conducting rod.Moreover, for the purpose of illustrating, can implement the geometry and the structure of other consistent with various embodiment of the present invention.The second level 1315 comprises the corona discharge electrode 1303 (also being shown as the thin wire that extends perpendicular to paper) of an alignment similarly, and passive electrode 1304 (also being bar).All electrodes are installed in the air duct 1305.First and second grade 1314 and 1315 the independent HVPS (not shown) power supplies of EFA1311 by correspondence.HVPS is synchronously and homophase, so the corona discharge electrode 1303 of the second level 1315 can be placed on the passive electrode 1302 hithermost possible normalization distances from the first order 1314, and can interact sharply and reduces the EPA characteristic.
For the purpose of illustrating, we suppose that all voltages and its component (for example, ac and dc) on the electrode that is applied to adjacent level 1314 and 1315 equates.Suppose further that also high voltage is applied to corona discharge electrode 1301 and 1303, and passive electrode 1302 and 1304 ground connection promptly, remain on public ground potential with respect to the high voltage that is applied to corona discharge electrode 1301 and 1303.All arrangement of electrodes flatly align counter electrode not at the same level in parallel vertical column, and vertically depart from the electrode of the complementation of stagger arrangement post in its own level.Normalization distance 1310 between corona discharge electrode 1301 and vertically the most close contiguous passive electrode 1302 preceding limbs equals aN1.Normalization between the tail edge of the passive electrode 1302 of the partial corona discharge electrode 1303 and the first order should be a bit larger tham aN1 apart from aN2 (1313), and actual range depends on the concrete voltage that is applied to corona discharge electrode.In any case, aN2 should promptly, in 1 to 1.2 times of scope of distance aN1, preferably be 1.1 to 1.65 times of aN1, even more be preferably 1.4 times that are approximately aN1 just greater than aN1.Especially, as shown in FIG. 13A, just greater than necessary distance, flow through therebetween corona and begin voltage between the voltage to avoid forming an electric current apart from aN2.Let as assume that this normalization " stant " equals 1.4 * aN1 apart from aN2.Then, the horizontal range between the adjacent level 1312 is less than distance aN2 (1313).As shown in the figure, when the electrode of the same type of adjacent level is positioned at a plane 1320 when (as shown in FIG. 13A), the inter-stage spacing minimizes.Plane 1314 can be defined as a plane (plane 1317 among Figure 13 A) on the plane that is orthogonal to the edge that comprises corona discharge electrode.If the electrode of the same type of adjacent level is positioned at different but parallel plane, for example, plane 1321 and 1322 (shown in Figure 13 B), the synthetic minimum spacing between all electrodes of then adjacent EFA level equals with the aN2 shown in the line 1319.It should be noted that the length of line 1319 is identical with distance 1313 (aN2), and greater than distance 1312, the inter-stage spacing increases like this.
Therefore, these features of the present invention comprise the structure of the one or more conditions in three kinds of conditions that satisfy among the various embodiment:
The electrode of adjacent EFA level is powered with substantially the same voltage waveform, that is, the electromotive force on the adjacent electrode should have substantially the same alternating component.These alternating components on quantity and phase place should near or identical.
Adjacent EFA level should be closely at interval, the spacing between the adjacent level is limited by such distance and determines, this distance just is enough to avoid or farthest reduces any corona discharge between the adjacent level electrode.
The electrode of the same type of adjacent level should be positioned at identical plane, and this planar quadrature is in the plane of electrode (or electrode preceding limb) location.
Figure 14 is the schematic diagram of EFA device 1400, it corona electrode 1402 that comprises wire is (for the purpose of this example, illustrate three, but the quantity that also can comprise other, one typical devices has into ten or become hundred electrodes in suitable array, so that a characteristic that requires to be provided) and accelerating electrode 1409 (being two in this simplified example).Each accelerating electrode 1409 comprises a relative high resistance portion 1403 and a low resistance part 1408.The electricalresistivity that high resistance portion 1403 has is 10 1To 10 9In the scope of Ω-cm, preferably 10 5With 10 8In the scope between Ω-cm, be preferably 10 more 6To 10 7In the scope of Ω-cm.
All electrodes are presented in the cross section.Therefore, corona discharge electrode 1402 is the form and the shape of thin wire, and accelerating electrode 1409 is shown as the shape of bar and plate." downstream " part of the corona electrode 1403 of the most close accelerating electrode 1409 forms ionization edge 1410.The low resistance part 1408 of corona electrode 1402 and accelerating electrode 1409 is connected to the terminals of the relative polarity of high voltage source (HVPS) 1401 by line conductor 1404 and 1405.The electricalresistivity that low resistance part 1408 has≤10 4Ω-cm, and preferably be not more than 1 Ω-cm, even more preferably be not more than 0.1 Ω-cm.EFA1400 produces a fluid along the fluid flow direction of the requirement shown in the arrow 1407 and flows.
HVPS1401 is configured to produce a predetermined voltage between electrode 1402 and passive electrode 1409, so that form an electric field between electrode.This electric field is represented with point-like line of flow 1406.When voltage surpassed one so-called " corona begins voltage ", the movable beginning of a corona discharge caused from corona electrode 1402 process of emitting ions accordingly near corona electrode 1402.
Corona discharge process causes fluid ions from corona electrode 1402 emission and along with follow power line 1406 and quicken towards accelerating electrode 1409.Be the most proximal end of the corona current of free ion and other charged particle form near accelerating electrode 1409.Then, corona current flows by some the high resistance path electrode of opposite with surrounding fluid along the path of most low-resistance.Because the high resistance portion 1403 of accelerating electrode 1409 has the lower resistance that surrounds ionized fluid, so, the major part of corona current flows through the body of accelerating electrode 1409, promptly, flow through high resistance portion 1403 to low resistance part 1408, finish by connecting lead 1405 to the return path of HVPS1401.Because electric current is along the width (seeing Figure 14) of high resistance portion 1403 mobile (be parallel to the principal direction of air mobile 1407, a voltage decline Vd forms along current path).This voltage drop is proportional to the resistance R long-pending (this moment omitting the resistance of low resistance part 1408 and connecting line) that corona current Ic multiply by high resistance portion 1403.Then, the virtual voltage Va that applies between the most proximal end of the correspondence of corona wire 102 and accelerating electrode 1409, because the voltage drop that resistance causes, the virtual voltage Va that applies is less than the output voltage V of HVPS1401 Out, that is,
Va＝V out-V d＝V out-I c*R (1)。
Notice that corona current is the voltage Va of ratio between the end of corona electrode 1402 and accelerating electrode 1409 non-linearly, that is, current ratio voltage increases sooner.The empirical representation that the voltage-to-current relation can be expressed as approx:
Ic＝k 1*(V a-V o) 1.5，(2)
Wherein, V o=corona begins voltage, and k 1The coefficient that=experience is determined.This non-linear relation provides a desirable feedback, and in fact, it is automatically controlled and traverses the synthetic magnitude of voltage Va that electrode occurs, and prevents, farthest reduces, slows down or alleviate the disturbance and the scrambling of corona discharge.Notice that corona discharge process is considered to " irregular " because of its characteristic (that is, " unpredictalbe "), the corona current value depends on the multiple environmental factor that stands to change, for example, and temperature, contamination, humidity, foreign matter etc.If become bigger in a position of inter-electrode space than some other position, then along the voltage drop V of corresponding high resistance portion 1403 for some reason corona current dTo become big, therefore, at the virtual voltage Va of this position with step-down.The generation that this limits the corona current of this position again and prevents or farthest reduce spark or electric arc.
Following example is used for illustrative purposes, the typical component value that it uses as uses in one embodiment of this invention.In the embodiment of the EFA1400 of Figure 14 shown in schematically, a corona begins voltage and is assumed to and equals 8.6kV, to reach the field minimum intensity of 30kV/cm near corona electrode 1402.This value can be determined by calculating, measurement or other method, and for the corona/accelerating electrode spacing of 10mm and the corona electrode diameter of 0.1mm, this value is a corona initial value normally.The all-in resistance R that is used for the high resistance portion 103 of accelerating electrode 1409 TotalEqual 0.5M Ω, and high resistance portion 1403 equals 1 inch along the width (seeing Figure 14) of airflow direction 1407.Length transverse to the accelerating electrode 1409 of airflow direction (that is, enter in the figure plane direction) equals 24 inches.Therefore, the accelerating electrode 1409 for each inch has resistivity R InchBe
R inch＝R total*24＝12MΩ
The empirical coefficient k that is used for this particular design 1Equal 22*10 -6At the voltage Va place that applies that equals 12.5kV, corona current Ic equals
Ic＝4.6×10 -9*(12,500V-8,600V) 1.5＝1.12mA。
Yet, flow through the corona current I of the semiconductor portions 103 of each inch C/inchEqual
1.12mA/24inches＝47μA/inch。
Therefore, traverse the voltage drop V of this inchage of semiconductor portions 103 dEqual
V d＝47*10 -6A*12*10 6Ω＝564V。
V from HVPS1401 OutEqual to be applied to the voltage V of electrode aVoltage drop V with the semiconductor portions 1403 of traversing accelerating electrode 1409 dSum is expressed as follows:
V out＝12,500+564＝13,064V
For a certain reason, be increased to the twice of whole distribution values of 47 μ A/inch as the corona current at certain regional area, like this, it equals 94 μ A at certain some place, and V falls in resultant voltage dTo reflect this variation and equal 1,128V (that is V, d=94 * 10 -6μ A*12 * 10 6Ω).Then, V a=V Out-V d=13,064-1,128=11,936V.Therefore, the voltage drop V of increase dSlow down the actual voltage level at regional area place, and limit this regional corona current.According to formula (2), by the corona current I of this length of inch cCan be expressed as 4.6*10 -9(11,936-8,600V) 1.5/ 24 inch=0.886mA are with respect to 1.12mA.If even some local irregularities's property should the work of " negative-feedback " effect be recovered normal EFA work thus.Causing in the extreme situation of short circuit that by the foreign matter (for example, dust etc.) that enters in the interstage space maximum current by circuit is subjected to the restriction of resistance of the regional area of foreign matter contact electrode effectively.
The foreign matter that let us is considered picture finger or screwdriver and so on promptly, provides the electrical path of a low relatively resistance (being compared to the resistance of the fluid of insertion) with two electric pole short circuits together between corona electrode 1402 and accelerating electrode 1409.Can suppose reasonably that electric current will flow through the zone of the width (that is, 1 inch) that width is approximately equal to high resistivity part 1403.Therefore, foreign matter can cause maximum current I Max, it equals
I max＝V out/R total＝13,064V/12*10 6Ω＝1.2mA
It is just slightly greater than nominal operation electric current 1.12mA.Such one little electric current increase should not cause the dangerous of any electric shock or produce any offending noise (for example, electric arc and sonic boom).At this moment, all the maximum operating currenbt of EFA is restricted to:
I max＝13,064V/0.5MΩ＝26mA
This value is enough to produce a big fluid and flows, for example, and 100ft at least 3/ min.If accelerating electrode is by metal or have low relatively resistivity (for example, ρ≤10 4Ω-cm, preferably, ρ≤1 Ω-cm, and ρ≤10 more preferably -1Ω-cm,) other material make, then short circuit current will only be subject to the maximum current (that is, maximum current capability) of HVPS1401, and/or be subject to and (for example be stored in its output filter, filter condenser) on Nei any energy, thus, provide a significant shock hazard, offending " click is rattled away " or " sonic boom " sound that generation one is caused by spark to the user, and/or generation electromagnetic distu (for example, radio frequency interference or Radio frequency interference).In general, select resistivity feature and how much (length is to the width ratio) in high resistivity zone 103,, simultaneously, EFA is not worked and give the limit value of electric current so that unobstructive work is provided.This can be by realizing at the following big relatively ratio (if preferably being at least 10) that provides between the two: (i) total length of accelerating electrode (transverse to the size of fluid main flow direction) and (ii) to the accelerating electrode (size of longshore current body flow direction) of its width.In general, the length of electrode should be greater than the width of electrode.Optimum can realize by a plurality of accelerating electrodes are provided, and preferably, a plurality of accelerating electrodes equal number of corona and add 1 or subtract in 1 the scope, decide on electrode position and structure.It should be noted that, although two accelerating electrodes and three corona electrodes are shown for illustrated purpose Figure 14, but other electrode structure also can comprise three in four accelerating electrodes of identical three corona electrodes, perhaps, comprises that other plants other quantity and the structure of electrode structure.
Should be taken into account that also the local excessive electric current can cause high resistivity material to become bad.If a foreign matter was stationed between electrode in the time period of certain prolongation (for example, more than the several milliseconds before cleaning), then this situation is especially true.In order to prevent electrode damage and the relevant failure that causes because of overcurrent situations, HVPS can be equipped with a current sensor or other device, and it can be surveyed such overcurrent incident and interrupt power generation promptly or other method and stop electric current to flow.One predetermined reset or quiescent time T OffAfterwards, generation can recover to continue certain minimum scheduled time T On, this time is enough to survey any that stay or remaining short circuit condition.If short circuit condition continues, then HVPS can close or alternate manner stops, and continues to few time period T once more OffTherefore, if overcurrent problem exists, then in order to ensure life-span of trouble free service and the electrode of EFA, HVPS1401 can continue this on-off periodic duty for several times (for example, ten times or more) makes T OffBe enough to greater than T OnIt should be noted that in some cases, circulation will have the effect of removing some short circuit condition, and need not manual intervention.
Figure 15 illustrates another embodiment of EFA, and it has the accelerating electrode with high resistivity part.The main distinction of EFA1400 shown in Figure 14 and EFA1500 is that in the latter, low-resistivity part 1505 fully is included in the high resistivity part 1503 interior (that is, fully being encapsulated by high resistivity material on every side) of accelerating electrode 1509.This remodeling provides at least two advantages to this embodiment of the present invention.The first, low-resistivity part 1508 fully is encapsulated in the high resistivity part 1503, because of can preventing by mistake or directly contact with high voltage " heat " terminals of HVPS 1501 by accident, and improve the EFA security.The second, the configuration forces corona current flows through the bigger part or the volume of high resistivity part 1503, rather than surf zone only.Although (for example to most of high resistivity material, plastics or rubber) surface conductivity and volume (that is, inside) conductance be identical magnitude, but since the surface little by little pollute and become bad, surface conductivity is different (for example, may increase the several number magnitude) over time greatly.
EFA has the intrinsic ability of collecting the particle that exists in the fluid in the surface of accelerating electrode.When collecting a certain amount of particle or alternate manner and be accumulated on the accelerating electrode, the surface of the pollutant solid layer that particle can adjoin (for example a, continuous film) coated electrode.The conductance of this layer of contaminants may be higher than the conductance of high resistivity material itself.In such situation, corona current can flow through this pollution layer, and diminishes the advantage that high resistivity material provides.By low-resistivity part 1508 fully is encapsulated in the high resistivity part 1503, the EFA1500 of Figure 15 can avoid this problem.It should be noted that low-resistivity part 1508 need not be continuous, or have the lead 1505 that any point directly contacts the supply terminals of HVPS1501 or power is provided from HVPS1501.The major function that should be realized that these current-carrying parts is the length balance electromotive force along accelerating electrode 1509, that is, distributed current so that the high resistivity part 1503 of contact low-resistivity part 1508 remain on certain equipotential.In addition, if corona electrode 1502 (comprising ionization edge 1510) ground connection, then reduce or do not exist the chance of the current level that by mistake or by accident is exposed to danger basically, dangerous current level can cause injuring and/or electrocuting because of high working voltage, and this is because there is not " heat " electromotive force to contact whole structures.
Figure 16 is the schematic diagram of an EFA assembly 1600, the accelerating electrode 1603 that it has corona electrode 1602 (preferably forming the longitudinally directed lead with ionization edge 1610) and the bar of the high resistivity that piled up by a plurality of levels is formed, all bars respectively have different resistance values along the width of accelerating electrode and reduce.Accelerating electrode 1603 is made by several segmentations 1608 to 1612, and each closely contacts with its next-door neighbour's contiguous segmentation.Each these segmentations are made by a material, or otherwise elaborately planned and have different resistivity value ρ nDetermined that already as resistivity (, successively decrease from segmentation 1608 to 1609,1611 and 1612) when connecing end closure towards HVPS1601 and little by little reduce, the synthetic electric field principal direction mobile with respect to fluid becomes more even aspect linear.Notice that in Figure 14 and 16, the electric field line that is shown between corona electrode 1402/1502 and the accelerating electrode 1403/1503 preferably is not parallel to the principal direction that fluid flows, but arc.This curvature causes ions and other charged particle are accelerated on the scope of direction, thus, reduce the efficient of EFA.Go forward one by one gradually by the accelerating electrode resistance value, have found that when corona current reaches certain maximum, the track of ion aligns with the principal direction that fluid flows.Should also be noted that purpose, comprise that a plurality of resistivity values are ρ although accelerating electrode 1603 is shown as for showing nDiscrete segmentation, resistivity value can change on the width of electrode continuously.The variation gradually of resistivity can reach by various procedures on width, for example, comprises that the ion of suitable impurity material on suitable varied concentration level implant, and little by little increases or reduces so that reach resistivity.
Figure 17 A and 17B are the schematic diagrames that also has another embodiment of EFA1700, and wherein, accelerating electrode 1703 is made by high resistivity material.Although for illustrated purpose, Figure 17 A and 17B distribute the corona electrode 1702 and the accelerating electrode 1703 of a specific quantity are shown, and also can use the quantity and the structure of other consistent with various embodiment of the present invention.
Accelerating electrode 1703 is made by the faciola or the layer of one or more high resistivity materials.Corona electrode 1702 is made by the material of the low-resistivity such as metal or conductivity ceramics.HVPS1701 is connected to corona electrode 1702 and accelerating electrode 1703 by lead 1704 and 1705.The geometric form of corona electrode 1702 contrasts the geometric form that forms pin or fine rule in electrode, and described pin or pin are hard to keep inherently and install, and is easy to damage in the course of normal operation of EFA.The downstream edge of each corona electrode 1702 comprises an ionization edge 1710.As other small articles, frangible as the fine rule of corona electrode usually, therefore seem unreliable.On the contrary, be shown in the corona electrode that Figure 17 A and present embodiment among the 17B provide the shape that is relative wide metal tape.And these metal tapes must be thin in corona discharge end, so that easily along its " downstream " edge generation corona discharge, but is with broad (along airflow direction) relatively, and thus, its fine rule than correspondence is difficult for broken.
Another advantage of EFA1700 shown in Figure 17 A comprises: accelerating electrode 1703 is thin than the employed electrode of prior art system basically.That is, existing accelerating electrode far is thicker than relevant corona electrode usually, to avoid producing an electric field around the edge of accelerating electrode and accelerating electrode.By placing the edge of corona electrode 1702 (in this explanation on the contrary or facing to the flat surface of accelerating electrode 1703, edge, the right side of corona electrode " decline "), the structure shown in Figure 17 A farthest reduces or eliminates any electric field that is produced by accelerating electrode 1703.Promptly, at least a portion of the main body of corona electrode 1702 is extended along the preceding limb of the fluid flow direction that requires by accelerating electrode 1703 with descending, thus, a working portion of corona electrode 1702 produces a corona discharge along its tail edge between the plane surface of the extension of accelerating electrode 1703 and near this surface.This orientation and structure provide an electric-field intensity near such plane surface, it is lower than basically around the electric-field intensity of the correspondence of the tail edge formation of corona electrode 1702.Therefore, a corona discharge is formed near the tail edge of corona electrode 1702, and not in the surface of accelerating electrode 1703.
Just when corona discharge is initial, generation by ion in fluid and charged particle, and such electric charge is delivered to HVPS1701 by lead 1705 along accelerating electrode 1703, corona current flows through the fluid that is accelerated (for example, air, iknsulating liquid etc.) between corona electrode 1702 and accelerating electrode 1703.Owing to do not have electric current to flow, so do not produce back of the body corona along relative direction (that is, from accelerating electrode 1703 by fluid to corona electrode 1702).Have been found that also this structure causes electric field (by line 1706 expressions), its direction mobile with respect to the fluid that requires (illustrating with arrow 1707) is more linear more than the electric field that alternate manner provides.The linearity of the raising of electric field is caused by the voltage drop of traversing accelerating electrode 1703, and this accelerating electrode produces the equipotential line of the electric field of the principal direction that flows transverse to fluid.Because electric field line is orthogonal to such equipotential line, so electric field line is parallel to the principal direction that fluid flows more.
The advantage of another of the EFA1700 shown in Figure 17 A is provided by isolated corona electrode 1702 movable part (that is right hand edge as shown in the figure) each other by inserting the structure of accelerating electrode 1703.Therefore, corona electrode " be can not see " each other, therefore, compares with existing system, and corona electrode 1702 can be located (that is, along the vertical direction shown in Figure 17 A) with coming in close proximity to each other.By using the design feature shown in Figure 17 A, can avoid two the mobile major obstacles of sizable fluid that occur.First obstacle in these obstacles is, the high air drag that cause the thick relatively front portion of common accelerating electrode.Corona electrode that this structure provides and accelerating electrode all have low drag geometries,, are formed on the shape of " close friend " in the aerodynamics that is.For example, these geometric forms provide a resistance coefficient Cd who is used for air to be not more than 1 preferably less than 0.1, more preferably less than 0.01.The viscosity of the fluid that flows and be accelerated of the fluid that actual geometric form or shape must depend on requirement, these factors are different between each design.
Second obstacle that is overcome by present embodiment of the present invention is, because necessary and by the observed traditional interpolar spacing requirement of existing structure according to existing structure, synthetic low-density electrode is possible.For example, US patent No.4,812,711 illustrate four corona electrodes of the 50mm distance that is spaced apart from each other, and this paper quotes this full patent texts for your guidance.Not having beat all is that this relative low-density and electrode in a small amount only can hold low-down power level, have a synthetic low level fluid and flow.On the contrary, present embodiment hold corona electrode to the spacing between attractor electrode less than 10mm, preferably less than 1mm.
Another structure that also has of electrode is shown in the EFA1700 of Figure 17 B.In this case, corona electrode 1702 is placed on the distance of being scheduled to from accelerating electrode 1,703 one along the fluid flow direction of the requirement shown in arrow 1707.Moreover it is linear, shown in dotted line that synthetic electric field is basically, from the corona electrode 1702s towards accelerating electrode 1703.Yet, it should be noted that the fluid flow direction of relevant requirements, corona electrode 1702 are not placed on accelerating electrode 1703 " wherein ".
The purpose of various embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 17 A is, and is possible with other or compared by the technology that other EFA device is implemented, and realizes the corona electrode (that is the electrode of higher density) with the more close space length that manufacturing technology is consistent now.That is, extremely thin and short electrode can easily be made, and it is by a single manufacture process or a step, and for example, described process or step and modern micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and relevant semiconductor technology and ability are consistent.Referring again to Figure 17 A, as seen from the figure, adjacent corona electrode 1702 can vertically be spaced apart from each other less than the distance of 1mm, or even only several each other μ m.The increase of the electrode density that causes at last provides the acceleration and the flow rate of the fluid that improves.For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,812,711 have described one can produce air velocity and only be the device of per second 0.5 meter (m/sec).On the contrary,, then can reach the electrode density of 50 times of increases and the current capacity of raising,, that is, reach about 25m/sec or 5,000ft/min so that the corresponding air velocity that increases to be provided if electrode spacing is 1mm.In addition, some EFA levels are placed serially, or place in tandem along the horizontal direction that the fluid that requires flows, when fluid flow through continuous when multistage, the accelerating fluids of going back at different levels.Grade distances of being scheduled to of leaving nearby that are positioned at different levels, this distance is determined by the maximum voltage that is applied to comparative electrode at different levels.Especially, when the corona discharge electrode of certain one-level and accelerating electrode closely put together, require lower voltage to start and keep corona discharge.Therefore, in view of low operating voltage be used for this at different levels within, all the EFA of level can closely place similarly each other.This relation causes the density of the level of along continuous straight runs to be proportional to the interior electrode density (for example, vertically) of level approx.Therefore, can expect that the increase of electrode " vertically " density will provide similar increase on " level " density so that fluid flows acceleration be inversely proportional to anode-cathode distance square.
The all advantages that obtained by various embodiment of the present invention give the credit to the part of use one high resistivity material as accelerating electrode at least in part.High resistivity material can comprise high-resistance relatively material, for example, and the plastics of filling carbon dust or rubber, silicon, germanium, tin, GaAs, indium phosphide, boron nitride, carborundum, cadmium selenide etc.The resistivity that these materials have should be 10 1To 10 10In Ω-cm scope, preferably should be 10 4To 10 9Between Ω-cm, more preferably should be 10 6To 10 7Between Ω-cm.Use the raising of the material supporting electrode density of high resistivity.For example, the metal accelerating electrode of close space length demonstrates the unsettled operating characteristic that produces the high-frequency spark incident.By contrast, the electrode of high resistivity produces a more linearizing electric field according to an embodiment of the invention, thus, farthest reduces the generation of spark and reduce to send back of the body corona from the cusp edge of accelerating electrode.Be appreciated that elimination back of the body corona with reference to Figure 17 a.
Referring again to Figure 17 A, the incident of corona discharge shown in the figure takes place in the afterbody of corona electrode 1702 or right edge or along its afterbody or right hand edge, but does not take place along the leading or left hand edge of accelerating electrode 1703.This is the distribution that has produced voltage and electric field because of by corona discharge process.For example, the left hand edge of accelerating electrode 1703 is thicker than the right hand edge of corona electrode 1702 at least slightly, and the right hand edge of corona electrode 1702 was both carefully sharp-pointed.Because the electric field of a close electrode is proportional to the thickness of electrode approx, so corona discharge begins the tail edge place at corona electrode 1702.Then, He Cheng corona current flows to the high voltage link end of HVPS 1701 from the tail edge of corona electrode 1702 by two paths.First path is the ionization part of the fluid that passes through of the electric field shown in along the line 1706.Second path is the body by accelerating electrode 1703.The corona current that flows through the body of accelerating electrode 1703 causes the voltage drop along this body.This voltage drop is advanced towards the left hand edge of electrode from the high voltage link end of the right hand edge that is applied to accelerating electrode 1703.Along with corona current increases, corresponding increase is presented in this voltage drop.When the output voltage of HVPS1701dd reach one be enough to along the left hand edge starting corona discharge of accelerating electrode 1703 level the time, slow down the increase of any voltage at the enough height of voltage drop of these edges, and prevent edge corona discharge along accelerating electrode.
Other embodiment of the present invention can be reduced to the interpolar spacing several microns magnitude.Under such spacing, the voltage starting that a corona discharge condition can be low relatively, the formation of corona discharge is not to be caused by voltage itself, but the high field that is produced by voltage causes.This electric-field intensity is proportional to the voltage that applies approx, and is inversely proportional to the distance between the comparative electrode.For example, approximately the voltage of 8kV is enough to start corona discharge being approximately under the interpolar spacing of 1cm.The interpolar spacing reduces 1/10th to 1mm, corona discharge can be started desired voltage and be reduced to and be approximately 800V.The interpolar spacing further is reduced to 0.1mm can drop to 80V with the corona starting voltage that requires, and 10 microns spacing only needs 8V to start corona discharge.These low-voltages provide the more close spacing of interpolar and at different levels between nearer spacing, thus, increase several times of total fluid acceleration.As mentioned above, this recruitment be inversely proportional to approx distance between all utmost points square, compare with the 1cm spacing, in air stream, cause total increase of 100,10000 and 1000000.
Use the benefit of a high resistivity electrode structure, can be further explained with reference to Figure 18 A and 18B.With reference to Figure 18 A, EFA1800 comprises corona electrode 1802 and accelerating electrode 1803.Accelerating electrode 1803 comprises a low-resistivity part 1804 and a high resistivity part 1806 again.One corona current is on the current path shown in the arrow 1805, flow through be present in the ionization between corona electrode 1802 and the accelerating electrode 503 fluid (promptly, pass through interelectrode space), the high resistivity part 1806 of accelerating electrode 1803 is as shown by arrows continued to pass through in this path.Local disturbance one takes place, a spark event for example, and then He Cheng discharge current guides to by by the narrow path shown in the arrow 1807 of Figure 18 B.Then, electric current advances along a path 1808 of traversing the broad of high resistivity part 1806.Because the electric current of the increase of sending from a zonule of accelerating electrode 1803, only little by little outwards expansion on path 1808, the synthetic resistance height on whole high resistivity parts 1806 time than such CURRENT DISTRIBUTION basically on the path 1808.Therefore, being flowed by the electric current that increases is subjected to along the path 1808 resistance limits for incident before the spark of signal or the spark, thus, limit electric current.Has resistivity and width ratio if select high resistivity part 1806, the increase that then can avoid or slow down any significant electric current to length.Such electric current increase can be caused by a plurality of incidents, comprise above-mentioned discharge or spark, have foreign matter (for example, dust, insect etc.) screwdriver on the electrode or between the electrode, or even finger be placed between the electrode and and come in contact with electrode.
Another embodiment of the present invention is shown among Figure 19.As shown in the figure, EFA1900 comprises the high resistivity part 1906 of a comb shape of accelerating electrode 1903.The incident of any part such as spark obviously is constrained on the sub-fraction that attracts electrode 1903 and flows, for example, and on the tooth of minority single or close incident.The corona current relevant with normal running conditions shows with arrow 1905.For example, the incident such as a spark that is presented at arrow 1907 and 1908 places is limited in flowing along finger or tooth 1906.The enough height of resistance on this path are modulated the increase of any electric current that is caused by incident.It should be noted that the raising of performance is by the increase number of teeth, rather than selects width to length ratio.One is that 1 pair 0.1 typical width can be suitable to length ratio, is preferably 0.05 pair 1 ratio or littler.
As mentioned above, various feature of the present invention makes the present invention can use the material outside the solid to produce a corona discharge or emission of ions.In general, solid material only is to emit " limpingly ", and produces ion, and thus, the EFA of limit fluid quickens.At this moment, if location and shaping produce corona discharge, then the many fluids such as water can discharge more ion.For example, use a conductor fluid as the description in the visible U.S. Patent No. 3,751,715 of corona emission material.Wherein, a lachrymal container is described as the groove that holds conductor fluid.For example, conductor fluid can be a running water, is preferably an aqueous solution that comprises strong electrolyte, for example, and NaCl, HNO3, NaOH etc.Figure 20 illustrates the work according to an EFA of one embodiment of the invention, and wherein, EFA2000 comprises five accelerating electrodes 2003 and four corona electrodes 2002.All these electrodes are shown as sectional view.Corona electrode respectively comprises the non-conductive shell 2009 of the narrow elongate of being made by the insulation such as plastics or silicon, and the slit 2011 at 2010 places, ionization edge that are formed in housing tail edge or the right side is arranged.The housing 2009 of corona electrode 2002 is connected to a conductor fluid source of supply or container (not shown) by a suitable supply pipe.The slit 2011 that is formed in the tail edge of corona electrode 2002 is sufficiently narrow, so that fluid is included within the housing 2009 by fluid molecule tension force.Slit 2011 can be equipped with spongiform " obstruction " or nozzle segment, so that a constant conductor fluid that discharges by groove lentamente is provided.HVPS 2001 produces a voltage is enough to take place corona discharge, like this, 2008 conductors of making a sharp edges of conductor fluid, and from the tail edge of the corona electrode 2002 of groove 2011 in groove 2011 place's emitting ions.The ion that conductor fluid 2008 generates moves towards the electrode 2003 of the high resistivity that quickens along the electric field by line 2006 representatives from groove 2001.Along with fluid is consumed in the corona discharge that produces, fluid replenishes from suitable fluid source or container (not shown) by housing 2009.
Should be noted that and be understood that all publications, patent and the patent application of mentioning is the technical merit that is used for showing in the present technique field involved in the present invention in this specification.This paper quotes all publications, patent and patent application for your guidance, and its degree of quoting duplicates and indicated for your guidance degree in extenso particularly and individually in each publication, patent and patent application.

Claims (31)

1. device that see through to adopt corona current to make the fluid by wherein flow and quicken, described device comprises:
Corona discharge assembly, comprise at least one corona discharge electrode and at least one collector electrode near described corona discharge electrode location, so that provide an interelectrode capacity together with the fluid between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode, described interelectrode capacity presents the impedance that significantly reduces to the high-frequency alternating component of described corona current, wherein said high-frequency is greater than 15kHz but less than 1MHz, wherein high-frequencyly reduces impedance less than 1/10th of the direct current Ohmic resistance of the described fluid between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode described; And
Be connected to the power supply of described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode, to come the supplied with electric power signal by between described electrode, applying voltage, so that corona current flows between described corona discharge electrode and collector electrode, described voltage and corona current respectively be that corresponding constant and alternating quantity superpose each other and; The amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage is divided by the value of the voltage ratio of the amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage, and the amplitude of described alternating component that is not more than described corona current is divided by 1/10th of the value of the corona current ratio of the amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current.
2. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the described value of described voltage ratio is not more than one of the percentage of the described value of described corona current ratio.
3. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the described value of described voltage ratio is not more than the one thousandth of the described value of described corona current ratio.
4. as each described device in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that the frequency of the described alternating component of described corona current is in 50 to 150kHz scope.
5. as each described device in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that the frequency of the described alternating component of described corona current is approximately 100kHz.
6. as each described device in the claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of the described voltage of described electrical power signal is in the scope of 10kV to 25kV.
7. as each described device in the claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage is greater than 1kV.
8. as each described device in the claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of the described voltage of described electrical power signal is approximately 18kV.
9. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the described amplitude of an alternating component of the described voltage of described electrical power signal be not more than described voltage described constant component described amplitude 1/10th.
10. as each described device in the claim 1 to 9, it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described alternating component of the described voltage of described electrical power signal is not more than 1kV.
11., it is characterized in that the described constant component of described corona current is at least 100 μ A as each described device in the claim 1 to 10.
12., it is characterized in that the described constant component of described corona current is at least 1mA as each described device in the claim 1 to 10.
13. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the resistance impedance between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode is capacitive reactance, and its higher harmonics place in the frequency of the described alternating component of described voltage is not more than 10M Ω.
14., it is characterized in that the device that described employing corona current is handled fluid comprises a device that is selected from following cohort: static air accelerator, electric air cleaner and electrostatic precipitator as each described device in the claim 1 to 13.
15. a method that adopts the corona current accelerating fluid to flow, described method comprises:
Fluid is incorporated into a corona discharge assembly, this device comprises at least one corona discharge electrode and at least one collector electrode near described corona discharge electrode location, so that provide an interelectrode capacity together with the fluid between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode, described interelectrode capacity presents the impedance that significantly reduces to the high-frequency alternating component of described corona current, wherein said high-frequency is greater than 15kHz but less than 1MHz, wherein high-frequencyly reduces impedance less than 1/10th of the direct current Ohmic resistance of the described fluid between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode described; And
By between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode, applying a voltage, one electrical power signal is fed to described corona discharge assembly, flow through between the described electrode so that cause corona current, described voltage and described corona current respectively comprise and be separately constant and alternating quantity superpose each other and; The amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage is divided by the value of the voltage ratio of the amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage, and the amplitude of described alternating component that is not more than described corona current is divided by 1/10th of the value of the corona current ratio of the amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current.
16. method as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that, the described value of described voltage ratio is not more than one of the percentage of the described value of described corona current ratio.
17. method as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that, the described value of described voltage ratio is not more than the one thousandth of the described value of described corona current ratio.
18., it is characterized in that also comprise the step of supplying described electrical power signal, the frequency of the described alternating component of the described corona current that it has is in 50 to 150kHz scope as each described method in the claim 15 to 17.
19., it is characterized in that the frequency of the described alternating component of described corona current is about 100kHz as each described method in the claim 15 to 17.
20., it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage is in the scope of 10kV to 25kV as each described method in the claim 15 to 19.
21., it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage is greater than 1kV as each described method in the claim 15 to 19.
22., it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage is about 18kV as each described method in the claim 15 to 19.
23. method as claimed in claim 18 is characterized in that,
The described amplitude of the described alternating component of described corona current is not more than 10 times of described amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current; And
The described amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current is not more than 10 times of described amplitude of the described alternating component of described corona current.
24. method as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that, the described amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage be not more than described voltage described constant component described amplitude 1/10th.
25., it is characterized in that the described amplitude of the described alternating component of the described voltage of described electrical power signal is not more than 1kV as each described method in the claim 15 to 24.
26., it is characterized in that the described constant component of described corona current is at least 100A as each described method in the claim 15 to 25.
27., it is characterized in that the described constant component of described corona current is at least 1mA as each described method in the claim 15 to 25.
28. method as claimed in claim 18 is characterized in that, the resistance impedance between described corona discharge electrode and described collector electrode is capacitive reactance, and its higher harmonics place in the frequency of the described alternating component of described voltage is not more than 10M Ω.
29. an electrostatic fluid accelerator comprises:
Electrostatic fluid air accelerator unit, comprise multistage electrode, each described multistage electrode comprises at least one corona discharge electrode and at least one complementary electrode, so that interelectrode capacity is provided, described multistage electrode is arranged in tandem, so that one after the other quicken the fluid by therebetween, described electrode connects and accepts to have electrical power signal with the substantially the same waveform of the alternating component of output voltage; And
Power supply, be connected to described electrostatic fluid accelerator unit, supply described electrical power signal by between described electrode, applying a voltage, so that corona current flows through between described corona discharge electrode and the complementation electrode, described voltage and corona current respectively are corresponding constant and the alternating component sums that superposes each other; The value of the voltage ratio that the amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage, the value of the corona current ratio that obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current less than the amplitude of the described alternating component of described corona current significantly.
30. an electrostatic fluid accelerator comprises:
A kind of corona discharge assembly comprises:
(i) corona electrode with corresponding ionization edge of first quantity, described ionization edge is positioned at the downstream with respect to the corona electrode of the fluid flow direction that requires, and
The accelerating electrode (ii) interval of second quantity and that have the corresponding edge, the corresponding edge is arranged essentially parallel to the edge of the vicinity in the described ionization edge of described corona electrode, described accelerating electrode is made by the material of high resistivity, each described accelerating electrode has directed and orthogonal length and height dimension transverse to the fluid flow direction that requires, and the width dimensions that is parallel to the fluid flow direction orientation of described requirement, along transverse to the length of the described accelerating electrode of the direction of the fluid flow direction that requires width greater than the described accelerating electrode that is parallel to described fluid flow direction, and the described width of described accelerating electrode is along 10 times transverse to the height of the described accelerating electrode of the direction of the fluid flow direction of described requirement and described length at least, described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode, together with the fluid of between described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode, introducing, interelectrode capacity is provided together, described interelectrode capacity presents the impedance that significantly reduces to the high-frequency alternating component of described corona current, wherein said high-frequency is greater than 15kHz but less than 1MHz, wherein high-frequencyly reduces impedance less than 1/10th of the direct current Ohmic resistance of the described fluid between described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode described; And
Power supply is connected to described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode, supply an electrical power signal by between described electrode, applying a voltage, so that corona current flows through between described corona electrode and the described accelerating electrode, described voltage and corona current respectively are corresponding constant and the alternating component sums that superposes each other; The value of the voltage ratio that the amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage be not more than the corona current ratio that the amplitude of the described alternating component of described corona current obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current value 1/10th.
31. an electrostatic fluid accelerator comprises:
High voltage source, it supplies a high-voltage power with a specific output voltage and an electric current, and described voltage and current waveform respectively comprises the component of constant and alternation; And
Electrostatic fluid air accelerator unit, comprise multistage electrode, each described multistage electrode comprises at least one corona electrode and at least one complementary electrode, described multistage electrode is arranged in tandem, so that one after the other fluid is therebetween passed through in acceleration, described electrode is connected to described high voltage source, and to accept to have the described high-voltage power with the roughly the same waveform of the described alternating component of described output voltage, electrode of at least one described level comprises
(i) corona electrode with corresponding ionization edge of first quantity;
The accelerating electrode (ii) interval of second quantity and that have the corresponding edge, the corresponding edge is arranged essentially parallel to the edge of the vicinity in the described ionization edge of corona electrode of described first quantity, described accelerating electrode is made by the material of high resistivity, each described accelerating electrode has directed and orthogonal length and height dimension transverse to the fluid flow direction that requires, and the width dimensions that is parallel to the fluid flow direction orientation of described requirement, along transverse to the length of the described accelerating electrode of the direction of the fluid flow direction that requires width greater than the described accelerating electrode that is parallel to described fluid flow direction, and the described width of described accelerating electrode is along 10 times transverse to the height of the described accelerating electrode of the direction of the fluid flow direction of described requirement and described length at least, described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode, together with the fluid of between described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode, introducing, interelectrode capacity is provided together, described interelectrode capacity presents the impedance that significantly reduces to the high-frequency alternating component of described corona current, wherein said high-frequency is greater than 15kHz but less than 1MHz, wherein high-frequencyly reduces impedance less than 1/10th of the direct current Ohmic resistance of the described fluid between described corona electrode and described accelerating electrode described;
Sensor, can work monitors one or more electromagnetic parameters that described electrostatic fluid accelerator is interior;
First detector is discerned condition before the spark in response to described one or more electromagnetic parameters; And
Be connected to second detector of described first detector, described second detector makes described high voltage source apace described electrical power amplitude be changed to a level that requires in response to the condition before the described spark,
Described high-tension current source is connected to described corona electrode and described complementation electrode, by between described electrode, applying voltage and the supplied with electric power signal, so that corona current flows through between described corona discharge electrode and the collector electrode, described voltage and corona current respectively are corresponding constant and the alternating component sums that superposes each other; The value of the voltage ratio that the amplitude of the described alternating component of described voltage obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described voltage, be not more than the corona current ratio that the amplitude of the described alternating component of described corona current obtains divided by the amplitude of the described constant component of described corona current value 1/10th.
CN2010105824688A 2002-06-21 2003-06-23 An electrostatic fluid accelerator for and method of controlling a fluid flow Pending CN102151612A (en)

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US10/175,947 US6664741B1 (en) 2002-06-21 2002-06-21 Method of and apparatus for electrostatic fluid acceleration control of a fluid flow
US10/175,947 2002-06-21
US10/187,983 US6937455B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2002-07-03 Spark management method and device
US10/187,983 2002-07-03
US10/188,069 US6727657B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2002-07-03 Electrostatic fluid accelerator for and a method of controlling fluid flow
US10/188,069 2002-07-03
US10/352,193 US6919698B2 (en) 2003-01-28 2003-01-28 Electrostatic fluid accelerator for and method of controlling a fluid flow
US10/352,193 2003-01-28

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CN1675730A (en) 2005-09-28

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