CN102151306B - 一种从荔枝果肉中提取的活性组合物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种从荔枝果肉中提取的活性组合物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种从荔枝果肉中提取的活性组合物及其制备方法和应用。本发明所述提取方法是用50%乙醇,在pH为3、提取温度为40℃的条件下对荔枝果肉浸提20h,得到荔枝果肉粗提物,该粗提物经大孔吸附树脂分离,得到荔枝果肉活性组合物。本发明得到的荔枝果肉活性组合物用于制备治疗老年痴呆的药物,不仅可以有效抑制β-淀粉样蛋白的聚集,且细胞毒性较低,此外也可用于开发抗老年痴呆的保健产品。本发明所述荔枝果肉活性组合物具有抗老年痴呆效果好,工艺操作方法简单、工业实用性强、工艺成本售价低的特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药技术领域及保健产品开发领域,确切地说它是一种具有抗老年痴呆作用的荔枝果肉活性组合物的制备方法及其医药用途和保健用途。
背景技术
老年性痴呆即阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer disease),是一种伴有认知、行为和功能失常的进行性的神经变性疾病,是老年痴呆的一种最常见的形式,其临床症状包括:认知障碍、记忆障碍、时间和空间定向能力障碍、精神行为障碍等。老年性痴呆是由多种原因引起,涉及多种病理机制和多种病理表现的神经退行性疾病,其最主要病理表现是在大脑皮层和海马出现由淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid
protein,Aβ)聚集形成的老年斑(senile plague,SP),以及神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)和神经细胞缺失。老年斑具有神经毒性,能导致神经细胞死亡,其主要组成成分是ß-淀粉40-42蛋白。1992年,Hardy等人提出了淀粉样蛋白的级联假说,认为ß-淀粉样蛋白聚集形成的老年斑在AD病理发生和发展中有至关重要的作用。β淀粉样蛋白是由膜内淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)的异常水解和错误折叠所致,其在大脑中的过量生成、聚集和沉积可引起神经元钙稳态失衡,自由基大量产生,激活炎性因子,引起脑组织局部炎症等一系列反应,继而出现中枢整合功能异常。也有研究表明,胆碱能系统的紊乱也源于β淀粉样蛋白的过度生成和聚集。目前,国际上普遍认同抑制β淀粉样蛋白分泌是预防及治疗老年性痴呆的有效治疗手段。
随着世界老龄化进程的加快,老年痴呆病的患病人数也在逐年增加,其不仅致残率高,致死率也很高,仅次于心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、癌症。越来越多的研究结果表明,老年性痴呆与脑内β淀粉样蛋白水平密切相关,因此从天然植物中筛选治疗老年痴呆的中药提取物或有效成分是近年来国际老年性痴呆研究领域中的热点。
荔枝(Litchi chinensis
Sonn.)又名离枝,丽枝,丹荔等,属无患子科(Sapindaceae)荔枝属植物,是国家卫生部公布的法定的药食两用植物,不仅营养价值很高,有大量的糖、维生素C、磷、钙,以及少量蛋白质、脂肪、铁、维生素B等人体必需的营养物质,其药用价值也很高,我国传统医学认为:荔枝的果肉具有补脾益肝、理气补血、温中止痛、补心安神的功效,《本草纲目》也记载:“荔枝可止烦消渴,治头重心躁;可通神、益智、健气等;常食荔枝能补脑健身,治疗瘰疬,开胃益脾;干制能补元气,可作为产妇及老弱者的补品。” 近年来,国内外许多研究也发现:荔枝的果皮、果核及果肉中含有酚类物质(主要为类黄酮、酚酸、花色素等)及其他多种活性成份(如:多糖类、Vc、有机酸等),这些活性成分具有多种生物活性和药理作用,如:清除自由基、抗氧化、降血压、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抗血栓、抑制增生、保护肝脏、保护心血管、防止动脉硬化、消炎镇痛、增强免疫力等诸多功效。Hangjiang Guo小组曾对28种水果的果皮、果肉、种子部分的抗氧化活性进行了研究报道,其结果显示:在28种水果中荔枝的总抗氧化能力排在第五位,其FRAP值为25.81,有较高的抗氧化能力。其中具有抗氧化活性的功能性成分有:多酚类、维生素C、β-胡萝卜素、活性多糖等。Kanjana Mahattanatawee小组也曾对14种水果泥的功能性成分的抗氧化性作了相关的实验,研究结果表明:水果的提取物中起抗氧化活性的主要功能性成分为可溶性多酚类,且抗氧化性与其多酚类的含量成显著的正相关性(R=0.96)。提示了:多酚类在水果提取物的抗氧化性的功能上起着主要的作用。另外,该小组也用HPLC-PDA-MS的方法分析了荔枝中多酚类的组成,结果表明:荔枝的多酚类物质主要是黄酮(槲皮素和山柰酚)苷。
荔枝果肉活性成分的研究虽见报道,但研究的内容都是关于荔枝果肉组合物对体外自由基的消除能力及抗氧化能力(包括:FRAP试验、ORAC试验、DPPH试验等等),而关于荔枝果肉活性组合物其他功能的研究较少,本实验组对荔枝果肉中所含活性组合物进行提取、分离研究,并对其抗老年痴呆的活性进行研究与评价,为荔枝果肉活性组合物功能活性的开发与其更深入的研究提供科学依据。
目前,尚未有从荔枝果肉中提取活性组分并将其应用于抗老年痴呆治疗的效果研究。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供从荔枝果肉中提取具有抗老年痴呆活性的组合物。
本发明另一个目的在于提供从荔枝果肉中提取具有抗老年痴呆活性天然组合物的提取方法。
本发明还有一个目的在于提供上述荔枝果肉活性组合物的应用。
本发明上述目的通过以下技术方案予以实现:
一种荔枝果肉活性组合物,是用50%乙醇,在pH为3、提取温度为40℃的条件下对荔枝果肉浸提20h,得到荔枝果肉粗提物,该粗提物经大孔吸附树脂分离得到。
上述制备方法优选如下步骤:
(1)摘取新鲜的荔枝果实,剥皮,去核,捣碎果肉;
(2)将6倍量体积的0~90%乙醇溶液加入捣碎的果肉中,调节pH值为2~8,置于25~55℃的环境中浸提24h,经过滤、离心,得提取液,减压浓缩得到荔枝果肉粗提物;
(3)粗提物经冷冻干燥后,溶于水中,并过大孔吸附树脂柱,先用一定体积的水洗脱,再用50~95%的乙醇溶液洗脱,收集50~95%的乙醇溶液洗脱液,减压浓缩得到荔枝果肉活性组合物。
其中,所述步骤(2)中所述提取溶剂为50%的乙醇溶液,提取溶液的pH调为3,提取温度为40℃,减压浓缩温度为45℃以下,优选为40℃。步骤(3)中所述的大孔吸附树脂包括市售的各种型号的各种孔径和型号的树脂,即Amberlite XAD系列或山东鲁抗医药股份有限公司的DM系列的大孔吸附树脂,另外,步骤(3)中所述的50%~95%的乙醇溶液进一步限定为:70%~95%的乙醇溶液。
本发明荔枝果肉活性组合物可用于制备抑制ß-淀粉样蛋白的药物。该药物除了含有本发明荔枝果肉活性组合物外,还可含有药学上可以接受的载体。
本发明荔枝果肉活性组合物还可用于制备治疗或预防老年痴呆的药物。该药物除了含有本发明的荔枝果肉活性组合物外,还可含有药学上可以接受的载体。
上述药学上可接受的载体是指药学领域常规的药物载体,包括但不限于稀释剂、赋型剂(如水等);填充剂(如淀粉、蔗糖等);黏合剂(如纤维素衍生物、藻酸盐、明胶或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮);湿润剂(如甘油);崩解剂(如琼脂、碳酸钙或碳酸氢钠);吸收促进剂(如季铵化合物);表面活性剂(如十六烷醇);吸收载体(如高岭土和皂黏土);润滑剂(如滑石粉、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁或聚乙二醇等)外还可以加入其它辅剂如香味剂、甜味剂等。
本发明活性组合物可以制备成各种剂型的药物,制备方法为药学领域的常规方法。例如,使活性组合物与一种或多种载体混合,然后将其制成所需的剂型。本发明的活性组合物可以以组合物的形式通过口服、鼻吸入、直肠或肠胃外给药的方式施用于需要这种治疗的患者。用于口服时,可将其制成常规的固体制剂如片剂、粉剂、粒剂、胶囊等,制成液体制剂如水或油悬浮剂或其它液体制剂如糖浆等。用于肠胃外给药时候,可将其制成注射用的溶液、水或油性悬浮剂等。优选的形式是片剂、胶囊或注射剂。
本发明活性组合物用于制备药物时,优选含有重量比为0.1%–99.5%的化合物活性成分,最优选含有重量比为0.5%–95%的化合物活性成分。
本发明化合物的施用量可根据用药途径、患者的年龄、体重、所治疗的疾病的类型和严重程度等变化,其日计量可以是0.01–500mg/kg体重,优选0.1–500mg/kg体重。可以一次或多次使用。
根据本发明,以及上文和下文所提到的:“抗老年痴呆的”是指对“老年痴呆”的“治疗”与“预防”有用的活性,其包括预防老年痴呆的发展,和/或治疗已确证的老年痴呆;其还包括预防老年痴呆的起因,和/或减少或消除老年痴呆的症状和/或后果。
本发明另一方面还涉及所述提取物在制备在其摄取后具有抗老年痴呆作用的食品或饮料中的应用。包含有效量所述提取物的,被摄入后具有抗老年痴呆作用的所述食品或饮料也是本发明的一部分。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明工艺操作方法简单,避免了大量使用易燃易爆的有机溶剂,且整个生产过程中均低温操作,避免了活性成分中的热不稳定物质被分解破坏,具有工业实用性强、工艺成本售价低的特点。本发明得到的荔枝果肉活性组合物用于制备治疗老年痴呆的药物,可以有效抑制ß-淀粉样蛋白的活性,并呈现剂量依赖关系,且细胞毒性低,也可以用于开发抗老年痴呆的保健产品。
附图说明
图1为荔枝果肉的活性组合物对淀粉样蛋白聚集影响的示意图;
图2和图3为荔枝果肉的活性组合物对淀粉样蛋白二级结构影响的示意图;
图4为荔枝果肉的活性组合物对人SH-SY5Y神经母瘤细胞毒性的示意图;
图5总多酚含量的测定结果;
图6总黄酮含量的测定结果;
图7缩合丹宁含量的测定结果。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例来进一步解释本发明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。
实施例
1
从品种为黑叶的荔枝果肉中提取活性组合物的方法:
摘取新鲜的品种为怀枝的荔枝果实,剥皮,去核,捣碎果肉。将6倍体积的50%乙醇溶液加入捣碎的果肉中,调节pH值为3,置于40℃的环境中浸提20小时,经过滤、离心,得提取液,减压浓缩(温度为40℃)得到荔枝果肉粗提物。粗提物经冷冻干燥后,溶于适量的水中,并过大孔吸附树脂柱(Amberlite XAD 16),先用一定体积的水洗脱,再用95%的乙醇溶液洗脱,收集95%的乙醇溶液洗脱液,减压浓缩得到荔枝果肉活性组合物。
实施例
2
1.从荔枝(黑叶)果肉中提取的活性组合物对ß-淀粉样蛋白(Aß)聚集的影响作用
1.1实验方法:建立老年痴呆病理模型(即:ß-淀粉样蛋白),通过体外孵育方式观察提取的活性组合物对ß-淀粉样蛋白聚集的影响,以姜黄素为阳性对照评价提取的活性组合物对ß-淀粉样蛋白聚集的影响。
(1)溶液配制:
硫磺素T溶液:取3mg粉末溶于甘氨酸-NaOH缓冲液(50mM,pH8.5)中,储备液浓度为1mM。工作浓度稀释为5μM;
β淀粉样蛋白溶液:β淀粉样蛋白粉末用磷酸缓冲液PBS(0.1M,pH7.4)配制成1500μM的溶液,分装储存于-80℃,用时融化、稀释;
提取的活性组合物溶液:溶于二甲亚砜(DMSO,dimethylsulfoxide),配成1mg/ml浓度,-20℃低温冰箱保存,临用时按要求(用培养液或PBS)稀释至所需浓度,使DMSO终浓度小于或等于1%(v/v)。
(2)荔枝果肉提取的活性组合物对ß-淀粉样蛋白聚集的影响:
取50μM的β淀粉样蛋白10μl,加入10μl的化合物,混匀(冰上操作),于37℃中共同孵育48h。孵育结束后,所有样品加入5μM的 Th-T磷酸缓冲液180μl,充分混合后,用96孔黑板,立即进行荧光检测。设定激发波长(excitation wavelength,λEx)=450nm,发射波长(emission wavelength,λEm)=482nm,记录5min末的荧光强度(Fluorescence Intensity,FI),重复测定三次实验所测结果的平均值代表其荧光程度。
1.2实验结果:从荔枝果肉(黑叶)中提取的活性组合物,可以有效地抑制β淀粉样蛋白的聚集,且随着活性组合物浓度的增加,对β淀粉样蛋白聚集的抑制逐渐增加,当浓度达到100µg/ml时,抑制率达到86.6%(见图1)。
2.荔枝果肉提取的活性组合物对ß-淀粉样蛋白二级结构的影响
2.1实验方法:光学活性分子对左、右圆偏振光的吸收不同,使左、右圆偏振光透过后变成椭圆,这种现象称为圆二色性,圆二色谱仪通过测量生物大分子的圆二色光谱从而得到生物大分子的二级结构,是研究稀释液中蛋白质构象的一种快速、简单、较准确的方法。圆二色光谱紫外区段(190-240nm)的主要生色团是肽链,这一波长范围的CD谱包含着生物大分子主链构象的信息。具有不同二级结构的蛋白质或多肽所产生CD谱带的位置、吸收的强弱都不相同,因此,根据所测得蛋白质或多肽的远紫外CD谱能反映出蛋白质或多肽链二级结构的信息,从而揭示蛋白质或者多肽的二级结构。研究表明,Aß的空间结构构型能够明显影响其聚集的能力,当其二级结构以α螺旋为主时,聚集较慢;二级结构以ß折叠为主时,聚集较快。所以,可以通过CD图谱来判断待测样品对Aß二级结构的影响,从而反映出其对Aß的聚集的影响。
CD色谱仪为Chirascan型圆二色谱仪。扫描条件:范围250-190nm,石英杯径0.2mm,灵敏度5m。/cm,分辨率1nm,狭缝1nm,时间常数4sec,扫描速度5mm/min,每个样品累计4次。测定温度20℃,以同样离子条件缓冲液做参比。
(1)溶液配制
β淀粉样蛋白溶液:β淀粉样蛋白粉末用磷酸缓冲液PBS(0.1M,pH7.4)配制成1500μM的溶液,分装储存于-80℃,用时融化、稀释;
提取的活性组合物溶液:溶于二甲亚砜(DMSO,dimethylsulfoxide),配成1mg/ml浓度,-20℃低温冰箱保存,临用时按要求(用乙醇)稀释至所需浓度,使乙醇终浓度小于或等于0.1%(v/v);
(2)实验分组
空白对照组:40µM Aß
30µl加PBS磷酸缓冲液PBS(0.1M,pH7.4)30µl 37℃孵育10h,24h。
药物干预组:40µM Aß
30µl 分别加入10µg/ml的荔枝果肉提取的活性组合物各30µl,均孵育10h,24h。
2.2 实验结果:当荔枝果肉活性组合物与Aß(1-42)共同孵育10小时时,
190-200nm 处及216nm处的CD图谱显示,与对照组相比,黑叶果肉活性组合物干预后的Aß(1-42)的二级结构中的ß折叠有减少的趋势(见图2、3),当孵育时间为24h时,CD图谱显示,Aß(1-42)的二级结构中的ß折叠有明显的减少趋势,表明:从荔枝果肉中提取的活性组合物可以抑制Aß(1-42)的二级结构中的ß折叠的形成,从而减少了Aß(1-42)的聚集。
3.利用SH-SY5Y细胞模型,应用MTT法评估候选金松双黄酮的细胞毒性3.1 实验方法:
(1)溶液的配制
MTT溶液:取125mg MTT粉末用50ml无菌PBS(0.01 mmol/L,pH7.4)溶解,配成2.5mg/ml,在超声清洗仪振荡数十秒,滤过除菌,然后于4℃避光保存。两周内使用有效,最好现配现用。
提取的活性组合物溶液:溶于二甲亚砜(DMSO,dimethylsulfoxide),配成1mg/ml浓度,-20℃低温冰箱保存,临用时按要求(用培养液)稀释至所需浓度,使DMSO终浓度小于或等于1%(v/v)。
(2)MTT实验
SH-SY5Y细胞培养:SH-SY5Y细胞使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基,在37℃、5%CO2培养箱进行培养。
接种细胞:将生长良好的SH-SY5Y细胞,小心弃去培养皿内的大部分细胞培养液,用0.25%胰酶消化4 min后,1000rpm/min离心5min;弃去离心后上清液,重新加入DMEM,用血细胞计数板计数,转移单细胞悬液至培养皿并调整细胞密度为5×104个/ml。用8道加样器吸取单细胞悬液加入96孔板中,100μl/孔,即5000个细胞/孔(图4)。
药物干预:在37℃,5% CO2培养箱中培养24h,待细胞贴壁后吸去上清液,加入100µl用培养基稀释的不同浓度药物,设立不加任何处理因素的对照组,空白孔,每个浓度设3个平行复孔,置细胞于37℃,5% CO2培养箱中作用48h。每孔加入2.5mg/ml的MTT 20μl,于37℃,5% CO2培养箱中培养4h。弃去上清,每孔加入100μl的DMSO,振荡15秒,测量570nm处的吸收值(A)。
细胞毒性评价:各组细胞存活率(%)=(试验组A值/对照组A值)×100%,从而得出各组细胞存活率。
3.2实验结果:从荔枝果肉(黑叶)中提取的活性组合物对人神经母瘤细胞SH-SY5Y无明显的毒性,即使当浓度达到50µg/mL时,细胞存活率仍可达52.7%。
实施例
3
荔枝果肉(以黑叶为例)粗提物中多酚成分含量测定的方法:
1. 总多酚含量的测定
1.1标准曲线的绘制:没食子酸配成浓度为500µg/ml(甲醇溶液),然后配成浓度为:0ug/ml, 25ug/ml,50ug/ml, 100ug/ml,
200ug/ml, 400ug/ml,500ug/ml的浓度,分别取50ul加入1ml的双蒸水及0.5ml的福林酚试剂,摇匀,6min后加入2.5ml20%的碳酸钠溶液,室温下反应30min(避光),在765nm波长下测其A值(用全波长酶标仪)。以浓度为横坐标,吸光度(扣除空白)为纵坐标,绘成标准曲线(见图5)。
1.2荔枝果肉提取物中总多酚含量(经大孔吸附树脂分离后95%洗脱液中所含的成分)的测定:取待测样品用DMSO配成1mg/ml的溶液,并稀释成250µg/ml的待测溶液,取50ul加入1ml的双蒸水及0.5ml的福林酚试剂,摇匀,6min后加入2.5ml20%的碳酸钠溶液,室温下反应30min(避光),在765nm波长下测其A值(扣除空白)。由标准曲线求其总多酚的含量(见表1)。
2. 总黄酮含量的测定
2.1标准曲线的绘制:儿茶素配成浓度为500ug/ml的乙醇溶解,然后配成浓度为:0ug/ml, 25ug/ml, 50ug/ml,
75ug/ml, 100ug/ml, 125ug/ml,150ug/ml的浓度,取250ul加入1.25ml双蒸水及75ul 5%的亚硝酸钠,6min后加入150ul的10% 氯化铝溶液,5min后加入0.5ml 1M的氢氧化钠溶液,补充加双蒸水至总体积为2.5ml,摇匀,在510nm波长下测其吸光度A值(用全波长酶标仪)。以浓度为横坐标,吸光度(扣除空白)为纵坐标,绘成标准曲线(见图6)。
2.2荔枝果肉提取物中总黄酮含量(经大孔吸附树脂分离后95%洗脱液中所含的成分)的测定:取待测样品溶于DMSO配成500ug/ml的溶液,取250ul加入1.25ml双蒸水及75ul 5%的亚硝酸钠,6min后加入150ul的10% 氯化铝溶液,5min后加入0.5ml 1M的氢氧化钠溶液,补充加双蒸水至总体积为2.5ml,摇匀,在510nm波长下测其吸光度A值(扣除空白)。由标准曲线求其总黄酮含量(见表1)。
3. 缩合丹宁含量的测定
3.1标准曲线的绘制:将儿茶素溶于乙醇配成浓度为500ug/ml的储液,将储液稀释成浓度为0ug/ml, 25ug/ml, 50ug/ml,
75ug/ml, 100ug/ml, 125ug/ml的标准液,取50ul加1.5ml 4%的香草醛甲醇溶液,加750ul的浓盐酸,摇匀,在黑暗中反应20min,在500nm波长下测定其吸光度A值。以浓度为横坐标,吸光度(扣除空白)为纵坐标,绘成标准曲线(见图7)。
3.2荔枝果肉中缩合单宁(经大孔吸附树脂分离后95%洗脱液中所含的成分)含量的测定:取待测样品溶于DMSO配成1mg/ml的溶液,并稀释成500µg/ml的待测溶液,取50ul加1.5ml 4%的香草醛甲醇溶液,加750ul的浓盐酸,摇匀,在黑暗中反应20min,在500nm波长下测定其吸光度A值(扣除空白)。由标准曲线求其缩合单宁的含量(见表1)。
表1
总多酚含量(mg GAEa/g提取物) | 总黄酮含量(mg CEb/g 提取物) | 缩合单宁含量(mg CEb/g 提取物) | |
活性提取物 | 332.5 | 157.3 | 169.8 |
注:a GAE,没食子酸当量;b CE,儿茶素当量。
Claims (2)
1.一种用于治疗老年痴呆的荔枝果肉活性组合物,其特征在于所述该活性组合物是用50%乙醇,在pH为3、提取温度为40℃的条件下对荔枝果肉浸提20h,得到荔枝果肉粗提物,该粗提物经大孔吸附树脂分离得到。
2.一种用于治疗老年痴呆的荔枝果肉活性组合物的提取方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)摘取新鲜的荔枝果实,剥皮,去核,捣碎果肉;
(2)将6倍量体积的50%乙醇溶液加入捣碎的果肉中,调节pH值为3,置于25~55℃的环境中浸提24h,经过滤、离心,得提取液,减压浓缩得到荔枝果肉粗提物;
(3)粗提物经冷冻干燥后,溶于水中,并过大孔吸附树脂柱,先用一定体积的水洗脱,再用50~95%的乙醇溶液洗脱,收集50~95%的乙醇溶液洗脱液,减压浓缩得到荔枝果肉活性组合物。
3. 根据权利要求2所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中所述提取温度为40℃。
4. 根据权利要求2所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中所述减压浓缩温度为45℃以下。
5. 根据权利要求4所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的制备方法,其特征在于所述减压浓缩温度为40℃。
6. 根据权利要求2所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中所述的乙醇溶液为70~95%。
7. 权利要求1所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的应用,其特征在于所述的荔枝果肉活性组合物用于制备以β-淀粉样蛋白为靶点的抗老年痴呆药物。
8. 权利要求1所述荔枝果肉活性组合物的应用,其特征在于所述的荔枝果肉活性组合物用于制备抗老年痴呆的药物或保健产品。
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