CN102147293B - Single photon detector based on polarization unrelated frequency up-conversion - Google Patents
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- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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Abstract
The invention relates to a signal photon detector based on polarization unrelated frequency up-conversion; the signal photon detector comprises a lithium niobate crystal which is formed by periodically superposing four parts and is periodically polarized, wherein for a first part and a fourth part, the periodic structures are same, the period length is lA and meets the quasi-phase matching condition of frequency up-conversion, and the period number is NA so that all signal lights can be converted into sum frequency lights; a second part is in a periodic structure used by reciprocal lattice vectors for compensating mismatching of wave vectors coupled and polarized by signal lights, and the period length is lB and meets the phase matching condition of signal light polarization rotation; and a third part is in a periodic structure used by reciprocal lattice vectors for compensating mismatching of wave vectors coupled and polarized by sum frequency lights, the period length is lC and meets the phase matching condition of signal light polarization rotation. An external direct-current power supply is applied to y-surfaces of the second part and the third part of a sample so as to realize the periodic modulation of optical coefficients, thereby leading the polarization direction of corresponding light waves to rotate. The signal photon detector is practicable in preparation and has wide application prospect in fields of quantum communication and photo-communication.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the photoelectron technology field, the electric light that is specifically related in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) superlattice interacts, and based on the design of the single-photon detector of a kind of novel polarization irrelevant of this effect.More specifically, thus be a kind ofly the polarization direction of corresponding light wave to be rotated the single-photon detector that the flashlight that makes random polarization all can convert a kind of and polarization irrelevant of designing with light frequently fully into through electrooptical effect.
Background technology
In several years of past, the quantum information technology has obtained development at full speed, and has become the focus of physics and the concern of information educational circles.In this technology, single photon detection is again the key in the key.According to the corpuscular property of light, only to form by a large amount of photons, the energy of photon determines by light frequency.The energy of the single photon of visible light wave range is very low, is the monochromatic light of 630nm like wavelength, and the energy of single photon is 3.16 * 10
-19J.Survey so low single photon signal of energy, need to adopt special photoelectricity testing part---single-photon detector.With photomultiplier and avalanche photodide is that traditional single-photon detector of representative is that the low light level detects the highest sensitivity is provided; Just supporting the scientific research and the practical applications of forefront from being born always, for example surveying fields such as dirt, bioluminescence, radiation detection, high-energy physics, astronomical photometry, optical time domain reflection, quantum key distribution system and have a wide range of applications at high-resolution spectral measurement, non-destructive species analysis, high speed artifact detection, rigorous analysis, atmosphere.Because single-photon detector is in the critical role of high-tech sector, it has become one of problem of each photoelectron educational circles of developed country primary study.
At present, single-photon detector is in the application of communication band, and quantum key distribution technology (QKD) possibly be one of field of greatest concern.The communication system that present stage widely uses can be eavesdropped in principle, has potential safety hazard.The quantum secret communication technology is come transmission information, especially being perfectly safe property through single-photon or entangled photons.When between the information source and the stay of two nights during, be actually the reduction channel loss, but the wave band of photon must be near communication band, and the traditional photomultiplier and the silicon single-photon avalanche photodiode spectral response upper limit do not reach 1550nm with single photon transmission information.In order to realize the response of communication wavelength single photon, can use the lower semi-conducting material manufacturing avalanche photodide of energy gap on the one hand, mostly adopt the InGaAs/InP material at present.Can utilize conversion single-photon detecting survey technology on the frequency on the other hand.On the frequency conversion single-photon detecting survey technology be exactly utilize nonlinear crystal with frequently produce effect, convert the light of near infrared, infrared band into visible light, so just can use existing silicon single-photon avalanche photodiode to survey.In addition, utilize switch technology on the frequency can realize the relevant conversion of quantum state, this practical application for quantum information has great significance.But this technology is relatively more responsive to polarization, and the distance practicality still has certain distance at present.Therefore be badly in need of a kind of single-photon detector of changing on the frequency of polarization irrelevant can realized of design.
In utilizing the laser frequency effect of nonlinear crystal, owing to there is chromatic dispersion, if do not take the position measure that is complementary, its conversion efficiency will be very low.In order to improve conversion efficiency, must make transfer process satisfy certain position condition that is complementary.In the uniform dielectric material, people usually adopt is the be complementary method of (BPM) of birefringence position.Technology receives many restrictions of material itself but traditional birefringence position is complementary.Need cut along particular orientation like crystal, perhaps need specific working temperature, and for each concrete material, birefringence also can only redeeming in certain wavelength band.Moreover BPM need participate in interactional light wave and have different polarization directions, so just can only utilize off-diagonal element less in the crystal nonlinear factor, and this has influenced the efficient of frequency translation.For addressing this problem, a kind of novel position is complementary, and technology---accurate be complementary (QPM) then grows up.Just proposed the notion that is complementary of the standard position in the nonlinear optics as far back as Bloembergen in 1962 etc., its main thought is to utilize the positive and negative domain structure of periodic modulation to realize that the position is complementary.
Be complementary with traditional birefringence position and compare, there are many advantages in the accurate position technology that is complementary.Accurate the technology that is complementary often is applied in lithium niobate (LN), the lithium tantalate materials such as (LT); These materials have good piezoelectricity, electrooptical property; And bigger nonlinear optical coefficients are arranged; But their birefraction is less, and like the birefringence matching process with routine, matching range is very little even can't realize coupling.And accurate position is complementary birefraction is not required, and makes that the non-linear optical property of this type of material can be fully played.Accurate position is complementary and has enlarged the usable range of existing nonlinear optical material.In addition, there was not the walk-off angle problem in the incident light vertical incidence when accurate position was complementary, and all can carry out non-critical phase matching to different wave length.Accurate position is complementary the The Application of Technology field more and more widely, except traditional non-linear frequency shifts the field, aspect other of nonlinear optics, has also obtained application.
List of references is following:
1. Wu Qing woods, Liu Yun, Chen Wei, Han Zheng Pu, Wang Keyi, Guo Guangcan, Proceedings in Physics 30,296 (2010)
2.R.V.Roussev，C.Langrock，J.R.Kurz，M.M.Fejer?Opt.Lett.29，1518(2004)
3.Y.Q.Lu，Z.L.Wan，Q.Wang，Y.X.Xi，N.B.Ming?Appl.Phys.Lett.77，3719(2000)
4.Y.Kong，X.F.Chen，Y.Xia?Appl.Phys.B?91，479(2008)
5.C.P.Huang，Q.J.Wang，Y.Y.Zhu?Appl.Phys.B?80，741(2005)
6.CN03112847.5 the method to set up of super crystal lattice full-solid-state red, yellow, green three look laser instruments
7.CN96117044.1 the application of quasi-period micron superlattice aspect laser frequency
Summary of the invention
The present invention seeks to propose a kind of detection method and detector based on the single photon of changing on the polarization irrelevant frequency.This control method all has identical transfer capability to the flashlight of random polarization, solved that single-photon detector exists at present to Polarization-Sensitive problem, and compact conformation is easy to integratedly, and crucial effects has been played in the practicality of single-photon detector.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: based on the single-photon detector of changing on the polarization irrelevant frequency: single-photon detector is the multicycle structure lithium niobate superlattice and power supply formation of periodically non-linear susceptibility modulation.
(1) panel detector structure is period polarized lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal that four partial periodicities coincide and form, and wherein first, fourth part is identical periodic structure, and Cycle Length is l
A, satisfying the accurate phase-matching condition of changing on the frequency, periodicity is N
A, weak signal light is all converted into and frequency light; Second portion is that reciprocal lattice vector is used for the periodic structure of wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and Cycle Length is l
B, satisfy the phase-matching condition that the flashlight polarization rotates; Third part is that reciprocal lattice vector is used for compensating the periodic structure with the wave vector mismatch of auroral poles coupling frequently, and Cycle Length is l
C, satisfy phase-matching condition with light polarization rotation frequently.For example, the signal light wavelength of incident is 1550nm, and light intensity is 0.2MW/cm
2, the pump light wavelength is 1064nm, light intensity is 10MW/cm
2According to the accurate position condition that is complementary, the reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of first, fourth part provides is used for the wave vector mismatch changed on the compensating frequency, and l is set
A=11.62 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of second portion provides is used for the wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and l is set
B=20.48 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of third part provides is used for compensating the wave vector mismatch with the coupling of frequency auroral poles, and l is set
C=7.27 μ m.For flashlight being converted into fully and frequency light, N is set
A=500.
(2) external dc power is added on the y face of second portion and third part of detector and realizes the periodic modulation of electrooptical coefficient, thereby the polarization direction of corresponding light wave is rotated.The external dc power electric field value that second portion and third part are set is E, and then the detector second portion cycle is N
B, make the orthogonal directions that rotates to original input signal light in the polarization direction of the back flashlight of exporting of detector second portion propagation fully; The detector third part cycle is N
C, make propagate back output in third part rotate to the former input and the orthogonal directions of light frequently fully with frequency polarisation of light direction.
For example, the signal light wavelength of incident is 1550nm, and the pump light wavelength is 1064nm, and it is 710V/mm that the additional power source electric field value is set, and for the polarization direction with flashlight converts another orthogonal directions into fully at second portion, N is set
B=250; For converting another orthogonal directions fully in third part, N is set with frequency polarisation of light direction
C=260.
(3) the heavy pumping light of input z polarization direction is to this device; When the flashlight of y polarization is incident in this device; There is not to change on the frequency two-phonon process in first; To second portion because the flashlight of electrooptical effect conversion z polarization, thereby can change nonlinear interaction on the occurrence frequency in the 4th part, the flashlight of the z polarization of generation convert the z polarization fully into frequency light; On the other hand,, at first on first's occurrence frequency, change nonlinear interaction when the flashlight of z polarization is incident in this device, convert the z polarization fully into frequency light, the z polarization that produces then convert the y polarization into frequency light in third part with frequency light.Because the flashlight of vertical devices incident all can be decomposed into z polarization and y polarized component; If the first and the 4th part has same period and length; When promptly having on the identical frequency transfer capability; After the flashlight of random polarization is propagated therein, then all can convert into fully and frequency light at output end signal light.
The multicycle structure lithium niobate superlattice of typical periodically non-linear susceptibility modulation are the cycle ferroelectric domain counter-rotatings that utilizes room temperature pulse external electric field polarization method to form.
Electro-optical device of the present invention with the principle of accurate the superlattice device that is complementary is:
1, the electrooptical effect among the PPLN (electro-optic effect): outside DC electric field is added on the y face of LN; Because electrooptical effect makes the dielectric impermeability tensor change; Even index ellipsoid deforms, the major axes orientation and the length that show as index ellipsoid change.Externally under the effect of electric field E, index ellipsoid main shaft deflection angle θ is:
R in the formula
51The electrooptical coefficient of expression lithium columbate crystal, n
e, n
oRefractive index when the unusual light of expression corresponding wavelength and ordinary light are propagated in crystal.
Because in PPLN, owing to the opposite in sign of three rank tensors in positive and negative farmland, so r
51Symbol also different in positive and negative farmland, new z coordinate axis position angle is also different, is θ at position angle, positive farmland district, the angle in negative farmland district then becomes-θ, this has just formed collapsible solc wave filter, can carry out the polarization rotation to incident light.Is example to incident y to the light of polarization with x, and the position angle between axle y ' and the light polarization direction in first farmland district is θ, and the angle of ψ=2 θ is arranged between polarization direction through the outgoing beam behind first farmland district and the incident polarization direction.The axle y ' in second farmland district is with position angle-θ orientation, with respect to the polarisation of light direction that incides it angle of 3 θ arranged, and will rotate 6 θ through output polarisation of light direction behind this farmland district, and to be orientated with initial incident light polarization angular separation-4 θ.According to above analysis, owing to press+θ successively in these farmland districts ,-θ ,+θ ,-θ ... Orientation, and the polarization direction of outgoing place in these farmland districts presents 2 θ ,-4 θ, 6 θ ,-8 θ ... Value.Therefore through behind the district of N farmland, final position angle is 2N θ.If final this position angle is 90 °, output light then becomes along the linearly polarized light of z direction, thereby accomplishes the process of polarization rotation.
2, accurate position is complementary (QPM): the periodic modulation through the crystal non-linear susceptibility can compensate the position phase mismatch between the coupling light wave that causes owing to dispersion of refractive index in the optical parameter process, to obtain the enhancing of nonlinear optical effect.Can be artificially design according to the dispersion of refractive index of crystal the modulation period that QPM needs, and can the scope of coupling be covered whole transparent wave band and not have special temperature, angle requirement.The polarization direction of light wave can be all along the Z axle of crystal, utilizing diagonal element bigger in the nonlinear factor, and do not have to produce discrete unthreaded hole effect, thereby can obtain higher frequency translation efficient.Referring to CN96117044.1 quasi-period micron superlattice in the application aspect the laser frequency.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: the present invention compared with prior art, its remarkable advantage is: (1) adds that through the y face at two ends in the middle of the crystal DC electric field realizes the rotation of corresponding light wave polarization direction, thereby realizes changing on the frequency of polarization irrelevant.Entire making process is simple, and system presents singualtion, for the foundation of light integrated system is provided convenience.(2) signal light-wave to random polarization all has transfer capability on the identical frequency, has realized complete polarization irrelevant.
Description of drawings
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is done specifying further, so that advantage of the present invention is able to clear representing.
Fig. 1 for locate at phase matching point (flashlight is 1550nm, and pump light is 1064nm) flashlight with light light intensity frequently along with the variation of crystal length.
Fig. 2 be flashlight with the spectrogram of light frequently.
Fig. 3 is that produce and light intensity frequency light during for the flashlight incident of random polarization.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of controller of the present invention
Embodiment:
Panel detector structure is divided into four partial periodicity structures and coincides and form, and wherein first, fourth part is identical periodic structure, and Cycle Length is l
A, satisfying the accurate phase-matching condition of changing on the frequency, periodicity is N
A, weak signal light is all converted into and frequency light; Second portion is a periodic structure, and Cycle Length is l
B, satisfy the phase-matching condition that the flashlight polarization rotates; Third part is a periodic structure, and Cycle Length is l
C, satisfy phase-matching condition with light polarization rotation frequently.External dc power is added on the y face of second portion and third part of electro-optical device and realizes the periodic modulation of electrooptical coefficient, thereby the polarization direction through the corresponding light wave of this part of electro-optical device is rotated.The external dc power electric field value that setting is applied to second portion and third part is E, and then the second portion cycle is N
B, make the polarization direction of the flashlight of propagating at the electro-optical device second portion rotate to another orthogonal directions fully; The third part cycle is N
C, make what third part was propagated and rotate to another orthogonal directions fully with frequency polarisation of light direction.
Come further to illustrate the inventive method and application through embodiment below, rather than will limit the present invention with these embodiment.
Embodiment 1:
For the bonding photon detector is operated in communication band, the signalization optical wavelength is 1550nm, and light intensity is 0.2MW/cm
2, the pump light wavelength is 1064nm, light intensity is 10MW/cm
2According to the accurate position condition that is complementary, the reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of first, fourth part provides is used for the wave vector mismatch changed on the compensating frequency, and l is set
A=11.62 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of second portion provides is used for the wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and l is set
B=20.48 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of third part provides is used for compensating the wave vector mismatch with the coupling of frequency auroral poles, and l is set
C=7.27 μ m.For flashlight being converted into fully and frequency light, N is set
A=500, first and tetrameric lithium niobate optical superlattice length are l
AN
A=5.8mm.The additional power source electric field value that setting is applied to second portion and third part is 710V/mm, for the polarization direction with flashlight converts another orthogonal directions into fully at second portion, N is set
B=250, second portion lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
BN
B=5.1mm; For converting another orthogonal directions fully in third part, N is set with frequency polarisation of light direction
C=260, third part lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
CN
C=1.9mm.The lithium columbate crystal total length is 18.6mm.For the flashlight of random polarization, this electro-optical device all has transfer capability on the identical frequency, can flashlight be converted into and frequency light fully.When flashlight with attenuator with energy attenuation to the single photon level, this electro-optical device can be and frequency light photon, and then can be surveyed by the avalanche photodide of output terminal the flashlight photon conversion of random polarization.After flashlight was propagated from laser instrument entering optical fiber, because fiber core shape and stress cause anisotropy, the linearly polarized light that causes getting into optical fiber became random polarized light very soon.When the flashlight of in optical fiber, propagating is coupled into this electro-optical device, all can convert into fully and frequency light, thereby realize frequency conversion efficiently.
Embodiment 2:
For the bonding photon detector is operated in communication band, the signalization optical wavelength is 1550nm, and light intensity is 0.2MW/cm
2, the pump light wavelength is 1064nm, light intensity is 10MW/cm
2According to the accurate position condition that is complementary, the reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of first, fourth part provides is used for the wave vector mismatch changed on the compensating frequency, and l is set
A=11.62 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of second portion provides is used for the wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and l is set
B=20.48 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of third part provides is used for compensating the wave vector mismatch with the coupling of frequency auroral poles, and l is set
C=7.27 μ m.For flashlight being converted into fully and frequency light, N is set
A=500, first and tetrameric lithium niobate optical superlattice length are l
AN
A=5.8mm.The additional power source electric field value that setting is applied to second portion and third part is 710V/mm, for the polarization direction with flashlight converts another orthogonal directions into fully at second portion, N is set
B=250, second portion lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
BN
B=5.1mm; For converting another orthogonal directions fully in third part, N is set with frequency polarisation of light direction
C=260, third part lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
CN
C=1.9mm.The lithium columbate crystal total length is 18.6mm.This electro-optical device of flashlight entering when random polarization; Transfer process converts into and frequency light on the occurrence frequency; After exporting from device output end with frequency light; Make it pass through polarization splitting prism (PBS) and be divided into ordinary light and unusual light two bundles, insert spectroanalysis instrument (OSA) respectively and measure ordinary and unusual and the energy of light frequently, ratio between two and flashlight y polarized component are reciprocal relation with the ratio of z polarized component energy; The ratio of flashlight y polarization and the energy of z polarized component can be obtained through measurement, the partial information of flashlight polarization state can be obtained branch different energies with frequency light.Mate at the final terminal that also is provided with the optoelectronic induction that photon is responded to of complete certainly detector.
Claims (2)
1. based on the single-photon detector of changing on the polarization irrelevant frequency: it is characterized in that
(1) panel detector structure comprises that four partial periodicities period polarized lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal that forms and the said four partial periodicities terminal that is provided with after the period polarized lithium columbate crystal that forms the optoelectronic induction of photon induction that coincides that coincides matees; Wherein first, fourth part is identical periodic structure, and Cycle Length is l
A, satisfying the accurate phase-matching condition of changing on the frequency, periodicity is N
A, flashlight is all converted into and frequency light; Second portion is that reciprocal lattice vector is used for the periodic structure of wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and Cycle Length is l
B, satisfy the phase-matching condition that the flashlight polarization rotates; Third part is that reciprocal lattice vector is used for compensating the periodic structure with the wave vector mismatch of auroral poles coupling frequently, and Cycle Length is l
C, satisfy phase-matching condition with light polarization rotation frequently;
(2) external dc power is added to four partial periodicities and coincides and realize the periodic modulation of electrooptical coefficient on the y face of second portion and third part of the period polarized lithium columbate crystal that forms, thereby the polarization direction of corresponding light wave is rotated; The external dc power electric field value that second portion and third part are set is E, and then the second portion cycle is N
B, make the polarization direction of the flashlight of propagating at second portion rotate to another orthogonal directions fully; The third part cycle is N
C, make what third part was propagated and rotate to another orthogonal directions fully with frequency polarisation of light direction.
2. according to claim 1 based on the single-photon detector of changing on the polarization irrelevant frequency: it is characterized in that the signalization optical wavelength is 1550nm, light intensity is 0.2MW/cm
2, the pump light wavelength is 1064nm, light intensity is 10MW/cm
2According to the accurate position condition that is complementary, the reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of first, fourth part provides is used for the wave vector mismatch changed on the compensating frequency, and l is set
A=11.62 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of second portion provides is used for the wave vector mismatch of compensating signal auroral poles coupling, and l is set
B=20.48 μ m; The reciprocal lattice vector that the periodic structure of third part provides is used for compensating the wave vector mismatch with the coupling of frequency auroral poles, and l is set
C=7.27 μ m; For flashlight being converted into fully and frequency light, N is set
A=500, first and tetrameric lithium niobate optical superlattice length are l
AN
A=5.8mm; The additional power source electric field value that setting is applied to second portion and third part is 710V/mm, for the polarization direction with flashlight converts another orthogonal directions into fully at second portion, N is set
B=250, second portion lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
BN
B=5.1mm; For converting another orthogonal directions fully in third part, N is set with frequency polarisation of light direction
C=260, third part lithium niobate optical superlattice length is l
CN
C=1.9mm; The lithium columbate crystal total length is 18.6mm.
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| CN102360130A (en) * | 2011-10-19 | 2012-02-22 | 南京大学 | Electrooptic modulator of periodically poled lithium niobate based on defect structure |
| CN102593705A (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2012-07-18 | 长春理工大学 | Method for realizing high repetition frequency electro-optic Q-switching of solid laser based on periodic polar crystal |
| CN102768451B (en) * | 2012-07-31 | 2015-09-16 | 南京大学 | Have polarization have nothing to do optically erasing characteristic vector beam amplify and generation device |
| CN103488022B (en) * | 2013-09-11 | 2016-04-06 | 华东师范大学 | Conversion method on the quantum frequency that a kind of polarization is irrelevant |
| CN110411586A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2019-11-05 | 山东量子科学技术研究院有限公司 | Single-photon detector is converted in a kind of miniaturization |
| CN109375448B (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-11-20 | 华东师范大学 | Polarization controller based on frequency up-conversion technology and working method thereof |
| CN109581589B (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2020-06-30 | 安徽工业大学 | Single photon polarization conversion method |
| CN113253538B (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-11-18 | 南京大学 | Wide-frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement chip based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer |
| CN112985596B (en) * | 2021-01-26 | 2022-12-23 | 济南量子技术研究院 | 10.6 mu m single photon detector based on frequency up-conversion and performance test experimental device thereof |
| CN114362829B (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2024-05-03 | 济南量子技术研究院 | PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion method, device and single photon detector |
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