CN102084089A - Blade cascade for a flow engine and flow engine comprising said blade cascade - Google Patents

Blade cascade for a flow engine and flow engine comprising said blade cascade Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102084089A
CN102084089A CN2009801269972A CN200980126997A CN102084089A CN 102084089 A CN102084089 A CN 102084089A CN 2009801269972 A CN2009801269972 A CN 2009801269972A CN 200980126997 A CN200980126997 A CN 200980126997A CN 102084089 A CN102084089 A CN 102084089A
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chord length
scope
leaf grating
blade
blade inlet
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CN102084089B (en
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G·纽曼
J·加茨克
U·哈贝克
M·A·施沃茨
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MAN Energy Solutions SE
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MAN Diesel and Turbo SE
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/141Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to an improved blade cascade for a flow engine, especially a steam turbine, comprising a plurality of profiled blades, especially profiled rotor blades (1), having an intake side (SS), a pressure side (DS), a median line (Sk) and a chord length (s) between a blade leading edge and a blade trailing edge, said chord length having different geometrical quotients according to the claims.

Description

The leaf grating and the fluid machinery that has this leaf grating that are used for fluid machinery
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of leaf grating that is used for fluid machinery, be used for steam turbine especially, it comprises a plurality of moulding (profiliert) blade, be moulding moving vane (Laufschaufel) especially, described moulding moving vane comprise suction side, on the pressure side, bone line (Skelettlinie), blade inlet edge and trailing edge, the invention still further relates to a kind of fluid machinery that has this leaf grating.
Background technique
In fluid machinery (for example steam turbine), especially, compressible fluid (for example steam) thus be diverted and by one or more leaf gratings and on leaf grating, apply power.If this leaf grating is movable, thus this moving blades of this fluid drives and acting.In order to make fluid diverting, above the moving vane in downstream, also can be provided with fixing what is called guiding leaf grating especially.
For leaf grating now, moving vane in particular for steam turbine, significant fluid takes place and quickens in (this flow channel is defined between the suction side of the adjacent vanes on the pressure side and along the circumferential direction of blade) in flow channel, the static pressure of this fluid is corresponding obviously littler in the leaf grating back that turns to, thereby this fluid expands in flow channel.
The present blade angle of using, i.e. the angle of the tangent line at blade inlet edge and trailing edge place and circumferencial direction double team is in the scope between 64 ° to 72 °.Here the chord length between blade inlet edge and the trailing edge reaches 63mm, and the separation ratio, and promptly the parallel to the axis merchant of distance along the circumferential direction between the tangent line of direction and chord length of the suction side of adjacent vanes reaches scope between 0.85 to 1.1.For this reason, the angle that becomes a mandarin of going into to flow to circumferencial direction of desirable blade inlet edge according to using scope between 37 ° and 47 °, and trailing edge go out to flow in the scope of angle between 21 ° and 29 °, they are significantly different with the angle that becomes a mandarin.
This known leaf grating is not optimal.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is, improve the leaf grating that is used for fluid machinery.
This purpose realizes by the leaf grating with claim 1, feature of 5 or 6.Claim 10 protection has the fluid machinery of this leaf grating, and dependent claims relates to favourable further structure.
The leaf grating that is used for fluid machinery (for example steam turbine plant or combustion gas turbine, pressurized machine or the like) has a plurality of moulding blades, described moulding blade comprise suction side, on the pressure side, bone line and chord length, this moulding blade is along the circumferential direction disposed adjacent one another.
Direction description as " circumferencial direction ", " radial direction " and " axial direction " be the rotor of reference fluid machinery in the art.Generally call preferably line along axial direction and/or radial direction bending with bone line or (section) center line (or line of apsides), it is with suction side and on the pressure side have an identical distance, promptly in the cross section just in time on the pressure side and between the suction side.The section profile of blade is about its bone line symmetry.In other words, the bone line is the line in the center of circle of making in section.Suction side or on the pressure side be that two along the circumferential direction isolated outer surfaces by the moving vane cross section limit, this moving vane cross section is perpendicular to radial direction.
This leaf grating can for example form the one-level of steam turbine as moving blades.In this case, suction side and on the pressure side preferably protruding and crooked along the sense of rotation of turbine rotor, wherein suction side is positioned at the place ahead on the pressure side along sense of rotation, thereby mobile fluid makes leaf grating and the turbine rotor of this leaf grating of carrying is rotated with acting along sense of rotation by turbine, for example drives the generator with the turbine rotor coupling.
The string of blade, its leading edge circle (Voderkantenkreis) and trailing edge are justified the tangent line that (Hinterkantenkreis) locates especially, and axial direction tilts relatively.As long as do not provide in addition, highly to describe and distance is described with reference to the bitangent system, one bar parallel axes is in the string of blade, and its another axis and blade inlet edge are tangent, thereby for example highly is defined as the distance with string in the cross section.Chord length is corresponding describe along by fluid machinery and between the trailing edge in the blade inlet edge of the upstream of the flow direction of mobile fluid and downstream along the distance of string.
Basis of the present invention is to recognize that leaf grating can be modified when the ratio of completely specified blade height, blade circle and/or vane curvature and chord length is in certain, scope of presetting.When one or more blade heights, one or more blade circle or one or more vane curvatures---with reference to chord length---when being positioned at scope given below, just obtain favourable leaf grating.When one or more blade heights and blade circle, one or more blade heights and vane curvature, one or more blade circle and vane curvature and one or more especially blade height, blade circle and vane curvature are in this scope, can realize particularly advantageous leaf grating.
Here to below being described in of blade height, blade circle or vane curvature all the time with reference at least one cross section perpendicular to radial direction.If on the pressure side being parallel to radial direction and extending of blade with suction side, the then pure flat displacement in the cross section of each blade profile by on radial direction, being positioned at inner root of blade place and developing along radial direction, this explanation is correspondingly effective to all cross sections.Equally, on the pressure side and/or suction side can be also along the radial direction bending, so wherein at least one cross section (for example at root of blade, at vane tip and/or in the cross section along the blade of radial direction middle part), one or more blade heights, blade circle and/or vane curvature---with reference to chord length---should be positioned at scope given below.
Correspondingly, propose according to a first aspect of the invention, suction side has maximum height in the cross section, in the scope of the merchant of this maximum height and chord length between 0.52 to 0.56---and especially between 0.53 and 0.55.Additionally or alternatively, on the pressure side in the cross section, have maximum height, in the scope of the merchant of this maximum height and chord length between 0.18 to 0.22---especially between 0.19 to 0.21.Additionally or alternatively propose, the bone line has maximum height in the cross section, in the scope of the merchant of this maximum height and chord length between 0.35 to 0.39---and especially between 0.36 to 0.38.Advantageously, suction side, on the pressure side with the bone line at least two maximum height correspondingly in the scope that provides, particularly preferably, suction side, on the pressure side with the maximum height of bone line all correspondingly in the scope that provides.
Here,, set forth, in the cross section, refer to side or bone line and the starting point of the axial direction of bone line and the shortest distance that is connected line segment between the terminal point especially, especially the distance of the tangent line of justifying with leading edge circle and trailing edge as the front as height.
Preferably, reach its maximum height in the scope of suction side between 0.39 to 0.43 and---especially between 0.40 and 0.42---in the bitangent system of blade, measure and with reference to chord length from blade inlet edge.In other words, in the cross section according to blade of the present invention, maximum extended length is preferably in that about 0.40 to 0.42 times of chord length place---the point foremost from blade profile along axial direction is measured along string.
By corresponding mode, the maximum height---especially between 0.51 to 0.53---that on the pressure side preferably reaches it in the scope between 0.50 to 0.54 is measured and with reference to chord length from blade inlet edge in the bitangent system of blade.The maximum height---especially between 0.42 to 0.44---that the bone line preferably occupies it in the scope between 0.41 to 0.45 is measured and with reference to chord length from blade inlet edge in the bitangent system of blade.
According to a second aspect of the invention, additional or alternative in aforementioned first aspect proposition, in suction side with the greatest circle of drawing on the pressure side, with reference to chord length, have the diameter in the scope between 0.33 to 0.36---especially between 0.34 to 0.36, and/or have centre distance (in the bitangent system of blade, measuring) in the scope between 0.36 to 0.40 from blade inlet edge---especially between 0.37 to 0.39, and/or have a depth of section (measuring) in the scope between 0.34 to 0.38 from string---especially between 0.35 to 0.37, also propose leading edge circle (with reference to chord length) and have diameter in the scope between 0.024 to 0.046---especially between 0.025 to 0.045, and/or propose, trailing edge circle (with reference to chord length) has the diameter in the scope between 0.099 to 0.021---especially between 0.01 to 0.02.
Can draw circles on the pressure side and between the suction side, its center of circle be positioned on the bone line, and is connected in it on the pressure side or suction side.One of maximum forms the greatest circle of being drawn in this circle.Leading edge circle or trailing edge circle preferably are defined as the leading edge of blade or trailing edge blade profile and on the pressure side have radius of curvature corresponding to leading edge circle or trailing edge radius of a circle with the transition portion of suction side.
According to a third aspect of the invention we, additional or alternative in aforementioned first and/or second aspect propose, suction side the distance of 0.1 times of chord length (measuring from blade inlet edge in the bitangent system at blade) have and the scope of merchant between 0.38 to 0.42 of chord length radius of curvature---especially between 0.39 to 0.41, and/or the distance of the axial direction of 0.75 times of chord length have and the scope of merchant between 0.82 to 0.86 of chord length in radius of curvature---especially between 0.83 to 0.85, and/or on the pressure side the axial direction distance of 0.15 times of chord length (measuring from blade inlet edge in the bitangent system at blade) have and the scope of merchant between 0.73 to 0.77 of chord length radius of curvature---especially between 0.74 to 0.76, and/or the axial direction distance of 0.80 times of chord length have and the scope of merchant between 0.54 to 0.58 of chord length in radius of curvature---especially between 0.55 to 0.57.
Advantageously, for the leaf grating according to first, second and/or the third aspect, medium substantially only is diverted and is not quickened significantly, thereby the pressure in the leaf grating front and back has only reducing seldom.Advantageously, also can be along on the pressure side obtaining less separation with suction side
Figure BPA00001290768700051
Boundary layer flow and/or bigger flow divert promptly make the impact that is delivered on the leaf grating from fluid increase.Thereby can improve the efficient of the grid that flows,, turn to and advantageously to work and do not have significant pressure to reduce in particular for the steam turbine controlled stage (Regelstufe) that loads of part only usually.Another advantage is, can more easily make according to leaf grating of the present invention, especially can milling and do not have a shifting process (Umsetzvorgang) of being in the way.
Preferably, the tangent line of string or blade inlet edge and trailing edge becomes so-called blade angle with the circumferencial direction double team, in the scope of this blade angle between 73 ° to 83 °---between 74 ° to 82 °, this compares traditional blade angle equally advantageously influences efficient especially.
Preferably, for leaf grating according to the present invention, along the circumferential direction in the scope of separation ratio between 0.70 to 0.79 of the distance of the tangent line of the direction that parallels to the axis of the suction side of adjacent vanes and chord length---especially between 0.71 to 0.78.If the circumferential extension length of section is less than separation, the root shape (Fu β form) or the platform (Plattform) that then do not need rhombus, this work in-process is being favourable aspect (vorzuhaltend) instrument to be maintained and the material stock (Bestand) especially.
By little separation ratio, for identical chord length (preferably be up to 70mm, be up to 63mm especially) higher blade quantity can be arranged, this has not only advantageously improved intensity, and because the intensity of improving also allows higher mass flow.In a form of implementation of the present invention, blade quantity can improve about 20% for identical chord length.
Advantageously, can realize the incoming flow angle of going into to flow to axial direction of the blade inlet edge of more precipitous (steil) for fluid machinery according to the present invention
Figure BPA00001290768700052
Or the angle that becomes a mandarin
Figure BPA00001290768700053
It especially can be in the scope between 26 ° to 36 °---preferably between 27 ° to 37 °.Advantageously, flowing of the eddy current that band is bigger therefore can be processed before blade installation.Utilization can reduce pressure peak in the leading edge zone especially according to leaf grating of the present invention.
Description of drawings
Further advantage and feature are provided by dependent claims and embodiment.Wherein (part schematically shows):
Fig. 1 has shown the perspective view according to the moving vane of the leaf grating of a form of implementation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 has shown that perpendicular to the moving vane according to Fig. 1 in the section II-II of radial direction it comprises feature blade height and feature blade circle in the bitangent system;
Fig. 3 has shown that it comprises the feature vane curvature according to the moving vane of Fig. 1 view corresponding to Fig. 2; And
Fig. 4 has shown the corresponding sectional view according to two of the leaf grating of Fig. 1 along the circumferential direction adjacent moving vanes.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 has shown the moulding moving vane 1 according to the leaf grating of form of implementation of the present invention, and it has the cloverleaf pin.Be painted with radial direction r, circumferencial direction U and axial direction a for orientation.
Fig. 2 has shown the section II-II (comparison diagram 1) of moving vane perpendicular to radial direction r, it comprises feature blade height in the bitangent system and feature blade circle, and the axis of this bitangent system and axial direction or circumferencial direction correspondingly double team become the blade angle β that below will further set forth sHere the first axle of bitangent system (in Fig. 2 from left to right)---below size describe with reference to this bitangent system---is parallel to the string 5 of moving vane 1, promptly be tangential on leading edge circle and trailing edge circle 3,4, the second axis (in Fig. 2 from bottom to up) are tangential on leading edge.Other unshowned moving vane is the same on its size.
Moving vane 1 has along the forward suction side SS of sense of rotation (above Fig. 1), DS on the pressure side and bone line Sk after leaning on along sense of rotation, this bone line Sk at each point with suction side with on the pressure side have identical distance, promptly in the cross section, just in time be positioned on the pressure side with suction side in the middle of.
The chord length of the string 5 between blade inlet edge and the trailing edge is 60mm.Because favourable blade described below circle, blade height and bending blade have according to the present invention and the predetermined ratio of this chord length, so this chord length 3 is standardized as " 1 " in Fig. 2 and Tu.
Suction side SS has in the cross section from the maximum height f of string 5 SS, in the bitangent system, measure the merchant f of itself and chord length s SS/ s is 0.54.On the pressure side DS has maximum height f in the cross section DS, the merchant f of itself and chord length s DS/ s is 0.20.Bone line Sk has maximum height f in the cross section Sk, the merchant f of itself and chord length s Sk/ s is 0.37:
f SS/s=0.54,
f Sk/s=0.37,
f DS/s=0.20。
Suction side SS is at position X FSSMaximum height f with it SS, this position X FSSWith reference to chord length s is 0.41---along string 5 in the bitangent system (in Fig. 2 from left to right) from the blade inlet edge measurement.In other words, ratio X FSS/ s is 0.41.On the pressure side DS is at axial direction position X FDSReach its maximum height f DS, axial direction position X FDSWith reference to chord length s is 0.52.Bone line Sk is at axial direction position X FSkMaximum height f with it Sk, this position X FSkWith reference to chord length s is 0.43.
X fSS/s=0.41,
X fSk/s=0.43,
X fDS/s=0.52。
In suction side and the greatest circle of drawing on the pressure side 2 have the diameter D of (referring again to chord length s) 0.35 Max/ s, its center of circle 5 has 0.38 distance X from blade inlet edge along string the bitangent system Dmax/ s has 0.36 height f from string 5 XDmax Leading edge circle 3 has the diameter D of (with reference to chord length s) 0.035 e/ s, trailing edge circle 4 has 0.015 diameter D a/ s:
D max/s=0.35;X Dmax/s=0.38;f xDmax/s=0.36,
D e/s=0.035,
D a/s=0.015。
As shown in Figure 3, suction side SS is in the distance X along 0.1 times of chord length s of axial direction RkSS0.1Place's (5 measure from blade inlet edge along string) has radius of curvature R KSS0.1, the merchant R of itself and chord length s KSS0.1/ s is 0.40.Distance X at 0.75 times of chord length s RkSS0.75The place, radius of curvature R KSS0.75Merchant R with chord length s KSS0.75/ s is 0.84.
X RkSS0.1/s=0.1;R kSS0.1/s=0.40
X RkSS0.75/s=0.75;R kSS0.75/s=0.84。
On the pressure side going up merchant R KDS0.15/ s is 0.75, and this discusss R KDS0.15/ s is a radius of curvature R KDS0.15Distance X at 0.15 times chord length s RkDS0.15Place's---5 measure from blade inlet edge along string---forms radius of curvature R with string 5 KDS0.80Merchant R KDS0.80/ s is in the distance X along 0.80 times of chord length s of axial direction RkDS0.8The place is 0.56.
X RkDS0.15/s=0.15;R kDS0.15/s=0.75,
X RkDS0.80/s=0.80;R kDS0.80/s=0.56。
The tangent line of string 5 or blade inlet edge and trailing edge becomes blade angle β with circumferencial direction U double team s, this blade angle β sIn Fig. 4, mark and be 78 °.Along the circumferential direction the separation ratio t/s apart from t (comparison diagram 4) and chord length s of the tangent line of the direction that parallels to the axis of the suction side SS of adjacent vanes is 0.74.
The angle beta that becomes a mandarin with circumferencial direction of becoming a mandarin of the blade inlet edge of in Fig. 4, indicating by arrow 1Be 32 °, go out to flow angle beta accordingly 2It is 25 °.
List of numerals
1 moving vane
The circle of drawing of 2 maximums
3 leading edges circle
4 trailing edges circle
5 strings
The SS suction side
DS on the pressure side
Sk bone line

Claims (12)

1. the leaf grating that a kind is used for fluid machinery---being used for steam turbine especially---, described leaf grating comprises a plurality of moulding blades, be moulding moving vane (1) especially, described moulding moving vane (1) comprises suction side (SS), the chord length (s) between (DS), bone line (Sk) and blade inlet edge and the trailing edge on the pressure side, it is characterized in that
Described suction side (SS) has maximum height (f in the cross section Ss), this maximum height (f Ss) with the merchant (f of chord length (s) Ss/ s) in the scope between 0.52 to 0.56---especially between 0.53 to 0.55, and/or
Described on the pressure side (DS) has maximum height (f in the cross section DS), this maximum height (f DS) with the merchant (f of chord length (s) DS/ s) in the scope between 0.18 to 0.22---especially between 0.19 to 0.21, and/or
Described bone line (Sk) has maximum height (f in the cross section Sk), this maximum height (f Sk) with the merchant (f of chord length (s) Sk/ s) in the scope between 0.35 to 0.39---especially between 0.36 to 0.38.
2. leaf grating according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described suction side (SS) measure from blade inlet edge and with reference to chord length (s), between 0.39 to 0.43---the scope (X between 0.40 to 0.42 especially FSS/ have its maximum height (f in s) SS).
3. each described leaf grating in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that, described on the pressure side (DS) measure from blade inlet edge and with reference to chord length (s), between 0.50 to 0.54---the scope (X between 0.51 to 0.53 especially FDS/ have its maximum height (f in s) DS).
4. each described leaf grating in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that, described bone line (Sk) measure from blade inlet edge and with reference to chord length (s), between 0.41 to 0.45---the scope (X between 0.42 to 0.44 especially FSk/ have its maximum height (f in s) Sk).
5. the leaf grating that a kind is used for fluid machinery---being used for steam turbine especially---, described leaf grating comprises a plurality of moulding blades, be moulding moving vane (1) especially, described moulding moving vane (1) comprises suction side (SS), the chord length (s) between (DS), bone line (Sk) and blade inlet edge and the trailing edge on the pressure side, be according to each is described in the aforementioned claim especially, it is characterized in that
In suction side with the greatest circle of drawing on the pressure side,, has the diameter (D in the scope between 0.33 to 0.36 with reference to chord length (s) Max/ s)---especially between 0.34 to 0.36, and/or have from blade inlet edge and measure centre distance (X the scope between 0.36 to 0.40 Dmax/ s)---especially in 0.37 to 0.39 scope, and/or have a center height (f in the cross section in the scope between 0.34 to 0.38 XDmax/ s)---especially between 0.35 to 0.37, and/or
Leading edge circle (3) with reference to chord length (s), has the diameter (D in the scope between 0.024 to 0.046 e/ s)---especially between 0.025 to 0.045, and/or
Trailing edge circle (4) with reference to chord length (s), has the diameter (D in the scope between 0.099 to 0.021 a/ s)---especially in 0.01 to 0.02 scope.
6. the leaf grating that a kind is used for fluid machinery---being used for steam turbine especially---, described leaf grating comprises a plurality of moulding blades, be moulding moving vane (1) especially, described moulding moving vane (1) comprises suction side (SS), the chord length (s) between (DS), bone line (Sk) and blade inlet edge and the trailing edge on the pressure side, be according to each is described in the aforementioned claim especially, it is characterized in that
Described suction side (SS) is at the distance (X of 0.1 times of chord length (s) of measuring from blade inlet edge RkSS0.1) locate to have radius of curvature (R KSS0.1), the merchant (R of itself and chord length (s) KSS0.1/ s) in the scope between 0.38 to 0.42---especially between 0.39 to 0.41, and/or at the distance (X of 0.75 times of chord length (s) of measuring from blade inlet edge RkSS0.75) locate to have radius of curvature (R KSS0.75), the merchant (R of itself and chord length (s) KSS0.75/ s) in the scope between 0.82 to 0.86---especially between 0.83 to 0.85, and/or
Described on the pressure side (DS) is at the distance (X of 0.15 times of chord length (s) of measuring from blade inlet edge RkDS0.15) locate to have radius of curvature (R KDS0.15), the merchant (R of itself and chord length (s) KDS0.15/ s) in the scope between 0.73 to 0.77---especially between 0.74 to 0.76, and/or at the distance (X of 0.80 times of chord length (s) of measuring from blade inlet edge RkDS0.8) locate to have radius of curvature (R KDS0.80), the merchant (R of itself and chord length (s) KDS0.80/ s) in the scope between 0.54 to 0.58---especially between 0.55 to 0.57.
7. each described leaf grating in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that the string (5) of described moving vane (1) becomes blade angle (β with described circumferencial direction (U) double team s), in its scope between 73 ° to 83 °---especially between 74 ° to 82 °.
8. each described leaf grating in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that described chord length (s) is less than or equal to 70mm---be less than or equal to 63mm especially.
9. each described leaf grating in requiring according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that, along the circumferential direction in the scope of separation ratio (t/s) between 0.70 to 0.79 of the distance (t) of the tangent line that parallels to the axis of the suction side (SS) of (U) adjacent vanes and chord length (s)---especially between 0.71 to 0.78.
10. a fluid machinery is steam turbine especially, and it comprises that at least one is according at least one described leaf grating in the aforementioned claim.
11. fluid machinery according to claim 10 is characterized in that, the angle (β that becomes a mandarin that goes into to flow to circumferencial direction of blade inlet edge 1) in the scope between 26 ° to 38 °---especially between 27 ° to 37 °.
12. according to claim 10 or 11 described fluid machineries, it is characterized in that, trailing edge go out to flow to circumferencial direction go out to flow angle (β 2) in the scope between 20 ° to 30 °---especially between 21 ° to 29 °.
CN200980126997.2A 2008-07-04 2009-06-24 Blade cascade for a flow engine and flow engine comprising said blade cascade Active CN102084089B (en)

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DE102008031781.0A DE102008031781B4 (en) 2008-07-04 2008-07-04 Blade grille for a turbomachine and turbomachine with such a blade grille
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EP2458149B1 (en) 2010-11-30 2020-04-08 MTU Aero Engines GmbH Aircraft engine blades
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CN113342314B (en) * 2021-05-28 2023-08-18 西安交通大学 Supercritical carbon dioxide working medium axial flow turbine design system and method

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DE102008031781A1 (en) 2010-01-07
EP2294285A2 (en) 2011-03-16
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JP5478617B2 (en) 2014-04-23
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