CN102076613B - 用于水处理的组合物 - Google Patents
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于水处理的组合物，包括稻壳灰和至少一种与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂。与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂优选是银，尤其更优选杀菌剂是纳米银。本发明还涉及用包括稻壳灰和至少一种与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂的组合物净化水的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水处理。更具体地，本发明涉及用于水处理以去除生物污染物的组合物。
背景技术
清洁的适于饮用的水是基本的人类需求。尽管如此，很大一部分的世界人口，尤其是那些居住在发展中国家的人不能获得清洁的适于饮用的水。
人口增长，缺少卫生条件，贫穷，差的计划，工业污染，过量开采天然水和国家灾害是水污染的主要原因。这些污染的水是很多疾病的源头如腹泻、痢疾、发烧、腹痛和便秘，由于通过水传播的细菌污染所致。例如在印度，按照健康和家庭福利政府部门收集的数据，在2003年1050万痢疾病例中4709例死亡，这主要由于消耗污染水所致。依据世界卫生组织，即使缺乏改善的卫生设施和其它卫生学测试，仅单独供应安全的水能减少腹泻和肠道疾病达到50％。
许多水净化装置如在线(电控)装置，包括调理台(counter top)和龙头安装过滤(faucet mounted filtration)的终端装置和包括重力供应系统的独立式间歇系统已经投入市场。尽管如此，发展中国家的许多社区没有使用管道水或可靠的电连接来使用在线的或电驱动的净化单元。他们也没有安装在他们取水源的水体附近的中央水净化单元。而且，在这些社区的人们不能支付市场上当前可用到的使用点水净化器。这些净化器的维修需求和耗材的高价钱对于采用这些装置带来进一步障碍。
稻壳灰(rice husk ash)已经被用作水净化剂，但过去得到的结果是随时间不一致的，稻壳灰不能去除所有的细菌，并且需要充分过滤的过滤装置趋向于是大容量的。
因此需要便宜的、容易使用并从饮用水中有效去除细菌污染物的水净化组合物。
发明内容
本发明涉及包括稻壳灰和至少与一种稻壳灰(rice husk ash)结合的杀菌剂的用于水处理的组合物。本发明还涉及包括稻壳灰和与稻壳灰结合的至少两种杀菌剂的混合物的用于水处理的组合物。
该组合物包括至少按重量计百分之十的稻壳灰。该组合物包括至少按重量计0.01％的杀菌剂。
杀菌剂可以是任何一种银、铜和它们的化合物，优选杀菌剂是银。杀菌剂优选是纳米银。
稻壳灰颗粒尺寸在38至850微米范围内，并优选颗粒尺寸小于425微米。该纳米银颗粒在10nm至500nm范围内，优选在25至75nm范围内。
本发明还涉及包括至少两部分稻壳灰的用于水处理的组合物，其中组合物中每一部分与不同的杀菌剂结合。至少一种杀菌剂优选纳米银，包括纳米银颗粒的组合物的部分按重量计至少为组合物的百分之十。
本发明还涉及包括至少两部分稻壳灰的用于水处理的组合物，其中组合物的每一部分与不同量的杀菌剂结合。各自部分可能与相同的杀菌剂结合。
本发明还涉及包括至少两部分稻壳灰的用于水处理的组合物，其中仅组合物的一部分与杀菌剂结合。
本发明还涉及包括两部分或更多部分的用于水处理的组合物，其中至少一部分包括与杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰，另一部分包括能净化水的材料。
本发明还涉及一种从水中去除细菌的水净化方法，包括使水流经用于水处理的组合物，该组合物包括稻壳灰和至少一种与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂。
具体实施方式
为了助于理解本发明的原理，以下将参照具体实施方式，详细描述本发明。仍然应当理解，本发明的范围并不由此而受到限制，对于本领域技术人员来说，本发明提及到的组合物中的一些变更与进一步修改，以及本文公开的本发明原理的进一步预期应用通常是显而易见的。
稻壳是实际上无需成本的永久可再生的农业废物，无论水稻长在哪里。在燃烧过程中，稻壳灰剩余物包含75％至95％二氧化硅，4％至12％碳，其余包含各种金属氧化物如碱金属氧化物、碱土金属氧化物和离子氧化物。由于它的隐晶型或无定形和高度多孔结构，稻壳灰的BET(BrunauerEmmett Teller)表面积可以为高达80至100平方米每克，取决于稻壳燃烧应用的条件。它的高表面积和孔隙率使稻壳灰成为从水中去除颗粒物及颜色和恶臭(odor)的有效过滤介质。稻壳灰是高吸附性材料，能从水中去除细菌和悬浮颗粒。
因此稻壳灰是合适的水净化材料，由于它包括带有丰富的孔的活化表面，有大的表面积，容易得到并且便宜。
用于水处理组合物的稻壳灰可以是通过燃烧稻壳产生的任何稻壳灰。可以通过成堆、在分阶层燃炉(step grate furnace)、流化床炉、或篮中管(tube-in-basket)(TiB)炉中燃烧稻壳产生稻壳灰。稻壳灰也可以从锅炉和砖窑中得到，前提条件是没有未燃烧的壳和木焦油、粗砂、石头及熔融二氧化硅的块。稻壳灰的微粒尺寸可以在38至850微米范围内，优选微粒尺寸小于425微米。
已知杀菌剂是从水中去除细菌的。从水中去除细菌，杀菌剂银是尤其有用的。
描述了用于水处理的组合物。更尤其，描述了用于去除细菌污染物的水处理组合物。用于水处理的组合物包括稻壳灰和与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂。
用于水处理的组合物包括稻壳灰和至少与一种稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂。不只一种杀菌剂可以结合至稻壳灰或一种或更多种可以结合至稻壳灰的杀菌剂的混合物。
用于水处理的组合物包括至少按重量计百分之十的稻壳灰，优选百分之六十。用于水处理的组合物包括至少按重量计0.01％杀菌剂。
杀菌剂可以是任何具有杀菌性能的化合物，包括但不限于银、铜和它们的化合物。
如本文所用的，杀菌剂结合至稻壳灰的键包括化学键、杀菌微粒在稻壳灰的孔中的吸附或捕获。
用于水处理的组合物包括稻壳灰和与稻壳灰结合的作为杀菌剂的银微粒。依据具体实施方式用于水处理的组合物包括稻壳灰和与稻壳灰结合的作为杀菌剂的纳米银微粒。
纳米银微粒尺寸可以在10nm至500nm范围内，纳米银微粒的尺寸优选在25至75nm范围内。
可以使用任何已知处理底物的方法以便将杀菌剂施加至稻壳灰上。这些方法例如可以包括在容器中将稻壳灰和杀菌剂混合直到杀菌剂被包覆上或吸附上或键合至稻壳灰上。
本发明描述了根据用于水处理的组合物的方面，其中该组合物包括两个或更多部分，且各个部分包括与不同杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰。例如，该组合物可以包括两部分稻壳灰，其中第一部分与银结合，另一部分与铜结合。该组合物也可以包括两部分稻壳灰，其中第一部分与银结合，另一部分与纳米银颗粒(微粒)结合。稻壳灰部分可以相等或可以不相等，尽管优选地，基于用于从水中有效去除细菌的组合物，包含纳米银颗粒的稻壳灰部分至少为按重量计百分之十。
依据本发明的方面，该组合物包括两个或更多部分，其中每一部分包括与不同用量杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰。杀菌剂对于所有部分可以相同或杀菌剂对于该部分可以不同。例如组合物可以包括两部分，第一部分包括按重量计0.01％的杀菌剂，另一部分包括按重量计0.1％的杀菌剂。该组合物也可以包括两部分，第一部分包括按重量计0.01％的第一杀菌剂，另一部分包括按重量计0.1％的第二杀菌剂。具体举例来说，组合物可以包括两部分稻壳灰，第一部分包括按重量计0.1％的纳米银，第二部分包括按重量计0.6％的纳米银。稻壳灰部分可以相等或可以不相等，尽管优选地，基于用于从水中有效去除细菌的组合物，包括按重量计较大百分比的纳米银颗粒的稻壳灰部分为按重量计至少百分之十。
依据本发明的方面，用于水处理的组合物包括两个或更多部分，其中至少一部分包括与杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰。包括杀菌剂的部分包括至少按重量计0.1％的杀菌剂。该组合物也可以包括至少其它一部分包括稻壳灰或稳定剂的过滤材料、填充材料或任何已知的过滤材料如木炭(charcoal)或细砾(pebbles)。例如，该组合物可以包括两部分，其中第一部分包括与杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰，另一部分包括稻壳灰。该组合物也可以包括两部分，其中第一部分包括与杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰，另一部分包括磨碎的木炭。另一部分也可以包括包含涂敷在合适底物上的含碘树脂、活性炭、用纳米银处理的活性炭、用纳米银处理的陶瓦(陶土制品，terra-cotta)、用纳米银处理的烧结粘土(fired clay)、RHA和适当的具有或不具有纳米银的粘结剂的混合物，以及其它适用于净化水的材料。该组合物的部分可以相等或可以不相等，尽管优选地，基于用于从水中有效去除细菌的组合物，包含杀菌剂的稻壳灰部分为按重量计至少百分之十。
本发明公开了用于去除细菌含量的水处理方法。本方法包括水以指定的流速流经水处理组合物，其中该组合物包括与杀菌剂结合的稻壳灰。具体举例来说，本方法包括水以确保水在该组合物上保留足够时间的流速流经用于水处理的组合物，该组合物包括与作为杀菌剂的纳米银微粒结合的稻壳灰。
该组合物中的稻壳灰与杀菌剂一起协同作用从水中去除细菌含量。尤其是，与纳米银颗粒结合的稻壳灰对于从水中去除细菌含量是显著有效的。本文所述组合物能够有效地并经济地净化水。
下面的实验解释和说明了在水净化剂(purifier)中用于水处理的组合物的使用，并列出第一个28天的结果。实施例中使用的组合物是用纳米银颗粒包覆的稻壳灰，其中对于130克稻壳灰，银的重量是0.8克。
表1：
Claims (5)
1.一种用于水处理的组合物，包括稻壳灰和至少一种与所述稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂，其中，所述杀菌剂为纳米银，其颗粒尺寸为10至500纳米，且所述稻壳灰的BET比表面积为80-100平方米每克，其中二氧化硅含量为75-95％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于水处理的组合物，其中所述稻壳灰用量按重量计至少百分之十。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于水处理的组合物，其中所述杀菌剂用量按重量计至少0.01％。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于水处理的组合物，其中所述稻壳灰颗粒尺寸在38至850微米范围内。
5.从水中去除细菌的净化水方法，包括水流经用于水处理的组合物，所述组合物包括稻壳灰和至少一种与稻壳灰结合的杀菌剂，其中，所述杀菌剂为纳米银，其颗粒尺寸为10至500纳米，且所述稻壳灰的BET比表面积为80-100平方米每克，其中二氧化硅含量为75-95％。
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