CN102050676A - 一种液体型黄瓜专用复合叶面肥 - Google Patents
一种液体型黄瓜专用复合叶面肥 Download PDFInfo
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
一种液体型黄瓜专用复合叶面肥,以水为溶剂,包括大、中、微量营养元素和助剂,大量营养元素(N+P2O5+K2O)含量大于70g/L,其质量比N∶P2O5∶K2O=(4-6)∶1∶(6-8),中量营养元素(Mg+S)含量大于20g/L,其质量比Mg∶S=1∶(2.0-3.0),微量营养元素(Zn+Mn+B+Mo+Fe),含量大于10g/L,其质量比Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=(4-5)∶(3-4)∶(2-3)∶(1-2)∶1,螯合剂含量为5-35g/L,润湿剂含量为0.05-0.3g/L。使用时兑水稀释500-800倍,亩用稀释液100-150kg,喷施于上、中部叶片,特别是叶片的背面。在黄瓜始花前开始,每7天喷施1次,连喷3次;结瓜盛期喷施2次,2次间隔7-10天,平均增产率可达15%以上。
Description
一、技术领域
本发明涉及一种化学肥料,特别涉及多元复合肥料,确切地说,是一种液体型黄瓜专用复合叶面肥。
二、背景技术
黄瓜是我国广泛栽培的大众化蔬菜。黄瓜果实具有独特风味,其营养价值非常高,含有丰富的维生素和矿物质,可以生食、熟食或腌渍,是广大群众喜食的主要蔬菜之一。但不少地区的黄瓜在生长过程中会出现一些生理病害,如果实中部和顶部膨大伸长受阻,比正常果短而细,形成粗尾果、尖嘴瓜或大肚瓜等畸形果。其主要原因之一是养分比例失调,导致黄瓜某些营养元素缺乏或过剩。因此,注重黄瓜营养调理具有重要的意义。黄瓜必需的营养元素有16种,分为大量营养元素、中量营养元素和微量营养元素。大量营养元素有碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、钾,在黄瓜生长过程中,碳、氢、氧主要从空气和水中获取,一般不用人工补充,而氮、磷、钾的需求量大,土壤中含量又相对较少,所以需要人工施肥才能满足黄瓜的需要;中量营养元素有钙、镁、硫;微量营养元素有铁、锰、铜、锌、硼、钼、氯。虽然中、微量营养元素在黄瓜体内含量相对较少,但在黄瓜的生长发育上起重要作用。黄瓜在生长发育过程中必需通过根系和叶子从外界吸取大量的营养物质。同其它作物一样,根系对养分的吸收是黄瓜吸取养分的主要渠道,但黄瓜的根系松散,根量较少,在土壤中分布较浅,难以利用根层以下的水分和养分,侧根横向伸展也主要集中在半径30厘米内,所以根系吸肥力较弱。而黄瓜叶为掌状或五角形,叶面积大,上有刺毛,对喷施在叶片上的液体肥料具有良好的吸附和吸收能力。黄瓜具有多次结实、多次采收的特性。黄瓜生长过程中对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收动态,大致符合“S”型曲线。即开花结果期是植株吸肥量高峰期,也是黄瓜丰产的关键时期。黄瓜一生中对钾的吸收量最多,其次是氮,黄瓜属喜硝态氮。磷的供应也不可缺少,尤其是定植后20~40天,此期绝不可忽视磷肥的。黄瓜硼素不足引起生长点停止生长,缺锌、缺铁都会导致全叶黄化。可见,黄瓜需要全面营养调理,在开花结果期进行叶面施肥非常重要。因此开发黄瓜专业复合叶面肥料,并在合理施好基肥的基础上,于黄瓜始花前开始,每7天喷施1次,连喷3次;结瓜盛期喷施2次,2次间隔7~10天;能够有效提高产品产量和质量。然而大、中、微量营养元素之间可能会发生化学反应而导致养分的有效性降低,同时叶面肥料在作物叶面上的停留时间直接影响养分的利用率。因此,需要对中微量元素进行螯合,对肥液要进行润湿性能处理。
一般植物鲜体含有65-95%的水分和5-35%的干物质。干物质主要由碳、氢、氧、氮和灰分元素组成,它们在植物体内依次约占干重的45%、42%、6.5%、1.5%和5.0%。在5.0%的灰分中含有几十种元素,但其中只有一部分是植物所必需的和有益的。所谓植物必需营养元素,就是植物生长发育过程中不可缺少的元素。如果缺少了,植物便不能完成由种子萌发经生长发育到最后结出新一代种子的生育周期。除了必需的营养元素外,还有一些元素并不是所有高等植物所必需,但它们对某些植物是必需的;或有利于某些植物的生长;或者能减轻其他元素之毒害作用;或能在某些专一性较低之功能等。这些元素被称为有益元素。目前已经确定的植物必需营养元素有16个,即碳(C)、氢(H)、氧(O)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、硫(S)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钼(Mo)、硼(B)、氯(Cl)。并被划分为大量元素,包括碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、钾;中量元素,包括钙、镁、硫;微量元素,包括铁、锰、铜、锌、钼、硼、氯。常见的有益元素有:钠(Na)、硅(Si)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、矾(V)和碘(I)等。
三、发明内容
本发明旨在为黄瓜提供一种全营养液体型复合叶面肥,所谓全营养包括黄瓜生长发育所需要的大量、中量和微量营养元素,所要解决的技术问题是多种营养元素的比例关系及其在溶液中的相容性。
本发明所称的大量营养元素是指氮、磷和钾,选自尿素、磷酸二氢钾和硝酸钾或硫酸钾,其含量分别以N和P2O5和K2O计;本发明所称的中量营养元素是指镁和硫,选自硫酸镁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰和硫酸亚铁,其含量分为以Mg、S计;本发明所称的微量营养元素是指锌、铁、钼、锰和硼,选自硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁、钼酸铵、硫酸锰、活性硼或硼砂,其含量分别以Zn、Fe、Mo、Mn、B计。在计算含量时,以钼酸铵为例,除钼外,还应将铵中的氮计入总氮中,余类推。
本叶面肥是以水为溶剂的叶面肥,包括大、中、微量营养元素和助剂,与现有技术的区别是大量营养元素(N+P2O5+K2O)含量大于70g/L,其质量比为N∶P2O5∶K2O=(4-6)∶1∶(6-8);中量营养元素(Mg+S)含量大于20g/L,其质量比为Mg∶S=1∶(2-3);微量营养元素(Zn+B+Fe+Mn+Mo)含量大于10g/L,其质量比为Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=(4-5)∶(3-4)∶(2-3)∶(1-2)∶1;总养分(N+P2O5+K2O+Mg+S+Zn+Mo+B+Mn)含量大于110g/L。螯合剂含量为5-35g/L,润湿剂含量为0.05-0.3g/L。
优选大量元素(N+P2O5+K2O)含量为85-95g/L,其质量比不变,中量元素(Mg+S)含量为25-35g/L,其质量比不变,微量元素(Zn+B+Fe+Mn+Mo)含量为20-30g/L,其质量比不变,螯合剂含量为15-25g/L,润湿剂含量为0.1-0.2g/L。
所述的螯合剂选自EDTA、乙二胺或柠檬酸等,其作用是与中、微量元素形成螯合物,从而抑制不溶性磷酸盐的生成。
所述的润湿剂选自阴离子型或非离子型表面活性剂,如烷基硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、月桂酰二乙醇胺、椰油酸二乙醇胺或脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚等,其作用是降低肥液的表面张力,改善肥液在叶面表面的润湿性,使之均匀展布、防止珠落,延长肥液在叶片表面的停留时间以保证黄瓜对养分的充分吸收。
所述的活性硼即四水八硼酸二钠(Na2B8O13·4H2O),含硼20.9%,是一种新型高效速溶性硼酸盐,亦称速溶硼。
本复合叶面肥中氮、磷、钾、镁、硫、锌、锰、硼、钼和铁是必须的,但各元素比例可据测土施肥的原则,视具体情况而在上述给定范围内调整,比如若土壤中硼元素丰富则可选择Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=(4-5)∶3∶(2-3)∶(1-2)∶1,若土壤中硼元素亏缺则可选择Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=(4-5)∶4∶(2-3)∶(1-2)∶1,余类推。
本叶面肥的制备方法是将计量的氮、磷和钾原料溶于水中得到溶液A,用硫酸调节所述溶液A的pH值至3-4得溶液B;将计量的中、微量元素原料溶于水中得到溶液C;向所述溶液C中加入计量的螯合剂于50-80℃下搅拌1-2h得溶液D;将所述溶液B和所述溶液D混合并加入计量的润湿剂于20-50℃下搅拌0.5-1h;加水至一定体积,最后过滤除去原料中带进的非水溶性杂质得产品。
制备最佳工艺优选为螯合温度60-70℃,时间1.5-2h;表面润湿处理温度30-40℃,时间0.8~1h。
本复合叶面肥使用时兑水稀释500-800倍,亩用稀释液100-150kg,喷施于上、中部叶片,特别是叶片的背面。在黄瓜始花前开始,每7天喷施1次,连喷3次;结瓜盛期喷施2次,2次间隔7-10天。平均增产率可达15%以上。喷施后5h内若遇下雨,则应补施。
四、具体实施方式
1、原料准备
取尿素、磷酸二氢钾、硝酸钾、硫酸钾、硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁、硫酸镁、钼酸铵、硫酸锰、速溶硼、硼砂、硫酸、螯合剂、润湿剂、水备用。
2、制备过程
(1)将大量营养元素原料溶解于水中得溶液A,用硫酸调节溶液A的pH值至3-4,得溶液B;
(2)将中、微量元素原料溶解于水中得溶液C,向溶液C中加入螯合剂于50-80℃下搅拌1-2h进行螯合反应得溶液D;
(3)将溶液B和溶液D混合并加入计量的润湿剂于20-50℃下搅拌0.5-1h进行溶液润湿性能处理;
(5)加水至一定体积,最后过滤得到复合叶面肥原液;
(6)将复合叶面肥原液进行包装得复合叶面肥产品。
3、实例:
尿素4.6(N2.134),硝酸钾9.6(N1.316,K2O4.418),磷酸二氢钾1.4(P2O50.715,K2O0.472),硫酸镁10(Mg0.966,S1.273),硫酸锌4.1(Zn0.904,S0.443),硫酸亚铁2.6(Fe0.512,S0.294),硫酸锰0.9(Mn0.287,S0.167),钼酸铵0.37(Mo0.199,N0.025),速溶硼3.4(B0.711),螯合剂2,润湿剂0.02,加水至100(如果物料单位为g,这里单位为mL,如果物料单位为kg,这里单位为L,余类推)。
大量营养元素含量(N3.475+P2O50.715+K2O4.89)为90.8g/L,其中N∶P2O5∶K2O=4.86∶1∶6.84;中量营养元素含量(Mg0.966+S2.177)为31.43g/L,其中Mg∶S=1∶2.25;微量营养元素含量(Zn0.904+B0.711+Fe0.512+Mn0.287+Mo0.199)为26.13g/L,Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=4.54∶3.57∶2.57∶1.44∶1。总养分(N+P2O5+K2O+Mg+S+Zn+Fe+Mn+B+Mo)含量为148.36g/L。螯合剂含量为18g/L,润湿剂含量为0.2g/L。螯合温度为70℃,时间1.5h;表面润湿处理温度40℃,时间1h。
4、使用方法和注意事项:
(1)按1∶500-800(重量)兑水稀释、摇匀;
(2)在黄瓜始花前开始,每7天喷施1次,连喷3次;结瓜盛期喷施2次,2次间隔7-10天;
(3)宜在无风阴天或晴天早上10时以前或晴天下午4时以后喷施;
(4)着重喷洒于上、中部叶片,尤其是多喷洒于叶片背面;
(5)每亩稀释液用量50-100公斤;
(6)喷施后5h内遇雨应进行补喷。
附录:
尿素GB2440-2001 N:46.4%
硝酸铵GB2945-89 N:34.4%
磷酸二氢钾HG2860-1997 P:22.3%=P2O5:51.1%,K:28%=K2O:33.7%
硝酸钾GB/T 1918-1998 KNO3:99%,纯KNO3含K2O:46.49%,N:13.85%
硫酸镁HG/T 2680-95 MgSO4·7H2O:98%,纯MgSO4·7H2O含Mg:9.86%,S:12.99%
硫酸锌HG/T 2326-2005 ZnSO4·7H2O 97%,纯ZnSO4·7H2O含Zn:22.73%,S:11.13%,
硫酸锰HG/T 2962-1999 MnSO4·H2O 98%,纯MnSO4·H2O含Mn:32.51%,S:18.93%
钼酸铵GB/T 3460-2007(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 99%,纯(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O含Mo:54.35%,N:6.8%
活性硼[四水八硼酸二钠(Na2B8O13·4H2O)]含B:20.9%
硼砂GB/T 537-2009 Na2B4O7·10H2O 95%,纯品含B:11.33%
硫酸铜GB437-93CuSO4·5H2O 96%,纯品含Cu 25.45%,S:12.82%
硫酸亚铁HG/T2935-2006 含Fe19.7%,S:11.29%
偏硅酸钠HG/T2568-2008 Na2SiO3·5H2O,标准技术指标SiO227.3%-29%(Si12.74%-13.53%)
硫酸钴[CoSO4·nH2O(n=1或7)]HG/T 3775-2005,1水Co33.0%、S17.95%,7水Co20.5%、S11.15%
Claims (4)
1.一种液体型黄瓜专用复合叶面肥,以水为溶剂,包括大、中、微量营养元素和助剂,其特征在于:大量营养元素(N+P2O5+K2O)含量大于70g/L,其质量比N∶P2O5∶K2O=(4-6)∶1∶(6-8),中量营养元素(Mg+S)含量大于20g/L,其质量比Mg∶S=1∶(2.0-3.0),微量营养元素(Zn+Mn+B+Mo+Fe),含量大于10g/L,其质量比Zn∶B∶Fe∶Mn∶Mo=(4-5)∶(3-4)∶(2-3)∶(1-2)∶1,螯合剂含量为5-35g/L,润湿剂含量为0.05-0.3g/L。
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶面肥,其特征在于:大量元素(N+P2O5+K2O)含量为85-95g/L,中量元素(Mg+S)含量为25-35g/L,微量元素(Zn+Fe+Mn+B+Mo)含量为20-30g/L,螯合剂含量为15-25g/L,润湿剂含量为0.1-0.2g/L。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的叶面肥,其特征在于:所述螯合剂选自EDTA、乙二胺或柠檬酸。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的叶面肥,其特征在于:所述润湿剂选自烷基硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、月桂酰二乙醇胺、椰油酸二乙醇胺或脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚。
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CN104402582A (zh) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-03-11 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | 一种增加黄瓜香味的专用肥及应用 |
CN104402582B (zh) * | 2014-10-30 | 2017-03-08 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | 一种增加黄瓜香味的专用肥及应用 |
CN105948916A (zh) * | 2016-05-09 | 2016-09-21 | 东莞市粮作花卉研究所 | 一种观叶花卉抗衰老专用叶面肥及其制备方法和使用方法 |
CN114230391A (zh) * | 2021-12-02 | 2022-03-25 | 北京盛世思勰农业科技有限公司 | 一种多元素水溶肥料组合物 |
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