CN102047823A - 一种林木小粒种子大田育苗方法 - Google Patents

一种林木小粒种子大田育苗方法 Download PDF

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CN102047823A
CN102047823A CN2009102105242A CN200910210524A CN102047823A CN 102047823 A CN102047823 A CN 102047823A CN 2009102105242 A CN2009102105242 A CN 2009102105242A CN 200910210524 A CN200910210524 A CN 200910210524A CN 102047823 A CN102047823 A CN 102047823A
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徐庆华
刘勇
马履一
贾忠奎
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Beijing Forestry University
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Abstract

本次发明的是一种林木小粒种子大田育苗方法，应用领域是农业、林业、花卉、蔬菜等小粒种子大田育苗。常规的覆盖方法是河沙或煤渣灰覆盖播种种子，河沙长期使用会破坏河道资源，还会导致苗圃土壤沙化，煤渣灰呈弱碱性，长期使用对圃地土壤起到破坏作用。常规林木小粒种子大田播种后如果采用农作物碎屑等轻质材料覆盖时，轻质材料覆盖物容易被风吹失从而影响播种出苗率，本方法是播种后在轻质材料覆盖物上加盖稻草纸则解决了此问题，不仅显著提高了种子出苗率，降低苗床土壤蒸发量、节约育苗用水量，而且对种子发芽期间土壤温度稳定起到保护作用，本方法对保护环境和改善土壤也起到积极作用。附图中阿拉伯数字代表意义同说明书附图1。

Description

一种林木小粒种子大田育苗方法
1.所属方法领域：农业、林业、花卉等小粒植物种子田问育苗工程。
2.背景技术：林木小粒种子田间育苗时通常要在播种种子上面进行覆盖，覆盖物能为种子发芽提供条件，如保持水分、减少强光照射等等。大粒种子一般使用细土覆盖，覆土厚度常规为种子短径的2-3倍；小粒种子覆盖物种类和覆盖厚度不容易掌握，常规细土覆盖较厚时种芽不易萌发，即使出苗后生长势也较弱，覆盖较浅时种子周围土壤容易失水，影响种子萌发；另外表层覆盖细土遇水后易板结，小粒种子胚芽脆弱不容易穿透板结层，如果浇水过大又容易造成种子水淹现象导致种子缺氧窒息。下面以长白落叶松种子育苗为例，说明目前小粒种子田间育苗因覆盖不当造成的问题和需要解决的措施。长白落叶松种子属于小粒种子，千粒重大约为3.5g，过去播种覆盖通常使用草苫子覆盖，在出苗后期要进行揭除草苫工作，揭除草苫时要选择阴天或夜间，晴天揭除草苫容易使幼苗因强光照射损伤，并且因幼苗顶芽生长于草苫缝隙易于折断造成伤害；现在常规大田育苗采用一层煤渣灰或河沙覆盖，出苗率并不理想，出苗率低，育苗成本增大，另外河沙资源有限，对现有的河道采沙地环境已经破坏严重，同时容易使苗圃土壤结构沙化；煤渣灰呈弱碱性、含碳量较高，长期使用对苗圃土壤结构和肥力负作用明显。采用农作物碎硝等轻质材料覆盖播种种子时，容易发生覆盖物被风吹失现象，导致种子裸露甚至吹失种子；利用覆盖农用地膜虽然出苗率高但种子出芽不能穿透地膜，影响了种子的出苗率。因此小粒种子育苗中选择出苗率高、不破坏资源环境、改善苗圃土壤、且成本低的覆盖物已迫在眉睫。
3.发明内容：为克服林木小粒种子田间育苗播种后常规覆盖措施的不足，发明了稻皮壳(或作物碎硝)+稻草纸覆盖播种种子法田间育苗方法，播种出苗期结束后种子的出苗率显著提高(见表1)，稻皮壳+稻草纸覆盖出苗率最高，为32.7％，其它依次是锯末+稻草纸、草炭+稻草纸、豆秸+稻草纸、煤灰和河沙，河沙覆盖出苗率最低，为19.8％。不同覆盖措施之间出苗率差异显著，煤灰与河沙覆盖出苗率之间差异不显著，稻壳+稻草纸覆盖出苗率分别比煤灰和河沙高出约10％。通过对不同覆盖物处理后土壤蒸发量试验证明，稻壳+稻草纸和豆秸碎硝+稻草纸覆盖能显著降低苗床土壤蒸发量(见表2)，不同覆盖处理之间土壤蒸发量差异显著，草炭+稻草纸覆盖蒸发量最高，其它依次是煤灰、裸地对照、河沙、锯末+稻草纸、稻壳+稻草纸和豆秸碎硝+稻草纸，常规的河沙和煤灰播种覆盖土壤蒸发量分别约为稻壳+稻草纸和豆秸+稻草纸的1倍，草炭+稻草纸覆盖蒸发量约为稻壳+稻草纸的2.5倍，不同覆盖物处理后土壤的蒸发量差异原因可能与材料本身的理化性质有关。采用稻壳+稻草纸覆盖播种后苗床土壤的蒸发量显著降低，同时相应减少了育苗灌溉水量，起到了节水的效果。2009年通过对不同覆盖育苗处理的经济成本核算比较，稻壳+稻草纸覆盖比其它覆盖处理费用明显降低(见表3)，其中草炭处理每亩成本最高，草炭要经过发酵加工相应增加了成本，锯末由于受食用菌养殖业的发展影响，成本也居高不下，煤灰和河沙要经过过筛处理，河沙受河道资源限制。而东北是水稻产区，稻皮壳资源丰富，同时不需要特别的加工处理措施，因此成本最低。另外稻皮壳等作物碎硝还田有效利用，不仅有利于保护环境，而且对改善耕地结构和肥力起到积极的效果。
表1长白落叶松种子在不同覆盖物下平均出苗率差异对比表
Figure B2009102105242D0000021
注：表中数值为平均值，字母a、b、c、d表示在P0.05水平下的统计差异显著性，不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)，相同字母表示处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。下表同。
表2苗圃土壤在不同材料覆盖物下日蒸发量试验差异对比表
Figure B2009102105242D0000022
表3吉林地区不同田间种子覆盖物处理2009年成本核算对比表
Figure B2009102105242D0000023
4.具体实施方式：按常规方法进行苗床和种子准备，播种后在种子上面覆盖一层稻皮壳或农作物碎硝等轻质材料，覆盖厚度按照常规播种覆盖方法确定(一般为种子短直径的2.5倍左右)，轻质材料覆盖物上面加盖一层稻草纸，稻草纸沿苗床两侧用土压实，沿苗床长度大约15m左右垂直于苗床设一道土埂(宽度约10cm即可)压实稻草纸，然后进行常规水分等管理直至出苗。由于稻草纸遇水变湿粘贴地面，两侧又被土壤压实，一般的风速不会影响处理效果。
其它农业、林业、蔬菜等小粒种子大田育苗时覆盖物和稻草纸的层数及厚度可以根据种子情况及出苗时间长短等特性而定；不论高床或低床沿苗床两侧将加盖稻草纸的边缘用土压实，根据不同地区资源可以利用当地的作物碎硝纸代替稻草纸使用，不同地区具体应用方法可灵活调整。
5.附图说明：林木小粒种子大田育苗方法播种育苗田间苗床土壤切刨面结构简图1(见说明书附图)，图1中各项阿拉伯数字分别代表：
1---压盖纸土；2---稻草纸；3---作物碎硝等轻质覆盖物；4---种子；5---苗床土壤；6---排水沟。

Claims (2)

1.本次申请专利技术的一种林木小粒种子大田育苗方法是：在常规大田林木小粒种子播种后，在种子上面覆盖一层稻皮壳或作物碎硝等轻质材料，然后在覆盖物上面加盖一层稻草纸，加盖的稻草纸在播种苗床两侧用土压实，沿苗床每隔15m左右设立一个压纸土埂，土埂宽度约10cm用于固定覆盖稻草纸，处理结束后及时进行常规育苗水分喷施管理，由于稻草纸遇水变湿变软、紧贴下面覆盖物，有效地防止轻质材料覆盖物被风吹问题，稻草纸透风透气性好、硬度小，种子发芽后容易穿透纸张生长，稻草纸覆盖使作物碎屑等重新利用，既不破坏环境又可增加苗圃土壤肥力，本次专利申请的是一种林木小粒种子大田育苗覆盖处理方法，适用于所有农业、林业、花卉、蔬菜等小粒种子大田育苗。
2.不同地区育苗根据当地的纸张资源特点，可以使用其它麦秸秆或玉米秸秆纸等代替权力要求1所述的稻草纸进行育苗种子覆盖处理，不同种类的种子育苗覆盖可以根据种子大小、出苗时间等性质灵活调整稻草纸覆盖的层数和厚度。
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106561216A (zh) * 2016-10-29 2017-04-19 施秉县富民高新农业发展有限公司 一种提高地萝卜产量的种植方法
CN115039537A (zh) * 2022-07-13 2022-09-13 芷兰生态环境建设有限公司 一种芒草种子育苗方法

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106561216A (zh) * 2016-10-29 2017-04-19 施秉县富民高新农业发展有限公司 一种提高地萝卜产量的种植方法
CN115039537A (zh) * 2022-07-13 2022-09-13 芷兰生态环境建设有限公司 一种芒草种子育苗方法
CN115039537B (zh) * 2022-07-13 2023-09-05 芷兰生态环境建设有限公司 一种芒草种子育苗方法

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Application publication date: 20110511