CN102046554B - 提供有薄层叠层的窗玻璃 - Google Patents

提供有薄层叠层的窗玻璃 Download PDF

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CN102046554B
CN102046554B CN200980118110.5A CN200980118110A CN102046554B CN 102046554 B CN102046554 B CN 102046554B CN 200980118110 A CN200980118110 A CN 200980118110A CN 102046554 B CN102046554 B CN 102046554B
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transparent substrate
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functional layer
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B.莫弗尼
V.龙多
S.贝利奥
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及提供有作用于太阳辐射的薄层叠层的具有玻璃功能的透明基材。根据本发明,该叠层包括至少两个吸收性功能层,其每个由两个包含电介质材料的透明层围绕。该功能层基于属于以下组的金属:铌、钽、钼和锆。所述功能层的至少一个的金属是部分地或者完全地氮化的。本发明特别地涉及建筑物和汽车领域。

Description

提供有薄层叠层的窗玻璃
本发明涉及提供有作用于太阳辐射的薄层叠层的窗玻璃,尤其用于隔热和/或防晒的窗玻璃。
本发明还涉及这类窗玻璃,其一旦不透明化以便形成墙面装饰面板(被称为“幕墙”)的一部分,并且其可以与观景窗玻璃结合以提供完全地由玻璃制成的建筑物外表面。
这类窗玻璃已经在建筑物领域里用了许多年,一方面以改善建筑物的隔热,和另一方面以限制穿入该建筑物中的太阳辐射的量(即限制温室效应)。这时关注包括从UV射线(波长等于约290nm)延伸至近红外(等于约2500nm)和至热红外辐射(具有约2500nm-50微米的波长)的光谱的太阳辐射。
第一解决方案在于作用于该玻璃的组成以便获得希望的特征。然而,这种解决方案证明是既不实用的又不经济的,因为改变玻璃组成需要预先清空玻璃制造炉,其是昂贵的并且花费太多时间。因此优先使用这样的解决方案,其在于在该玻璃的至少一个面上沉积一个或多个薄层。在多层叠层中,可以区别至少两种不同类型的层:所谓功能层,其向该叠层提供基本所有它的热性质,和保护层,通常由透明的电介质材料制成,其主要的作用是提供该功能层化学和/或机械保护。
然而,该玻璃的某些用途要求这种材料的特定质量。因此,在建筑和汽车领域中,合意的甚至必需的是使用淬火玻璃(“安全”玻璃),淬火或者浸渍过程(processus de trempage)提供给该玻璃优良的机械强度。使人遗憾地,淬火玻璃不能被切割并且因此必须使玻璃在淬火或者浸渍过程之前具有它的最终形状和尺寸。因为玻璃的淬火通过将玻璃加热至高温(接近于700℃)然后快速地降温来进行(因此在玻璃内产生机械应力),在该淬火或者浸渍过程之前在玻璃上沉积的薄层通常不能经受住这种处理并且丧失它们的光学和/或热性质。另一方面,该解决方案在于在已淬火的玻璃上沉积薄层,其产生后勤问题并且不是工业可行的。
对该玻璃通常要求的另一性质是可以经受热处理以便进行处理以提供给它曲线或者弯曲形状:该玻璃这时被称为是“可弯曲的”。
一个待解决的技术问题因此是开发薄层叠层,当在其上已经沉积该薄层叠层的玻璃进行淬火和/或弯曲时,薄层叠层性质不退化。换句话说,薄层叠层必须是“可淬火的”和“可弯曲的”。不被退化的薄层的性质特别地是太阳辐射过滤性能和光学特性,如颜色和光透射强度。
已经提出了相对简单的叠层形式的解决方案。因此,用于建筑的防晒窗玻璃的实例在专利EP0511901和EP0678483中给出:其为用于太阳辐射过滤的功能层,其由任选地氮化的镍-铬合金制成、由不锈钢制成或者由钽制成,且它们被设置在两个由金属氧化物(如SnO2、TiO2或者Ta2O5)制成的电介质层之间。然而,这种窗玻璃不是真正地“可弯曲的”或者“可淬火的”,因为在弯曲或者淬火期间围绕该功能层的氧化物层不能阻止功能层的氧化,氧化伴随着光透射和窗玻璃整体上的外观的改变。
近年来,专利申请WO01/21540A1已经提出提供有由功能层和覆盖层组成的薄层叠层的透明基材,该功能层由金属(Nb、Ta、Zr)制成或者由这种金属的氮化物制成,该覆盖层由氮化铝或者氮氧化铝和/或四氮化三硅或者氮氧化硅制成。这种解决方案是相对令人满意的,因为叠层是“可弯曲的”、“可淬火的”和机械稳定的,并且具有优良的光学特性。然而,如果希望降低光透射TL,必须提高该功能层的厚度,这具有提高光反射的缺点,特别地在建筑物内部。当在外面是黑暗(或者在晚上)时,在该建筑物内部具有不再仅仅看到该薄层叠层的趋势,该窗玻璃这时呈现相对强烈的和不美观的颜色,主要为黄色/橙色。在由CIE(国际照明委员会)开发的颜色表示的CIE Lab模型中,这些颜色对应于大于0的a*和非常大于0的b*。理想的是,在该模型中对于分量a*和b*趋向获得接近于零的值,其产生趋向于灰度(更中性色)的较不鲜艳的颜色,并因此更令人愉快的。
本发明的目的因此是开发作用于太阳辐射的新型薄层叠层以制备改善的防晒窗玻璃。想要的改善特别地是对于给定的光透射值减少反射和/或使颜色中性,而同时仍然保持经受热处理(淬火和弯曲)的能力而没有任何损坏(当带有该叠层的基材是玻璃类型时)。
本发明的目的是提供有作用于太阳辐射的薄层叠层的具有玻璃功能的透明基材。根据本发明,该叠层包括至少两个吸收性功能层,其每个由两个包含电介质材料的透明层围绕。
有利地:
- 该功能层基于属于以下组的金属:铌、钽和锆,钼,铌是优选的;
- 所述功能层的至少一个的金属是部分地或者完全地氮化的;
- 该基材可以包括至少一个基于氮化金属的功能层和基于非氮化金属的功能层的交替,或者至少一个基于非氮化金属的功能层和基于氮化金属的功能层的交替;
- 电介质材料可以基于四氮化三硅,其用或者不用铝掺杂;
- 牺牲层可以被插在功能层的至少一个和围绕它的电介质层的至少一个之间,牺牲层可以基于钛或者镍-铬和它的厚度可以为约几个纳米,1nm-3nm,甚至低于1nm;
- 电介质层的至少一个可以是由高指数层和低指数层的交替组成,如Si3N4/SiO2或Si3N4/SiO2/Si3N4
- 所述功能层的厚度的总和可以最多是50nm,该功能层的厚度可以是基本上相同的;
- 该基材可以是可淬火的、可弯曲的和/或可上瓷釉的(enamelable);和
- 该基材可以由明亮的或者主体着色玻璃制成,或者由柔韧的或者刚性的透明聚合物材料制成–该基材可以用呈漆或者搪瓷形式的叠层被至少部分地不透明化。
本发明还涉及包括如上面所定义的基材的单块窗玻璃(即由单个基材组成)或者双层窗玻璃类型的绝缘性多层窗玻璃。薄层叠层优选地在面2上,其中该基材的面从用装备其的车厢或者房间的外部向内部进行编号,提供给它对太阳辐射的保护效果。(通常,该基材的面1朝向外部,和对于双层窗玻璃,面3构成面向第一基材的面2的第二基材的内面,和面4这时构成第二基材的外面)。
有利地,窗玻璃可以有利地是蓝色/绿色,特别具有负的a*和b*值。
本发明还涉及幕墙(allège)类型的建筑物墙面的装饰面板,其包括如上面所定义的不透明化基材。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在以下多个本发明的实施方案(通过非限制性实施例给出)的描述过程中变得明显。
因此,由本发明提供的解决方案由包括至少两个吸收性功能层的薄层叠层组成,其中每个功能层由两个透明的电介质材料层围绕。优选地:
- 该吸收性功能层由选自铌(Nb)、钽(Ta)、钼(Mo)和锆(Zr)金属制成或者基于这些金属中一种的氮化物(MoN、NbN、TaN、ZrN),它们单独或者以混合物形式进行使用;和
- 围绕该功能层的所述层的透明电介质材料优选地是四氮化三硅(Si3N4).
根据本发明,该叠层的一个实施方案这时可以是以下:
- 玻璃基材/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4
- 玻璃基材/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4/Nb/Si3N4
- 玻璃基材/Si3N4/Nb/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4
注意的是,每个Nb或者NbN功能层很好地被两个电介质材料层(在提供的实施例中Si3N4)围绕。
Mo、Nb、Ta或Zr类型的功能层是特别稳定的并且可以经受各种热处理而不损害它们的光学性质。事实上已经证明,例如在退火期间铌将部分地氮化,这将改变光学特性。钼具有非常容易被氧化并且变成透明的倾向。氮化物类型的功能层,最特别地氮化铌,还具有高化学稳定性水平。
功能层必须是吸收性的,这表示它们在可见光区中是吸收性的。通常,当薄层吸收在可见光区中的一部分光线时,薄层被称为是吸收性的。
NbN功能层的厚度可以每个约10nm(两个层的厚度总和不超过40-50nm),而使用在专利WO01/21540A1中描述的现有技术的解决方案,其中仅仅使用单个功能层(对应于Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4的叠层),它的厚度更确切地为约几十纳米。功能层的厚度可以根据对于该叠层希望的光透射TL进行调节。
有利地,薄的功能层可以被薄的牺牲层(例如基于钛)围绕。牺牲层因此被插入在功能层和电介质层之间。牺牲层的目的是保护Nb、Ta或者Zr层的金属特性(在非淬火状态中)。作为实例,可以具有是以下具有钛(Ti)牺牲层的叠层:玻璃/Si3N4/Ti/Nb/Ti/ Si3N4/Ti/Nb/Ti/Si3N4
这些牺牲层的厚度约几纳米,1nm-3nm,甚至低于1nm。
作为变型,钛可以用镍-铬替换。
该透明电介质层的厚度的选择可以调节该叠层的颜色(同时从该建筑物内部和外部看)。对于给定的TL值,根据本发明的薄层叠层的使用可以:
- 显著地降低反射水平;
- 使得反射中的颜色更中性(在Lab体系中的a*和b*趋向0)甚至获得主要地蓝色/绿色的颜色(具有负值的a*和b*)。
一个或多个透明电介质层可以用高指数层和低指数层的交替(如,例如Si3N4/SiO2或Si3N4/SiO2/Si3N4)进行替换。
有利地,基于四氮化三硅的叠层的层还可以包含较小比例(与硅相比)的金属,例如铝,尤其具有构成由透明的电介质材料制成的层的化合物的5-10重量%的含量。这对于加快该层通过磁场增强的磁控管溅射的沉积是有用的,在该溅射中未掺杂的硅靶是不足够导电的。
另外,金属可以提供给氮化物更好的耐用性。
下面给出的实施例举例说明了本发明的各种实施方案并且可以使根据现有技术和根据本发明获得的叠层特性是相当的。
在下文实施例中,层的沉积通过磁场增强的磁控管溅射在室温下在4mm厚的玻璃基材上进行。
在这些实施例中:
- 光学透射TL是根据光源D65的以%表示的光透射;
- 外部反射R是在房间或者建筑物的玻璃侧上测量的以%表示的反射,当用薄层叠层涂覆的玻璃以在面2上具有叠层的室内单块窗玻璃进行安装时(根据上面说明的传统的编号基材面的体系);
- 内部反射R是在该房间或者建筑物的层侧上测量的以%表示的反射,当用薄层叠层涂覆的玻璃作为在面2上具有该叠层的室内单块窗玻璃进行安装时;和
- a*和b*(外部)或a*和b*(内部)是根据(L,a*,b*)比色模型的外部(或者内部)反射的比色坐标。
对比实施例1
叠层 No.1:一个NbN层 No.2:两个NbN层
TL 20% 20%
R 26% 8%
a*;b*(内部) 2;16 -2;-3
R 32% 6%
a*;b*(外部) -1;-2 -1;-3
在该对比实施例中,叠层No.1为玻璃/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4类型,其对应于在专利申请WO01/21540A1中描述的现有技术,该单一的NbN层(功能层)具有25nm的厚度。叠层No.2为与本发明一致的玻璃/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4类型,第一NbN功能层的厚度是10nm和第二NbN层的厚度是13nm。该叠层No.2的两个NbN层的总厚度因此基本上和叠层No.1的单层的厚度一致(13+10nm,与25nm相比较)。在叠层No.2情况下,第一Si3N4层的厚度(与玻璃V邻接的层)为30-50nm,第二Si3N4层的厚度为60-80nm,和第三层的厚度为30-50nm。
注意到,在相同的光透射TL(20%)和对于相似的NbN厚度,叠层No.2的反射系数(内部和外部)是远低于叠层No.1的反射系数。另外,在该房间的内侧的a*和b*值是稍微负的,这产生相对中性色(比使用叠层No.1更低黄色)。
对比实施例2
该实施例涉及以下类型的叠层:
玻璃/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4
各种层的厚度(以纳米表示)在以下表中给出:
Si3N4 NbN Si3N4 NbN Si3N4
厚度(nm) 40 8 80 13 35
对于大约20%的光透射TL,获得了以下结果:
TL=21%;
R=9.0;a*=-2.5;b*=-18.1(玻璃侧);
R=16.9;a*=-4.8;b*=0.7(层侧)。
R是玻璃侧的叠层视图的反射系数和a*和b*值对应于从玻璃侧的视觉颜色,而R和相应的a*和b*值是当从层侧观看该叠层时的值。NbN双层叠层的使用能够获得低的层侧和玻璃侧反射值以及在玻璃侧上非常明显的蓝色和在层侧上稍微绿色。
以下对比实施例涉及两个现有技术类型的单层叠层:玻璃/Si3N4/NbN/Si3N4。两个不同厚度的系列(以纳米表示)在以下表中给出。
注意的是,对于相同的光透射值TL,使用具有单NbN功能层叠层不可以获得足够低的光反射值和/或在层侧的中性和/或蓝色/绿色的颜色。
对比实施例3
对于一些应用,在功能层和电介质层之间加入牺牲层可以是有利的。牺牲层是用来保护该功能层的金属特性(在非淬火的状态中)。有利地,牺牲层可以基于钛,和其厚度相对小(通常≤1nm)。
该实施例涉及两个提供有围绕所述一个或多个铌功能层的钛牺牲层的叠层,一个(No.1)根据现有技术:
玻璃/Si3N4/Ti/Nb/Ti/Si3N4
和另一个(No.2)根据本发明:
玻璃/Si3N4/Ti/Nb/Ti/Si3N4/Ti/Nb/Ti/Si3N4
叠层 No.1 No.2
TL 20% 20%
R 41% 14%
a*(内部) 1 0
b*(内部) 17 -9
R 28% 13%
a*(外部) 0 2
b*(外部) 8 -2
ε(发射率) 5-10% 15-20%
Nb层的厚度:
对于叠层No.1,Nb层的厚度是30nm,稍微大于叠层No.2的两个Nb层的厚度总和(20nm)。
注意的是,对于相同的光透射系数TL,具有两个功能层的叠层No.2是比具有单个功能层的叠层No.1更低反射的,朝向内部(R)(其中增大大约30%)和朝向外面(R)都是这样。另外,对于内部使用17至-9的b*值,从黄色转变到更加令人愉快的蓝色。对于该发射率ε获得的值表明该叠层保持它的相对低的发射特征(发射率是反射非常大部分的具有3-50微米波长的热红外辐射的能力)。
注意的是,使用加入到6mm/4mm类型双层窗玻璃中的叠层No.2,窗玻璃通过15mm厚的氩气层分隔,获得的U因子=1.5W/m2.K,其值可与相同类型的窗玻璃(没有叠层No.2)相比,对于它们获得U值=2.6W/m2.K。
下面给出的是根据本发明的另一叠层结构(混合NbN/Nb结构)。
实施例3
玻璃/Si3N4(40)/NbN(8)/Si3N4(65)/Ti(1)/Nb(8)/Ti(1)/Si3N4(35),
其与实施例4(现有技术)相比,对于它们,TL值和a*、b*和R数据是整体相似的,即:
玻璃/Si3N4(80)/Nb(23)/Si3N4(28)
叠层 No.3 No.4
TL 20% 21%
R 12.4% 28%
a*(内部) -0.3 -11.3
b*(内部) -0.7 -11.2
R 6.6% 22.3%
a*(外部) -1.3 -3.6
b*(外部) -17.9 -15.3
如可以看见,根据实施例3的叠层,与实施例4的叠层相比较,看见它明显改善的R,以及它的光学参数(a*、b*)也一样(在反射中是中性的)。
作为变型,混合Nb/NbN叠层结构也是可能的。
根据本发明的多层叠层是可弯曲的和/或可淬火的和/或可上瓷釉的。“可弯曲的”或者“可淬火的”叠层在本发明范围内理解为当叠层在基材上沉积时,其经受有限的光学变化,其特别地可以通过置于CIE Lab颜色表示模型(L,a*,b*)内由低于3,尤其低于2的ΔE值进行定量。
其中如下定义ΔE:
ΔE=(ΔL2+Δa2+Δb2),
其中ΔL、Δa和Δb为在热处理之前和之后的L、a*和b*测量值的差值。
根据本发明的叠层可以任选地经受对于幕墙是特别有益的上瓷釉处理。上瓷釉可以使幕墙形式的窗玻璃不透明。在可以在其上沉积瓷釉并且烘烤它而不明显改变它在外部反射中的光学外观(与提供有相同叠层的观景窗玻璃相比较)的意义上,根据本发明的层是可上瓷釉的。在其上可以以已知的方式沉积瓷釉组合物的叠层,如果在叠层中没有出现光学缺陷并且具有有限的光学改变(其可以如上进行定量),其被认为是“可上瓷釉的”。这也表示,它具有令人满意的耐用性,在其烘烤时或者一旦该窗玻璃已经被安装随着时间不出现与瓷釉接触的该叠层的层经历令人烦恼的损害。
当使用明亮的或者主体着色玻璃基材时,根据本发明的叠层是有益的。然而,通过使用玻璃和非玻璃基材,尤其由刚性的透明聚合物材料(如替代玻璃的聚碳酸酯或者聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(P.M.M.A))或柔韧的聚合物材料(如某些聚氨酯或者如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET))制成的基材,不设法开发它的可弯曲或者可淬火的特征而仅仅开发它的令人满意的耐用性是同样可能的,所述柔韧的材料随后可以通过各种手段或者使用层压操作进行粘附而被固定在刚性基材上以便使它功能化。
本发明可以获得具有低的反射值以及具有使用具有单个功能层的叠层难以获得的近似蓝色或者绿色的颜色的遮阳窗玻璃。
本领域的技术人员可以设计不同于所描述和显示的那些的实施方案,而不脱离本发明的范围。

Claims (19)

1.提供有薄层叠层的透明基材,特征在于该叠层以堆叠形式由以下组成:至少两个吸收性功能层,其每个基于至少一种属于以下组的金属:铌、钽、钼和锆;其中每个吸收性功能层被两个由电介质材料制成的透明层围绕,和任选地,牺牲层存在于在所述功能层的至少一个和围绕它的电介质层的至少一个之间。
2.根据权利要求1的透明基材,特征在于该功能层基于铌。
3.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于所述功能层的至少一个的金属是部分地或者完全地氮化的。
4.根据权利要求3的透明基材,特征在于所有功能层的金属是氮化的。
5.根据权利要求3的透明基材,特征在于该基材包括至少一个基于氮化金属的功能层和基于非氮化金属的功能层的交替,或者至少一个基于非氮化金属的功能层和基于氮化金属的功能层的交替。
6.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于所述电介质层基于四氮化三硅。
7.根据权利要求6的透明基材,特征在于所述四氮化三硅用铝掺杂。
8.根据权利要求7的透明基材,特征在于铝的以重量计的5-10%比例存在于四氮化三硅中。
9.根据权利要求8的透明基材,特征在于牺牲层基于钛或者镍-铬。
10.根据权利要求8的透明基材,特征在于牺牲层的厚度为1nm-3nm。
11.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于电介质层的至少一个是由高指数层和低指数层的交替组成。
12.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于所述功能层的厚度的总和最多是50nm。
13.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于功能层的厚度是基本上相同的。
14.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于该基材是可淬火的、可弯曲的、可上瓷釉的,或它们的组合。
15.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于该基材进一步包括明亮的或者主体着色的玻璃,或者柔韧的或者刚性的透明聚合物材料。
16.根据权利要求1和2任一项的透明基材,特征在于该基材用呈漆或者搪瓷形式的涂层进行至少部分地不透明化。
17.包括如前述权利要求任一项的透明基材的窗玻璃,其中所述功能层的厚度的总和最多是50nm,该功能层的厚度是基本上相同的,和窗玻璃显示蓝色/绿色。
18.根据权利要求17的窗玻璃,特征在于该窗玻璃的Lab体系的a*和b*值为负值,由此赋予该窗玻璃蓝色/绿色。
19.幕墙类型的建筑物墙面的装饰面板,其包括根据权利要求17的窗玻璃。
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BRPI0912796A2 (pt) 2015-10-13
EA023911B1 (ru) 2016-07-29
BRPI0912796B1 (pt) 2019-07-09
BRPI0912796A8 (pt) 2018-12-11
FR2931147A1 (fr) 2009-11-20
JP2011520755A (ja) 2011-07-21
CA2724745A1 (fr) 2009-12-17
CA2724745C (fr) 2016-12-20
JP5681100B2 (ja) 2015-03-04
CN102046554A (zh) 2011-05-04
ES2751348T3 (es) 2020-03-31
WO2009150343A2 (fr) 2009-12-17
MX2010012464A (es) 2010-12-07
US8286395B2 (en) 2012-10-16
US20110146172A1 (en) 2011-06-23
EP2280913B1 (fr) 2019-08-14
FR2931147B1 (fr) 2010-11-19
PL2280913T3 (pl) 2020-03-31
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EA201071330A1 (ru) 2011-04-29

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