CN102035816B - Method and device for converting traffic message channel (TMC) message into transport protocol experts group (TPEG) message - Google Patents

Method and device for converting traffic message channel (TMC) message into transport protocol experts group (TPEG) message Download PDF

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CN102035816B
CN102035816B CN200910235593.9A CN200910235593A CN102035816B CN 102035816 B CN102035816 B CN 102035816B CN 200910235593 A CN200910235593 A CN 200910235593A CN 102035816 B CN102035816 B CN 102035816B
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message
tmc
assembly
event
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CN102035816A (en
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王丹
其达拉图
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Alibaba China Co Ltd
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Autonavi Software Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention provides a method and device for converting a traffic message channel (TMC) message into a transport protocol experts group (TPEG) message. The method comprises the following steps: converting the TMC message in a TMC message group into a traffic event protocol message, and encapsulating the traffic event protocol message into a traffic event protocol module; acquiring the service module message of the traffic event protocol module; adding the service module message and preset service message to a service and network message module; and encapsulating the traffic event protocol module and the service and network message module into the TPEG message. The invention also provides the device for realizing the method. By adopting the technical scheme provided by the invention, the real-time traffic message carried by the TMC message can be fully encapsulated into the TPEG message, thereby realizing seamless transition from description of the real-time traffic message by the TMC to description the real-time traffic message by the TPEG, avoiding a quality evaluating process, and greatly reducing the development cost of the TPEG.

Description

TMC message conversion is method and the device of TPEG message
Technical field
The present invention relates to intelligent transport technology field, relate in particular to method and device that a kind of TMC message conversion is TPEG message.
Background technology
Traffic Message Channel (Traffic Message Channel, TMC) is a kind of digital encoding system, by TMC, the Real-time Traffic Information in certain area, Weather information etc. can be organized into TMC message.At present, Europe extensively combines TMC and Radio Data System (Radio Data System, RDS) to form RDS-TMC system, utilizes RDS technology issue TMC message to user side, and the services such as transport information, Weather information are provided for the public.
Day by day serious urban highway traffic pressure has been alleviated in the extensive use of RDS-TMC system to a great extent, but having some limitations property of TMC, and such as amount of information is little, transmission rate is low etc.Consider the limitation of TMC, (the European Broadcasting Union of European Broadcasting Union, EBU) formulated a kind of transport protocol expert group (Transport Protocol Experts Group, TPEG) agreement, no matter be Real-time Traffic Information, public trip information, or within weather conditions etc. all belong to TPEG agreement category.TPEG message is with respect to the advantage of TMC message: contain much information, content covers more comprehensively, more detailed; Can see through various digital medias (such as the Internet, digital broadcasting, Digital Television etc.) transmission and transmission rate high.Therefore,, along with the raising of people to Real-time Traffic Information quality of service requirement, TPEG substitutes TMC the most at last.
At present, China existing traffic-information service provider adopts TMC data publish Real-time Traffic Information, prior art is being carried out in research and practice process, inventor finds for adopting the traffic information service providers of TMC data publish Real-time Traffic Information, period at from TMC to TPEG transition, develop a set of brand-new TPEG system and need to expend a large amount of quality assessment resources, development cost is too high.Therefore, need the technology that a kind of TMC message conversion is TPEG message that proposes badly, this technology can make full use of existing TMC Real-time Traffic Information service system resource, realize and adopt TMC to describe Real-time Traffic Information to adopting TPEG to describe the seamless transitions of Real-time Traffic Information, avoid quality assessment process, reduce development cost.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the embodiment of the present invention will solve is to provide method and the device that a kind of TMC message conversion is TPEG message, realized and adopted TMC to describe Real-time Traffic Information to adopting TPEG to describe the seamless transitions of Real-time Traffic Information, avoid quality assessment process, reduced development cost.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the object of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of method that Traffic Message Channel message conversion is transport protocol expert group message, and described method comprises:
By the TMC message conversion in traffic message channel TMC message groups, be traffic events TEC message, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly;
Obtain the serviced component information of TEC assembly;
Described serviced component information and preset information on services are added to SNI assembly; Described preset information on services comprises service provider's title and service describing;
By described TEC assembly and information of network service SNI component package, be transport protocol expert group agreement TPEG message;
Wherein, described is that TEC message specifically comprises by the TMC message conversion in TMC message groups:
From TMC message groups, read a TMC message;
From the described TMC message reading out, extract TMC event code;
In preset TMC-TEC event mapping table, search and whether have record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, according to the TEC event attribute value in described TMC event code corresponding record, build TEC event container;
According to the positional information of extracting, build TEC reference by location container from TMC message;
For described TMC message corresponding TEC message assignment messages sign and version identifier, according to described message identifier and version identifier, build the management container of TEC message;
According to TEC event container, TEC reference by location container and TEC management container, build a TEC message.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides the device that a kind of Traffic Message Channel message conversion is transport protocol expert group message, and described device comprises:
TEC message acquiring unit, for being traffic events TEC message by the TMC message conversion of traffic message channel TMC message groups;
TEC component package unit, for being encapsulated as TEC assembly by TEC message;
SNI component package unit, for obtaining the serviced component information of TEC assembly, is added to SNI assembly by described serviced component information and preset information on services; Described preset information on services comprises service provider's title and service describing;
TPEG message encapsulation unit, for being transport protocol expert group agreement TPEG message by described TEC assembly and information of network service SNI component package;
Wherein, described TEC message acquiring unit specifically comprises:
TMC message reading unit, for from TMC message groups, reads a TMC message;
Event code reading unit, for extracting TMC event code from the described TMC message reading out;
TEC event acquiring unit, for the TMC-TEC event mapping table preset, searches and whether has record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, according to the TEC event attribute value in described TMC event code corresponding record, builds TEC event container;
Reference by location container construction unit, for according to from TMC message extract location information, builds TEC reference by location container;
Management container construction unit, is used to described TMC message corresponding TEC message assignment messages sign and version identifier, according to described message identifier and version identifier, builds the management container of TEC message;
TEC message encapsulation unit, for according to TEC event container, TEC reference by location container and TEC management container, build a TEC message.
Technique scheme has following beneficial effect:
The TMC message conversion providing for the invention process example is above the technical scheme of TPEG message, this scheme is usingd the data source of TMC message as TEPG message, by the TMC message conversion in TMC message groups, be first TEC message, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly, and the serviced component information in TEC assembly and preset information on services are added to SNI assembly, by encapsulation TEC assembly and SNI assembly, obtain TPEG message.The technical scheme that adopts the embodiment of the present invention to provide, the Real-time Traffic Information that TMC message can be carried all encapsulates the message into TPEG, there will not be information dropout, realized and adopted TMC to describe Real-time Traffic Information to adopting TPEG to describe the seamless transitions of Real-time Traffic Information, avoid quality assessment process, greatly reduced TPEG development cost.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The TMC message conversion that Fig. 1 provides for the embodiment of the present invention is the method flow diagram of TPEG message;
The TMC message conversion that Fig. 2 provides for the embodiment of the present invention is the method flow diagram of TEC message;
The TEC message that Fig. 3 provides for one embodiment of the invention is encapsulated as the method flow diagram of TEC assembly;
The TEC message that Fig. 4 provides for another embodiment of the present invention is encapsulated as the method flow diagram of TEC assembly;
The TMC message conversion that Fig. 5 provides for the embodiment of the present invention is the installation composition schematic diagram of TPEG message.
Embodiment
For making object, technical scheme and the advantage of the embodiment of the present invention clearer, the technical scheme embodiment of the present invention being provided referring to accompanying drawing is elaborated.
Refer to Fig. 1, the TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is the method flow diagram of TPEG message, and the method comprises:
Step 101: be traffic events agreement (Traffic Event Compact, TEC) message by the TMC message conversion in TMC message groups;
Step 102: the TEC message that step 101 is converted to is encapsulated as TEC assembly;
Step 103: the serviced component information of obtaining TEC assembly;
Step 104: serviced component information and preset information on services are encapsulated into service and the network information (Service and Network Information, SNI) assembly;
In embodiments of the present invention, described serviced component information comprises: the serviced component ID (SCID) of each TEC assembly, content ID (COID) and application ID (AID, AID is defined by TPEG specification, the AID=0005 of TEC for example), wherein, SCID need to extract from the serviced component framework head of TEC assembly; AID is default fixed value 0005; A plurality of TEC assemblies that COID encapsulates for same TPEG message, the COID of each TEC is distributed by SNI processing module; Preset information on services comprises: service provider's title, service describing etc., are constant.
Step 105: be TPEG message by SNI assembly and TEC component package.
The TMC message conversion providing for the invention process example is above the method for TPEG message, the method adopts TMC message as the data source of TEPG message, take full advantage of the resource of existing TMC Real-time Traffic Information service system, avoided quality assessment process, greatly reduce TPEG development cost.
The TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is above the method for TPEG message, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, to said method, adopts the specific implementation process of technological means to be described in detail.
Refer to Fig. 2, the TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is the method flow diagram of TEC message, and the method comprises:
Step 201: from TMC message groups, read a TMC message;
In actual applications, TMC message groups can provide with text (.txt) form, and a line of text is recorded as a TMC message, and each property value of a TMC message separates with comma, and table 1 is the attribute list of TMC message.
The attribute list of table 1TMC message
Step 202: extract TMC event code the TMC message reading from step 201;
Step 203: in preset TMC-TEC event mapping table, search and whether have record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, enter step 204, if do not had, enter step 209;
Refer to table 2, the part of the TMC-TEC event mapping table providing for the embodiment of the present invention for example.
Table 2TMC-TEC event mapping table
In actual applications, the event of TMC-TEC shown in table 2 mapping table can be designed to xml configuration file, and its form is as follows:
Wherein, evCode represents TMC event code; Event represents TMC event description; Effect represents the TEC events affecting code that this TMC event is corresponding; Cause represents the TEC event main cause code that this TMC event is corresponding; WarnLev represents the TEC event alert grade that this TMC event is corresponding; SubCause represents the detailed reason code of TEC event that this TMC event is corresponding.
Step 204: judge whether the TEC events affecting code in TMC event code corresponding record is zero, if so, enters step 209, if not, enters step 205;
Execution step 204 is for fear of occurring invalid TEC message, in actual applications, also can, in the rear direct execution step 205 of step 203, not affecting the realization of the embodiment of the present invention.
TMC-TEC event mapping table is known as shown in Table 2, and when TEC events affecting code corresponding to TMC event code is zero, other yard of value of TEC event is also zero, can think that TMC event does not have corresponding TEC event, does not change this TMC message.
Step 205: according to the TEC event attribute value in TMC event code corresponding record, build TEC event container;
TEC event container, refers to table 3, builds TEC event container and comprises: according to the TEC event attribute value in TMC event code corresponding record, be the respective attributes field assignment in TEC event container; Computation module length value, and according to the value calculating, be the length component field assignment in TEC event container.
Illustrating according to TEC event attribute value, is the respective attributes field assignment procedure in TEC event container.Such as, TMC event code is 136, and the 2 TEC events affecting code values that can obtain TMC event code 136 correspondences of tabling look-up are 1, and reason code value is 1, alert level value is 1, in detail cause value is 0, in the TEC event container after assignment, affects code, reason code, alert level and the in detail value of reason are 1,1,1,0.。
Step 206: according to the positional information of extracting the TMC message reading from step 201, build TEC reference by location container (Location Referencing Container, LRC), described positional information comprises home position, direction and the scope of TMC message;
LRC, refer to table 3, the fields such as the assembly ID of LRC and risk distance adopt preset value or default value, the process of structure LRC and the above similar process of described structure TEC event container, first according to the positional information of extracting from TMC message, the position ID to LRC, direction and scope assignment, calculate again the length component value of LRC, the length component field assignment that is LRC according to calculated value.
Step 207: for TEC message assignment messages ID and revision ID, according to described message id and revision ID, build TEC management container;
Note, the message id of each TEC message and revision ID are unique and do not repeat within a period of time.
Step 208: according to TEC event container, TEC LRC and TEC management container, build a TEC message;
Step 209: judge the TMC message whether not reading in addition in described TMC message groups, if had, return to step 201, if do not had, finish this flow process.
What provide for the embodiment of the present invention above is the method for TEC message by TMC message conversion, after TMC message transformation being TEC message by said method, need further TEC message to be encapsulated as to TEC assembly, in actual applications, can adopt following two kinds of modes that TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly:
First kind of way, a TMC message conversion in TMC message groups is a TEC message after, carry out TEC component package one time, if adopt this kind of mode, after step 208, be introduced into the flow process that shown in Fig. 3, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly, then enter step 209;
The second way, TMC message all in TMC message groups is all converted to after TEC message, carry out again TEC component package, if adopt this kind of mode, in the rear direct execution step 209 of step 208, until TMC message all in TMC message groups is all converted to TEC message, then enter the flow process that shown in Fig. 4, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly.
Referring to table 3, be TEC assembly form shfft, a TEC assembly can take the data space of 65535 bytes at most, takies byte number do not exceed under 65535 prerequisite at TEC assembly, and a TEC assembly can encapsulate many TEC message.Wherein, the SCID of TEC assembly is arranged voluntarily by service provider, the method that SCID is set that the embodiment of the present invention provides is: the static variable that a SCID is set in SNI processing module, while creating a TEC assembly, to the request of SNI module, a SCID carries out field assignment, and the SCID static variable in SNI module adds 1. automatically
Table 3TEC assembly form shfft
Refer to Fig. 3, the TEC message providing for one embodiment of the invention is encapsulated as the method flow diagram of TEC assembly, and the method comprises:
Step 301: whether the TEC message that determining step 208 obtains is article one TEC message, if so, enters step 302, if not, step 303 entered;
Step 302: create a TEC assembly, described TEC message is added in described TEC assembly, enter step 209 shown in Fig. 2;
Step 303: whether the existing TEC assembly of judgement can hold described TEC message, if can, enter step 304, if can not, step 305 entered;
Step 304: described TEC message is added in described existing TEC assembly, and revise TEC message number in described existing TEC assembly, enter step 209 shown in Fig. 2;
Step 305: calculate the module data length value of described TEC assembly, add described module data length value and CRC check data to described TEC assembly, enter step 302.
Refer to Fig. 4, the TEC message providing for another embodiment of the present invention is encapsulated as the method flow diagram of TEC assembly, and the method comprises:
Step 401: judge whether a TEC assembly can hold all TEC message, if can, enter step 402, if can not, step 403 entered;
Step 402: create a TEC assembly, all TEC message is added in described TEC assembly, finish this flow process;
Step 403: create a plurality of (at least two) TEC assembly, all TEC message is added to respectively in described a plurality of TEC assembly;
Wherein, TEC number of components can calculate in real time according to the data total amount of all TEC message and a data volume that TEC assembly can take, and also can be set as fixed value, does not all affect the realization of the embodiment of the present invention.
The TEC message providing for the embodiment of the present invention is above encapsulated as the method for TEC assembly, below in conjunction with table 4, introduces the SNI assembly that the embodiment of the present invention provides.As shown in Table 4, SNI assembly mainly comprises two parts: information on services and quick tuning service table guide (Fast Tuning-Guide to the Service Table, FT-GST), in actual applications, the information on services setting in advance is encapsulated to service name field and the service description field into SNI assembly, and the SCID of each TEC assembly, COID, AID are encapsulated together into FT-GST.
Table 4SNI assembly form shfft
The SNI assembly form more than adopting for the embodiment of the present invention, the TPEG message providing below in conjunction with the table 5 pair embodiment of the present invention is described in detail.As shown in Table 5, TPEG message mainly comprises transport layer header and service framework, and mainly comprises in service framework: service identifiers and integrated service assembly, wherein, SNI assembly and TEC assembly enter in integrated service assembly packed.
Table 5TPEG transport frame
The TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is above the method for TPEG message, and the TMC message conversion embodiment of the present invention being provided below in conjunction with accompanying drawing is that the device of TPEG message describes in detail.
Refer to Fig. 5, the TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is the device of TPEG message, and this device comprises:
TEC message acquiring unit 501, for being TEC message by the TMC message conversion of TMC message groups;
TEC component package unit 502, for being encapsulated as TEC assembly by TEC message;
SNI component package unit 503, for obtaining the serviced component information of TEC assembly, is added to SNI assembly by described serviced component information and preset information on services;
TPEG message encapsulation unit 504, for being TPEG message by described TEC assembly and SNI component package.
The TMC message conversion providing for the embodiment of the present invention is above the device of TPEG message, and in actual applications, described TEC message acquiring unit 501 specifically comprises:
TMC message reading unit, for from TMC message groups, reads a TMC message;
Event code reading unit, for extracting TMC event code from the described TMC message reading out;
TEC event acquiring unit, for the TMC-TEC event mapping table preset, searches and whether has record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, according to the TEC event attribute value in described TMC event code corresponding record, builds TEC event container;
Reference by location container construction unit, for according to from TMC message extract location information, builds the reference by location container of TEC;
Management container construction unit, is used to described TMC message corresponding TEC message assignment messages sign and version identifier, according to described message id and revision ID, builds the management container of TEC message;
TEC message encapsulation unit, for according to TEC event container, TEC reference by location container and TEC management container, build a TEC message.
In actual applications, can adopt following two kinds of modes that TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly:
First kind of way, after a TMC message conversion in TMC message groups is a TEC message, carries out TEC component package one time, and now, TEC component package unit 502 specifically comprises:
Message order judging unit, for judging whether described TEC message is article one TEC message that described TMC message groups is converted to, and if so, triggers TEC building component unit, if not, triggers TEC assembly capacity judging unit;
Described TEC assembly capacity judging unit, for judging that can existing TEC assembly hold described TEC message, if can, trigger TEC module information adding device, if can not, TEC building component unit triggered;
Described TEC module information adding device, for adding described TEC message to described existing TEC assembly;
Described TEC building component unit, for creating a new TEC assembly, adds described TEC message in described new TEC assembly to.
The second, TMC message all in TMC message groups is all converted to after TEC message, carry out again TEC component package, the rear direct execution step 209 of execution of step 208, until TMC message all in TMC message groups is all converted to TEC message, now, TEC component package unit 502 specifically comprises:
Assembly capacity judging unit, for judging whether a TEC assembly can hold all TEC message that are converted to from TMC message groups, if can, trigger a TEC building component unit, if can not, the 2nd TEC building component unit triggered;
A described TEC building component unit, for creating a TEC assembly, adds described all TEC message in a TEC assembly to;
Described the 2nd TEC building component unit, for creating at least two TEC assemblies, adds described all TEC message in corresponding TEC assembly.
The TMC message conversion that adopts the embodiment of the present invention to provide is that the technical scheme of TPEG message also has following beneficial effect:
The first, owing to adopting TMC message as data source, TMC event is corresponded to TEC event, use TMC Location location reference method, take full advantage of existing TMC real-time traffic information distribution system, greatly reduce resource consolidation cost, and owing to thering is consistency with TMC message, can be by the quality management system of existing TMC, according to the contrast with TMC message, directly obtain the mass parameter of TPEG message, avoided quality assessment process, reduced development cost;
The second, because the content of TPEG data publish is identical with the content of former TMC data publish, therefore, in client, only need to increase a TPEG decoder, by TPEG content decoding, be the content identical with TMC message, subsequent client processing procedure is consistent with the processing procedure of existing TMC message, therefore, reduced the upgrade cost of client.
The method and the device that to a kind of TMC message conversion provided by the present invention, are TPEG message are above described in detail, for one of ordinary skill in the art, thought according to the embodiment of the present invention, all will change in specific embodiments and applications, in sum, this description should not be construed as limitation of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. the method that Traffic Message Channel message conversion is transport protocol expert group message, is characterized in that, described method comprises:
By the TMC message conversion in traffic message channel TMC message groups, be traffic events TEC message, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly;
Obtain the serviced component information of TEC assembly;
Described serviced component information and preset information on services are added to SNI assembly; Described preset information on services comprises service provider's title and service describing;
By described TEC assembly and information of network service SNI component package, be transport protocol expert group agreement TPEG message;
Wherein, described is that TEC message specifically comprises by the TMC message conversion in TMC message groups:
From TMC message groups, read a TMC message;
From the described TMC message reading out, extract TMC event code;
In preset TMC-TEC event mapping table, search and whether have record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, according to the TEC event attribute value in described TMC event code corresponding record, build TEC event container;
According to the positional information of extracting, build TEC reference by location container from TMC message;
For described TMC message corresponding TEC message assignment messages sign and version identifier, according to described message identifier and version identifier, build the management container of TEC message;
According to TEC event container, TEC reference by location container and TEC management container, build a TEC message.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, before building TEC event container, described method further comprises:
Judge whether the TEC events affecting code in described TMC event code corresponding record is zero, if non-vanishing, builds TEC event container, otherwise, described TMC message abandoned.
3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, describedly TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly specifically comprises:
Judge whether described TEC message is article one TEC message being converted in described TMC message groups, if, create a TEC assembly, and described TEC message is added in described TEC assembly, if not, can the existing TEC assembly of judgement hold described TEC message, if can, described TEC message is added in described existing TEC assembly, if can not, create a new TEC assembly, described TEC message is added in described new TEC assembly.
4. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, TEC message is encapsulated as to TEC assembly and specifically comprises:
Judge whether a TEC assembly can hold all TEC message that are converted to from TMC message groups, if can, create a TEC assembly, described all TEC message is added in a TEC assembly, if can not, create at least two TEC assemblies, described all TEC message is added in corresponding TEC assembly.
5. the device that Traffic Message Channel message conversion is transport protocol expert group message, is characterized in that, described device comprises:
TEC message acquiring unit, for being traffic events TEC message by the TMC message conversion of traffic message channel TMC message groups;
TEC component package unit, for being encapsulated as TEC assembly by TEC message;
SNI component package unit, for obtaining the serviced component information of TEC assembly, is added to SNI assembly by described serviced component information and preset information on services; Described preset information on services comprises service provider's title and service describing;
TPEG message encapsulation unit, for being transport protocol expert group agreement TPEG message by described TEC assembly and information of network service SNI component package;
Wherein, described TEC message acquiring unit specifically comprises:
TMC message reading unit, for from TMC message groups, reads a TMC message;
Event code reading unit, for extracting TMC event code from the described TMC message reading out;
TEC event acquiring unit, for the TMC-TEC event mapping table preset, searches and whether has record corresponding to described TMC event code, if had, according to the TEC event attribute value in described TMC event code corresponding record, builds TEC event container;
Reference by location container construction unit, for according to from TMC message extract location information, builds TEC reference by location container;
Management container construction unit, is used to described TMC message corresponding TEC message assignment messages sign and version identifier, according to described message identifier and version identifier, builds the management container of TEC message;
TEC message encapsulation unit, for according to TEC event container, TEC reference by location container and TEC management container, build a TEC message.
6. device as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that, TEC component package unit specifically comprises:
Message order judging unit, for judging whether described TEC message is article one TEC message that described TMC message groups is converted to, and if so, triggers TEC building component unit, if not, triggers TEC assembly capacity judging unit;
Described TEC assembly capacity judging unit, for judging that can existing TEC assembly hold described TEC message, if can, trigger TEC module information adding device, if can not, TEC building component unit triggered;
Described TEC module information adding device, for adding described TEC message to described existing TEC assembly;
Described TEC building component unit, for creating a new TEC assembly, adds described TEC message in described new TEC assembly to.
7. device as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that, TEC component package unit specifically comprises:
Assembly capacity judging unit, for judging whether a TEC assembly can hold all TEC message that are converted to from TMC message groups, if can, trigger a TEC building component unit, if can not, the 2nd TEC building component unit triggered;
A described TEC building component unit, for creating a TEC assembly, adds described all TEC message in a TEC assembly to;
Described the 2nd TEC building component unit, for creating at least two TEC assemblies, adds described all TEC message in corresponding TEC assembly.
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