CN102017182A - Photovoltaic modules containing plasticized intermediate layer films with high alkali titre - Google Patents

Photovoltaic modules containing plasticized intermediate layer films with high alkali titre Download PDF

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CN102017182A
CN102017182A CN2009801153961A CN200980115396A CN102017182A CN 102017182 A CN102017182 A CN 102017182A CN 2009801153961 A CN2009801153961 A CN 2009801153961A CN 200980115396 A CN200980115396 A CN 200980115396A CN 102017182 A CN102017182 A CN 102017182A
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film
pioloform
photovoltaic module
polyvinyl acetal
plasticizer
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CN102017182B (en
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B·科尔
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Kuraray Europe GmbH
Kuraray Co Ltd
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Kuraray Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10688—Adjustment of the adherence to the glass layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49355—Solar energy device making

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of plasticized films that are based on polyvinyl acetal, which have a high alkali titre, for use in the production of photovoltaic modules.

Description

The photovoltaic module that contains the interlayer film of process plasticizing with high alkali titre
Technical field
The present invention relates at the film of high alkali titre that uses plasticizer-containing to avoid under the situation of corrosion appears in the semiconductor photoactive layer place, making photovoltaic module based on having of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal.
Background technology
Photovoltaic module is made of semiconductor photoactive layer, and wherein said semiconductor photoactive layer is equipped with transparent nappe in order to avoid external action.Can on carrier, use monocrystalline solar cells or poly semiconductor thin layer as semiconductor photoactive layer.Thin-layer solar module is made of semiconductor photoactive layer, and wherein said semiconductor photoactive layer for example is applied on substrate, for example transparent panel or the flexible carrier film by vapour plating, vapour deposition, sputter or wet method deposition.
Usually, two kinds of systems all are in turn laminated between the rigidity overlay of for example being made by glass or plastics at sheet glass and back by means of transparent adhesive.
Transparent adhesive must surround semiconductor photoactive layer and electrical interconnection thereof fully, is that UV is stable and insensitive to moisture, and is later on fully still at lamination process.
As for example disclosed among DE 41 22 721 C1 or DE 41 28 766 A1, use the casting resin or the crosslinkable system of sclerosis usually as transparent adhesive based on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).These bonding systems can be adjusted to low-viscosity under unhardened state, make it surround solar battery cell stillly.After adding curing agent or crosslinking agent, obtain adhesive linkage with mechanical resistance ability.The shortcoming of these bonding systems is, discharges the aggressivity material that may damage semiconductor photoactive layer, especially thin layer module usually in hardening process, such as acid.In addition, some casting resins often formed bubble or the delamination owing to the UV radiation after several years.
A kind of replacement scheme of bonding system of sclerosis be to use plasticizer-containing based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal, such as the film of known polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB) from compound glass is made.Solar battery cell is covered with one or more PVB films, and these PVB films are combined into laminate with desired cladding material under the temperature of elevated pressure and rising.
For example by the known method of making solar energy module by means of the PVB film that is useful on of following document: DE 40 26 165 C2, DE 42 278 60 A1, DE 29 237 70 C2, DE 35 38 986C2 or US 4,321,418.For example in DE 20 302 045 U1, EP 1617487 A1 and DE 35 389 86 C2, disclose in solar energy module the PVB film has been used as composite safe vitrifying portion.But these documents do not contain the information relevant for the mechanical property of employed PVB film, chemical characteristic and electrical characteristics.
Along with the performance increase of semiconductor photoactive layer and the electrical characteristics of solar energy module popularization worldwide, especially film become more and more important.All must be also in the whole life-span of module avoid the loss of charge or even the short circuit of semiconductor layer under in extreme weather condition, such as tropical temperature, high air humidity or strong UV radiation.According to IEC 61215, photovoltaic module experiences many tests (Damp heat test (damp and hot test), wet leakage currenttest (wet leakage current test)), so that reduce the loss current of module.
Be well known that the resistance of PVB film descends along with the rising of moisture precipitously, this helps the generation of leakage current in the photovoltaic module greatly.At the fringe region of photovoltaic module, described film is exposed in the environment as encapsulating material and stands environmental condition such as high ambient humidity.Thus, the water content of the film in the fringe region may increase and present the value (approximate weight percentage 3%) up to equilibrium water conten strongly.The water content of the rising in the fringe region of film reduces its resistance in this zone consumingly.Although water content descends once more at center membrane, for fear of leakage current, therefore semiconductor photoactive layer can not be laid in the fringe region of film or module.This reduces the electric current output that area covered and therefore reduced module.
Solar cell, especially for example be subject to chemical corrosion based on the semiconductor photoactive layer of CIS (copper indium (two) selenium (Copper/Indium/ (di) Selenit)) or copper indium gallium sulphur selenium (Copper/-Indium-/Gallium-/Sulphide-/Selenit) thin-layer solar module (CIGS) or the thin layer (TCO, " transparent conductive oxide (transparent conductive oxide) ") that is used as electric conductor.Therefore, encapsulating material must chemically be an inertia as far as possible, and do not allow to contain rodent chemical addition agent, such as crosslinking agent, crosslinking coagent or primer.In addition, should avoid water or sour trace
Figure BPA00001251251900021
Existence.
Technical assignment
Therefore, task of the present invention provides a kind of film based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing, and described film has little corrosion tendency to semiconductor photoactive layer or employed electric conductor.
Technical scheme
Have been found that the film with high-alkali titre based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal has the corrosion tendency that reduces to semiconductor photoactive layer or employed electric conductor.
Do not tangling under the situation of this theoretical correctness, less corrosion tendency may owing to, being neutralized by the acid that ageing process discharged with the incident higher alkalisation of alkali titre that improves of PVB film, described acid triggers the damage of the semiconductor layer of acid labile under situation about not being neutralized.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, theme of the present invention is a photovoltaic module, and it comprises laminate, and described laminate is made of following items:
A) transparent anterior nappe;
B) one or more semiconductor photoactive layers;
C) film based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of at least one plasticizer-containing; And
D) back nappe;
The film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of wherein said plasticizer-containing) has alkali titre greater than 5.
Preferred forms of the present invention
Therefore, preferably have the certain basicity that is expressed as alkali titre (Alkali-Titer) according to film used in the present invention, described alkali titre can surpass 10, preferably can and especially surpass 20,30 or 40 above 15.Should not surpass maximum alkali titre 100.
As described below, the alkali titre determines by the back titration of film, and can regulate such as following alkaline matter by adding: have slaine, the especially alkali metal salt of organic carboxyl acid of 1 to 15 carbon atom or alkali salt, such as magnesium acetate or potassium acetate; Perhaps NaOH, KOH or Mg (OH) 2Described alkali compounds is usually to be used with respect to the percentage by weight 0.005 to 2% of total mixture, the especially concentration of percentage by weight 0.05 to 1%.
Minimizing is to avoid sour trace when making this material to another possibility of the corrosion tendency of semiconductor photoactive layer according to film used in the present invention.Such film at high temperature manufacturedly goes out by pushing, and may occur the cause thermal damage of polymeric material or plasticizer thus.In addition, the fracture of the residual acetic acid group of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal may take place owing to the water that diffuses into, discharge acetic acid thus.All cause to corrode the sour trace of semiconductor photoactive layer in both cases.
Be to have 1E+11 Europe * centimetre at least, preferably 5E+11 Europe * centimetre, preferably 1E+12 Europe * centimetre, preferably 5E+12 Europe * centimetre, preferably 1E+13,5E+12 Europe * centimetre resistivity preferably at least under the situation of 85% relative humidity according to film used in the present invention at 23 ℃, ambient humidity.
In order to make Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl alcohol is dissolved in the water, and with aldehyde, such as butyraldehyde acetalation under the situation of adding acid catalyst.The Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal that is settled out is separated, is cleaned to be neutrality, in case of necessity in being suspended in the water-bearing media that alkalescence regulates, and then is cleaned to neutral and be dried.
After reacting, the acid that is used for acetalation must be neutralized once more.At this, if use excessive alkali (for example NaOH, KOH or Mg (OH) 2), then the alkali titre raises, and can abandon adding alkaline matter wholly or in part.
The polyvinyl alcohol content of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal can be regulated by the amount of employed aldehyde in acetalation.Also can carry out acetalation with other or multiple aldehyde (for example valeral) with 2-10 carbon atom.
Film based on the Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing preferably contains the noncrosslinking polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB) that obtains by polyvinyl alcohol and butyraldehyde acetalsization.
Can use crosslinked Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal, especially crosslinked polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB) equally.For example in following document, describe suitable crosslinked Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal is arranged: EP1527107 B1 and WO 2004/063231 A1 (the hot self-crosslinking of carboxylic Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal); EP 1606325 A1 (with the crosslinked Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of polyacetals); And WO 03/020776A1 (with the crosslinked Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of glyoxalic acid).All sidedly with reference to the disclosure of these patent applications.
Within the scope of the invention, also can use the terpolymer that constitutes by hydrolysis vinylacetate/ethylene copolymer as polyvinyl alcohol.The common hydrolysis of this compound is to more than the 98Mol%, and contains 1 to 10 unit based on ethene (for example " Exceval " type of Kuraray Europe GmBH) of weight.
In addition within the scope of the invention, also can use the hydrolyzed copolymer that constitutes by vinylacetate and at least a other ethylene linkage unsaturated monomer as polyvinyl alcohol.
Within the scope of the invention, polyvinyl alcohol can be used purely or be used as the mixture with polyvinyl alcohol of different polymerization degree or degree of hydrolysis.
Except the acetal unit, Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal also contains the unit that is produced by vinylacetate and vinyl alcohol.Preferably have less than percentage by weight 22%, percentage by weight 20% or percentage by weight 18%, less than percentage by weight 16% or percentage by weight 15% and especially less than the polyvinyl alcohol share of percentage by weight 14% according to Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal used in the present invention.Should not be lower than the polyvinyl alcohol share of percentage by weight 12%.
According to the polyvinyl acetate ester content of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal used in the present invention be preferably lower than percentage by weight 3% or be lower than percentage by weight 1%, particularly preferably be lower than percentage by weight 0.75%, be preferably lower than percentage by weight 0.5% and especially be lower than percentage by weight 0.25% fully.
Can determine acetalizing degree with calculation mode from polyvinyl alcohol share and remaining acetic acid content.
Described film preferably has the plasticizer loading that is percentage by weight 40%, percentage by weight 35%, percentage by weight 32%, percentage by weight 30%, percentage by weight 28%, percentage by weight 26%, percentage by weight 24% or percentage by weight 22% to the maximum, wherein for the former of the workability of film thereby should not be lower than the plasticizer loading (forming with respect to total film respectively) of percentage by weight 15%.Can contain one or more plasticizer according to film of the present invention and photovoltaic module.
The suitable plasticizers that is used for according to film used in the present invention is to select one or more compounds of following group:
The ester of-multivalence aliphatic or aromatic acid, for example: bis adipate (Dialkyladipat), the mixture, diisononyl adipate, adipic acid ester in the ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems in heptan (Heptylnonyl-adipat) and the adipic acid that constitute such as dihexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, adipic acid hexyl cyclohexyl (Hexylcyclohexyladipat), by adipic acid heptyl ester (Heptyladipat) and adipic acid ester in the ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems (Nonyladipat) are pure or contain the ester of the ester alcohol of ether compound with alicyclic esters; Dibutoxyethyl sebacate (Dialkylsebazate), such as dibutyl sebacate and decanedioic acid and alicyclic esters alcohol or contain the ester of ester, the phthalic acid of the ester alcohol of ether compound, (Bis-2-butoxyethylphthalat) such as BBP(Butyl Benzyl Phthalate or phthalic acid two (2-ethyl diethyldithiocarbamate ester)
-multivalence fatty alcohol or aromatic alcohol or few glycol ether (Oligoetherglykolen)) with one or more unbranched or the ester of the aliphat of side chain or aromatic series substituent or ether are arranged, such as the ester of diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol or TEG and linear pattern or branched chain type aliphat or alicyclic carboxylic acid; The example that can serve as one group of back is:
Diethylene glycol bis-(2-ethyl hexanoate) (Diethylenglykol-bis-(2-ethylhexanoat)),
Two (2-ethyl hexanoate) (Triethylenglykol-bis-(2-ethylhexanoat)) of triethylene glycol,
Two (2-ethyl butyrate) (Tri-ethylen-glykol-bis-(2-ethylbu-ta-no-at)) of triethylene glycol,
The two n capronates (Tetra-ethylen-glykol-bis-n-hexanoat) of TEG, the two n capronates (Triethylengly-kol-bis-n-hexanoat) of triethylene glycol, the two n capronates (Triethylenglykol-bis-n-hexanoat) of triethylene glycol, four diethanol dimethyl ether (Tetraethylen-glykol-dimethyl-ether) and/or DPG benzoic ether (Dipropylenglykolbenzoat)
-aliphat or aromatic ester alcohol phosphate, such as tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) (TOF), triethyl phosphate (Triethyl-phosphat), phosphoric acid hexichol-2-Octyl Nitrite (Diphenyl-2-ethylhexylphosphat) and/or tricresyl phosphate (Trikresylphosphat), the ester of-citric acid, butanedioic acid and/or fumaric acid.
Be particularly suitable for as being to be selected from one or more compounds of following group according to the plasticizer of film used in the present invention: decanedioic acid two (2-ethylhexyl) ester (Di-2-ethylhexylsebacat) (DOS), adipic acid two (2-ethylhexyl) ester (Di-2-ethylhexyladipat) (DOA), dihexyl adipate (Dihexyladipat) (DHA), butylene sebacate (Dibutylsebacat) (DBS), the two n heptanoates (Triethylenglykol-bis-n-heptanoat) of triethylene glycol (3G7), the two n heptanoates (Tetraethylenglykol-bis-n-heptanoat) of TEG (4G7), the two 2-ethyl hexanoates (Triethylenglykol-bis-2-ethylhexanoat) (3GO or 3G8) of triethylene glycol, the two 2-ethyl hexanoates (Tetraethylenglykol-bis-n-2-ethylhexanoat) (4GO or 4G8) of TEG, adipic acid two 2-butoxy ethyl esters (Di-2-butoxy-ethyl-adipat) (DBEA), adipic acid two 2-butoxy ethoxy ethyl esters (Di-2-butoxyethoxyethyl adipat) (DBEEA), decanedioic acid two 2-butoxy ethyl esters (Di-2-butoxyethyl sebacat) (DBES), phthalic acid two 2-Octyl Nitrites (Di-2-ethylhexylphthalat) (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (Di-isononylphthalat) (DINP), the two two different pelargonates (Triethyleneglykol-bis-isononanoat) of triethylene glycol, the two 2-propyl hexanoates (Triethylenglykol-bis-2-propylhexanoat) of triethylene glycol, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (TOF), cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid dinonyl (Diisononyl
Figure BPA00001251251900061
) (DINCH) and diethylene glycol benzoic ether (Dipropyleneglykolbenzoat).
Be particularly suitable for as being following plasticizer according to the plasticizer of film used in the present invention: its polarity by formula 100x O/ (C+H) less than/equal 9.4 to express, wherein O, C and H represent the number of oxygen atom, carbon atom and hydrogen atom in the corresponding molecule.Below table 1 show according to plasticizer used in the present invention and according to the polarity number of formula 100x O/ (C+H).
Table 1
Title Polarity number
Decanedioic acid two (2-ethylhexyl) ester (DOS) 5.3
Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid dinonyl (DINCH) 5.4
Adipic acid two (2-ethylhexyl) ester (DOA) 6.3
Phthalic acid two 2-Octyl Nitrites (DOP) 6.5
The two 2-propyl hexanoates of triethylene glycol 8.6
The two two different pelargonates of triethylene glycol 8.6
Decanedioic acid two 2-butoxy ethyl esters (DBES) 9.4
The two 2-ethyl hexanoates (3G8) of triethylene glycol 9.4
In addition, ionic mobility that may be relevant and resistivity can be by adding SiO thus with the water content of film 2, pyrolysis silicic acid and being affected especially.The film based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing preferably contains percentage by weight 0.001 to 15%, the SiO of percentage by weight 2 to 5% preferably 2
In addition, can additionally also contain conventional additive, for example oxidation stabilizers, UV stabilizer, dyestuff, pigment and antitack agent according to film used in the present invention.
Manufacturing and assembling based on the principle of the film of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal have for example given description in EP 185 863B1, EP 1 118 258 B1, WO 02/102591 A1, EP 1 118 258 B1 or EP 387 148 B1.
Carry out under the situation that is laminated to the film fusing of photovoltaic module, make to obtain with the still and estriate encirclement of film to semiconductor photoactive layer.
In a flexible program according to photovoltaic module of the present invention, semiconductor photoactive layer is applied to nappe d) go up (for example by vapour plating, vapour deposition, sputter or wet method deposition), and by film c) a) bonding with transparent anterior nappe.
In another flexible program, semiconductor photoactive layer be applied to transparent anterior nappe a) go up and by film c) with back nappe d) bonding.
Alternately, semiconductor photoactive layer can be embedded in two film c) between and therefore with nappe a) and d) bonding.
Usually be in 0.38,0.51,0.76,1.14,1.52 or 2.28mm based on the thickness of the film of the Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing.
During lamination process, be full of the cavity that is present in semiconductor photoactive layer or its electrical connection place according to film used in the present invention.
Transparent anterior nappe a) is made by glass or PMMA under normal conditions.Back nappe d according to photovoltaic module used in the present invention) (so-called backboard (Backsheet)) can be made by glass, plastics or metal and compound thereof, and one of wherein said carrier can be transparent.Same possible be, two nappes one or both of are implemented as compound glass portion (i.e. the laminate that is made of at least two sheet glass and at least one PVB film), perhaps be implemented as insulating glass portion with gas gap.Can certainly these measures are combined.
Employed semiconductor photoactive layer needn't have special characteristic in the module.Can use monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon system or amorphous system.
Under the situation of thin-layer solar module, semiconductor photoactive layer is applied directly on the carrier.At this, can not encapsulate.Therefore, layer body assembled by the film according to the present invention based on the Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing that at least one mediates by carrier (for example back nappe) and semiconductor photoactive layer and transparent anterior nappe, and is bonded in together by this film under the temperature that improves.Alternately, semiconductor photoactive layer can be applied on the transparent anterior nappe as carrier, and is bonded in by the film according to the present invention based on the Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of plasticizer-containing that at least one mediates with the back nappe.
For the layer body that lamination obtains like this, the method that can under the situation of prefabricated or not prefabricated pre-composite (Vorverbund), use those skilled in the art to use always.
So-called high steam process (Autoklavenprozess) was carried out in about 2 hours under the temperature of the pressure of about raising of 10 to 15bar and 130 to 145 ℃.For example according to the vacuum bag of EP 1,235 683 B1 or vacuum ring method in approximately 200mbar and 130 to 145 ℃ of operations down.
In order to make, preferably use vacuum laminator according to photovoltaic module of the present invention.Described vacuum laminator is by heating and can constituting evacuated chamber, in described chamber, can be in 30 to 69 minutes lamination compound glass portion.0.01 to the pressure that reduces of 300mbar and 100 to 200 ℃, especially 130 to 160 ℃ temperature is proved to be feasible in practice.
Alternately, as described above by merging form the layer body can under 60 to 150 ℃ the temperature at least one roller between be squeezed into according to module of the present invention.Such equipment is known for making compound glass portion, and usually has at least one heat tunnel before or after being in first press under the situation that has two press.
Industrial applicibility
In addition, theme of the present invention is the having greater than 5 alkali titre or the application that utilizes the film of preferred implementation to be used to make photovoltaic module based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal with plasticizer-containing.
Can be used as the assembly of facade member, roofing, greenhouse nappe, soundproof wall, balcony or guardrail element or window face according to photovoltaic module of the present invention.
Embodiment of the present invention
Method of measurement:
The measurement of the specific insulation of film is carried out after this film was conditioned under the described conditions at least 24 hours under defined temperature and ambient humidity (23 ℃ and 85% relative humidity) according to DIN IEC 60093.In order to carry out this measurement, employed is the plate electrode of model 302 132 of FertronicGmBH company and the resistance measurement equipment I SO-Digi 5kV of Amprode company.Test voltage is 2.5kV, apply test voltage later on to the stand-by period of detecting measured value be 60 seconds.In order enough to contact its surface roughness R between the flat board that guarantees measurement electrode and the film zShould be not more than 10mm under situation about measuring according to DIN EN ISO 4287, that is to say, the initial surface of PVB film where necessary must be smoothed by hot rehandling before resistance measurement.
The polyvinyl alcohol of Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal and the content of polyvinyl acetate are determined according to ASTM D1396-92.The analysis of metal ion content is undertaken by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
The water of film or moisture utilize the Karl-Fischer method to determine.Described method not only can be to the film of lamination not, but also can carry out according to the interval to the edge of film the photovoltaic module of lamination.
The alkali titre
The Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal film of the plasticizer-containings of 3 to 4 grams passes through in the mixture of the 100ml that is dissolved in the ethanol/THF (80: 20) in the magnetic stirring apparatus a whole night.For this reason, the hydrochloric acid (c=0.01mol/L) of 10ml dilution is provided, and then utilizes the titration processor titrated in the mode of current potential under the situation of contrast dummy in the mode of current potential with the TBAH in the 2-propyl alcohol (Tetrabutylammoniumhydroxid) solution (c=0.01mol/L) (TBAH).The alkali titre is calculated as follows:
Milliliter number (ml)=(the TBAH dummy that is consumed-TBAH sample x100 is divided by kidney weight (gram)) of the HCI of alkali titre=per 100 gram samples.
Damp and hot test is carried out according to IEC 61646.
Example
In the laminating machine method, be of a size of 30x30cm above to deposit functionally the substrate glass of sheet cell (CIS) of contact bonding by PVB film and cover glass.After soaking optical processing (balance) first, determine the power output (photoelectric current output) of test module.After 1000 hours damp and hot loads (85% relative humidity, 85 ℃), balance and photoelectric current output are determined once more.
Photovoltaic module may lose a part of power of module owing to the intrusion of edge effect, for example moisture.This influences according to module of the present invention and comparison module with identical degree.
The corrosion effect relevant with the basicity of film additionally appears.Table 2 and 3 shows, although module according to the present invention has power loss, it is significantly littler that the module that this power loss and utilization have a film of low alkali titre manufacturing is compared the result.This effect can be passed through SiO 2Existence further improved.
Quantity explanation among Fig. 2 and 3 is what to illustrate with the percentage by weight with respect to PVB and plasticizer sum.3G8 represents the two 2-ethyl hexanoates of triethylene glycol, and AEROSIL 130 and TINUVIN 328 are commodity of Evonik Degussa GmBH and CIBA.Power loss is with % cis module to be described after 1000 hours damp and hot test, and volume resistance is to be adjusted to (as described above) that the film of 23 ℃/85% relative humidity describes with ohm according to 60093 couples of DIN IEC.
Table 2
Figure BPA00001251251900101
Figure BPA00001251251900111
Table 3
Figure BPA00001251251900112

Claims (12)

1. a photovoltaic module comprises laminate, and described laminate is made of following items:
A) transparent anterior nappe;
B) one or more semiconductor photoactive layers;
C) film based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of at least one plasticizer-containing; And
D) back nappe;
It is characterized in that the film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of described plasticizer-containing) have an alkali titre greater than 5.
2. photovoltaic module according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of described plasticizer-containing) contain the plasticizer loading that is percentage by weight 40% to the maximum.
3. photovoltaic module according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, the film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of described plasticizer-containing) under the environment climate of 85% relative humidity/23 ℃, have a volume resistance greater than 1E11 ohm * cm.
4. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that described Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal has the polyvinyl acetate ester content less than percentage by weight 3%.
5. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that described Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal has the polyvinyl alcohol content less than percentage by weight 22%.
6. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that the film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of described plasticizer-containing) contain the slaine of carboxylic acid as alkali compounds with 1 to 15 carbon atom.
7. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that the film based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal of described plasticizer-containing contains the SIO of percentage by weight 0.001 to 5% 2
8. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 7, it is characterized in that, one or more semiconductor photoactive layer b) be applied to transparent anterior nappe a) on, and the film c by at least one plasticizer-containing based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal) with back nappe d) bonding.
9. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 7, it is characterized in that, one or more semiconductor photoactive layer b) be applied to back nappe d) on, and the film c based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal by at least one plasticizer-containing) a) bonding with transparent anterior nappe.
10. according to the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 7, it is characterized in that one or more semiconductor photoactive layer b) be embedded in two film c) between and with nappe a) and d) bonding.
11. application that the film greater than 5 alkali titre is used to make photovoltaic module that has with plasticizer-containing based on Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal.
12. one kind will be according to the application of the described photovoltaic module of one of claim 1 to 9 as the assembly of facade member, roofing, greenhouse nappe, soundproof wall, balcony or guardrail element or window face.
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