CN101975525A - Separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of solar water heater - Google Patents
Separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of solar water heater Download PDFInfo
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- CN101975525A CN101975525A CN2010105614270A CN201010561427A CN101975525A CN 101975525 A CN101975525 A CN 101975525A CN 2010105614270 A CN2010105614270 A CN 2010105614270A CN 201010561427 A CN201010561427 A CN 201010561427A CN 101975525 A CN101975525 A CN 101975525A
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- water heater
- pipe
- solar water
- condenser pipe
- evaporation tube
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
- F24S40/50—Preventing overheating or overpressure
- F24S40/55—Arrangements for cooling, e.g. by using external heat dissipating means or internal cooling circuits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
- F24S10/90—Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation
- F24S10/95—Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation having evaporator sections and condenser sections, e.g. heat pipes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S60/00—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors
- F24S60/30—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors storing heat in liquids
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of a solar water heater. The separated heat pipe device used for the high-temperature control of the solar water heater of the invention comprises an evaporating tube, a condensation tube and a reflux tube, wherein the condensation tube is positioned out of a water tank of the solar water heater; one section of the evaporating tube is positioned in the water tank of the solar water heater; the position of the condensation tube is higher than the evaporating tube; the evaporating tube is communicated with the condensation tube through the reflux tube; the evaporating tube, the condensation tube and the reflux tube are filled with hot exchange mediums; and the outer wall of the condensation tube is provided with a plurality of radiating fins. On the premise that a user does not need to increase operations additionally, the separated heat pipe device starts working once the temperature at the top of the water tank reaches a certain temperature for bringing heat to surrounding environment, so as to fulfill the aim of performing thermal protection and pressure protection on related equipment of the solar water heater.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of solar water heaters, especially relate to a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control.
Background technology
Solar water heater is originally in order to add hot water, and general desired temperature is high more good more, and when abundant, the solar water heater hot water temperature reaches fluidized state sometimes at sunshine, and pressure-bearing type solar water heater hot water temperature will be higher.And five metals hot-water heating industry is that the anti-high temperature water-water jet more than 90 ℃ of manufacturer production is seldom arranged; The solar water heater because of variation in water pressure causes the bathing water temperature sometimes hot and sometimes cold through regular meeting, if cold water loses confession, also has the danger of scald in use; The drop height type solar water heater is subjected to the restriction of setting height(from bottom), the low several times of hot water output pressure ratio cold water pressure of supply water even tens times.Cold and hot water supply is regulated very difficult, careless slightly that mixing ratio can become in the big particular job environment of pressure reduction, very easily cause pipeline to flow backwards, thereby wasted valuable thermal water resource.Along with the development of heat collection technology, present vacuum tubular glass solar collector's water temperature can reach very high, and certainly winter temperature is too low again, and our present solar water heater is mainly all as domestic water.So summer temp is too high, winter temperature is too low, and temperature is stable inadequately to be the major defect of present solar water heater.Winter is too cold, mainly solve by electrically heated mode, and summer is too hot, do not have very good solution in fact at present, mainly be by adding the method that cold water is regulated, the drawback of this method: 1) along with present family population reduces gradually, often solar water heater can not use up at the hot water in summer; 2) this method has also increased the operational loaded down with trivial details of user; 3) be easy to reach the upper limit of temperature measuring equipment, it is at high temperature worked for a long time, quicken that it is aging or damage; 4) cause relevant devices such as water tank under high temperature even high pressure, to work for a long time, also quicken the burden and the degree of aging of these equipment.In fact, the temperature of water heater is not high more good more, and the heating-up temperature of electric heater just is limited in 75 ℃.Solar water heater also is the same; the general temperature of solar water heater should not be above 70 ℃; otherwise can infringement be arranged and the scald accident takes place water heater; less at above-mentioned this water heater number of users; summer fever hydrophone temperature reaches very high situation again; in order to protect the water heater relevant device; and make the user when using hot water; can not feel sometimes hot and sometimes cold wild effect; the present invention proposes a kind of method that adopts heat pipe solar water heater to be carried out the heat protection; promptly work as water heater and reach uniform temperature, heat pipe in time leads out heat.
Summary of the invention
In view of this; the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control; do not need the user additionally to increase under the prerequisite of operation; when reaching uniform temperature, the tank top temperature just starts working; heat is taken in the surrounding environment, thereby reach the purpose of the water heater relevant device being carried out heat protection and pressure protect.For achieving the above object, the present invention by the following technical solutions:
This separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control of the present invention comprises evaporation tube, condenser pipe and return duct, wherein, condenser pipe is positioned at the outside of solar water heater water tank, evaporation tube wherein one section be positioned at solar water heater water tank, the position of condenser pipe is higher than evaporation tube, return duct is communicated with evaporation tube and condenser pipe, can heat exchange medium in evaporation tube, condenser pipe and the return duct, and the outer wall of condenser pipe is provided with some fin.
Further, the internal diameter of evaporation tube is greater than the internal diameter of return duct; Heat exchange medium adopts distilled water.
Further, there are certain angle of inclination in the part evaporation tube and the horizontal plane that link to each other with condenser pipe; The partial reflux pipe that links to each other with evaporation tube is level and smooth bend pipe.
Further, a heat exchange medium container cavity also is set between return duct and the evaporation tube.
Further, the part evaporation tube that links to each other with condenser pipe is a straight-run of pipe.
Further, the two ends of condenser pipe are respectively the inflation end and the end that refluxes, and wherein the inflation end is provided with air-filled pore, and the end that refluxes is connected with described return duct, and a side is held near the backflow of condenser pipe in the position that condenser pipe is communicated with evaporation tube; The inflation end can charge into inert gas by described air-filled pore.
Further, the inert gas that charges into of the inflation end of described condenser pipe is a nitrogen.
Further, the position that is communicated with evaporation tube of condenser pipe is 1/3 of a condenser pipe pipe range apart from the distance of the backflow end of condenser pipe.
Further, there are the angle of inclination of 10-15 degree in part evaporation tube that links to each other with condenser pipe and horizontal plane.
Further, the condenser pipe outer wall has thick 0.2mm, the copper of long 60-80mm or aluminium radiator fin; The partial reflux pipe that links to each other with evaporation tube is that smooth curved is the U type; Evaporation tube, condenser pipe and return duct adopt copper pipe.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
Technical scheme of the present invention is according to heat pipe principle, and whole device also can become heat pipe among the present invention, by the working media in the heat pipe of suitable selection, makes it to work in certain temperature range.When the solar water actuator temperature was lower than the vapourizing temperature of heat exchange medium, heat-pipe apparatus of the present invention was not worked, the solar water heater operate as normal.When the solar water heater water tank temperature further raises, in surpassing heat pipe during heat conduction working media vapourizing temperature, the working media that is under the certain vacuum state begins vaporization, after the working medium of evaporation tube absorbs the latent heat of vaporization, be vaporizated into steam, and flow to condenser pipe rapidly, the liquefaction of catching a cold of condenser pipe externally, under the effect of gravity, flow back to the evaporation tube that is positioned at water tank.In this process, working media in the heat pipe is through twice phase transformation, heat in the boiler is taken in the external environment condition, so go round and begin again, be lower than the vapourizing temperature of heat-conducting work medium in the heat pipe up to temperature in water tank, heat pipe is no longer worked, and heat no longer is delivered to space outerpace by the augmentation of heat transfer of heat pipe.
Other advantages of the present invention, target and feature will be set forth to a certain extent in the following description, and to a certain extent, based on being conspicuous to those skilled in the art, perhaps can obtain instruction from the practice of the present invention to investigating hereinafter.Target of the present invention and other advantages can realize and obtain by specifically noted structure in following specification and the accompanying drawing.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is schematic top plan view of the present invention (a band solar water heater water tank);
Fig. 2 is lateral plan of the present invention (a band solar water heater);
Fig. 3 is the present invention's symmetrical expression arrangement schematic diagram on solar water heater water tank.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments the present invention is described in further detail:
As shown in Figure 1, the device of present embodiment mainly is by the control of separate type controlled thermal heat pipe realization to solar water heater high temperature.Specifically comprise the condenser pipe 4 and the return duct 5 that are positioned at outside the water tank 9, fin 3 heat radiations are adopted in the heat radiation of condenser pipe 4, and the top has air-filled pore 1, is used to fill incoagulable gas nitrogen.The two ends of withdrawing fluid pipe 5 are connected with the working solution body cavity 7 that is positioned at water tank inside with condenser pipe 4 respectively, working solution body cavity 7 other ends are connected with vapor uptake 6 in being in water tank 9 equally, vapor uptake 6 is slightly thicker than liquid return tube 5, and vapor uptake 6 other ends are connected at its 1/3 place with condenser pipe 4.
The principle of the solar water heater water tank high-temperature control of present embodiment device is as follows: as shown in Figure 1, hydraulic fluid is a distilled water in the heat pipe, incoagulable gas is a nitrogen, and the amount of charging into of incoagulable gas nitrogen can charge into by air-filled pore 1, and the control the blowing pressure just can be controlled the nitrogen amount of charging into.When water temperature in the solar water heater did not reach predetermined temperature, heat pipe was in off working state, and nitrogen mixes with steam; After temperature is elevated to predetermined temperature in the extraneous water tank, steam flows to condenser pipe 4 with nitrogen by the steam ascent stage 6, in condenser pipe, non-condensable gas nitrogen is pressed against the front end of condenser pipe 4, the steam of high temperature is delivered to space outerpace by fin 3 with heat, steam is back in the working solution body cavity 7 of evaporation tube by liquid return tube 5 after being condensed into liquid, and nitrogen is then stayed condenser pipe and formed a vent plug 2.The interface of nitrogen and steam is in condenser pipe 4 a certain positions.Temperature further increases in water tank, when the heat input increases, the temperature of water vapour rises in the evaporation tube 6, the saturation vapour pressure of working medium increases rapidly, the vent plug 2(fixed gas-nitrogen of compression condensation pipe front end), the area of effective condenser pipe is increased, and promptly heat pipe is derived more heat in water tank 9.When hot input quantity reduced, situation was opposite.
In conjunction with Fig. 2, an end of evaporation tube is positioned at water tank, and other end condenser pipe is positioned at water tank outside, i.e. the water tank back; The evaporation tube straight tube is certain angle of inclination from inside to outside, is advisable with 10-15 °.Evaporation tube is totally a little less than the condenser pipe of outside.And outside condenser pipe has thick 0.2mm, the copper of length of side 60-80mm or aluminium radiator fin.The about 500mm of whole U type heat exchange of heat pipe total length can adopt 4 fens copper pipes.In pipe and water tank sidewall junction, adopt adiabatic measure, in order to avoid under the water heater normal operation, cause unnecessary thermal loss.When using solar water heater, the water that thermal-collecting tube of solar water heater 12 heating water tank are 9 li reaches uniform temperature, and the device work of present embodiment makes the water for cooling of 9 li in water tank.
For the solar water heater that holds water 170L is example, the related data of present embodiment device (can be called for short heat pipe or controlled thermal heat pipe) is as follows: the controlled thermal heat pipe is interior to be working media with distilled water, nitrogen is on-condensible gas, evaporation tube adopts length 0.5m, condensation section length 0.7m, the steam ascent stage is adopted copper pipe, caliber caliber * thickness of pipe＜32mm * 3mm; The section of condensing down-comer working solution body cavity adopts copper pipe, is of a size of long 150mm, caliber * thickness of pipe 40mm * 3mm; The end of working solution body cavity connects liquid return tube, and liquid return tube adopts copper pipe, caliber * thickness of pipe＜24mm * 3mm, and to the distance that 50mm is arranged the water tank wall, liquid return tube passes the water tank sidewall from the working solution body cavity; All the other most of liquid return tubes are positioned at water tank outside, being positioned at water tank condenser pipe behind is that 450mm is long, the copper pipe of caliber * thickness of pipe 45mm * 3mm, this condenser pipe copper pipe outer wall has fin, fin is 60mm * 60mm, square radiating copper sheet or the aluminium flake of thick 1mm perhaps adopt the circular heatsink of 55mm diameter, and inter fin space is about 5mm.Being controlled at 80 degree with temperature upper limit is example, and the blowing pressure of nitrogen should be about 0.006MPa.
The present embodiment patent at first should allow the operating temperature of the upper limit and water tank water capacity and conductive fluid to determine the heat conduction working media according to predetermined solar water heater water-temperature in concrete enforcement, and the incoagulability inert gas generally can adopt nitrogen.
The device beneficial effect of present embodiment: 1) device of present embodiment adopts advanced separate type controlled thermal heat pipe, when not needing additionally to expend the energy, realizes the effective control to solar water heater water tank high temperature.2) device of present embodiment can be effectively be controlled at the temperature of solar water heater below certain temperature (70 ℃), has avoided the infringement that the high temperature of water in the water tank even boiling may cause water heater and the scald accident takes place.
In addition, as shown in Figure 3, can adopt the separating heat tube of two symmetries when specifically implementing, the installation site is in the centre position of tank top level, and setting angle and specific implementation method are the same, just gives two separating heat tubes with total heat conduction amount mean allocation.Though this mode makes complex structure a little, be positioned at the tank top center owing to be positioned at the evaporation tube of separate heat pipe, so increased average degree to hot water heat conduction in the water tank.
At last, the condenser pipe of the separate heat pipe that patent of the present invention is related also can adopt the method for cooling jacket that working media steam is carried out condensation except the method for above-mentioned employing fin.The condenser pipe outer wall is the cooling chamber with deflection plate, and in order to strengthen the heat exchange effect, cooling water flows into from the upper end of water jacket, and flow out from the water jacket lower end cooling back.In the time of concrete enforcement, can determine the heat release power of working media steam, thereby determine the flow of condenser pipe cooling water according to the flow of working media steam at condenser pipe.This scheme is owing to adopted the cooling agent of cold water as condenser pipe, so effectively increased the heat transfer efficiency of whole separating heat tube, shortcoming is to need the extra cooling water pipeline that increases, but this scheme can adopt water in cooling water and the water tank together with mode, be that cooling water inlet is a running water, cooled water directly enters water tank from exporting, and so both effectively the condenser pipe working media is cooled off, and can not cause the waste of cooling water again.This separating heat tube requires condenser pipe and evaporation tube to be certain angle of inclination equally.
Also it should be noted that, above embodiment is only unrestricted in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, other modifications that those of ordinary skills make technical scheme of the present invention or be equal to replacement, only otherwise break away from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention, all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control, it is characterized in that: comprise evaporation tube, condenser pipe and return duct, wherein, condenser pipe is positioned at the outside of solar water heater water tank, evaporation tube wherein one section be positioned at solar water heater water tank, the position of condenser pipe is higher than evaporation tube, return duct is communicated with evaporation tube and condenser pipe, can heat exchange medium in evaporation tube, condenser pipe and the return duct, the outer wall of condenser pipe is provided with some fin.
2. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the internal diameter of evaporation tube is greater than the internal diameter of return duct; Heat exchange medium adopts distilled water.
3. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 2 is characterized in that: there are certain angle of inclination in the part evaporation tube and the horizontal plane that link to each other with condenser pipe; The partial reflux pipe that links to each other with evaporation tube is level and smooth bend pipe.
4. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 3 is characterized in that: a heat exchange medium container cavity also is set between return duct and the evaporation tube.
5. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: the part evaporation tube that links to each other with condenser pipe is a straight-run of pipe.
6. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 5, it is characterized in that: the two ends of condenser pipe are respectively the inflation end and the end that refluxes, wherein the inflation end is provided with air-filled pore, the end that refluxes is connected with described return duct, and a side is held near the backflow of condenser pipe in the position that condenser pipe is communicated with evaporation tube; The inflation end can charge into inert gas by described air-filled pore.
7. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 6, it is characterized in that: the inert gas that the inflation end of described condenser pipe charges into is a nitrogen.
8. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 7 is characterized in that: the position that condenser pipe is communicated with evaporation tube is 1/3 of a condenser pipe pipe range apart from the distance of the backflow end of condenser pipe.
9. according to each described a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control of claim 1-8, it is characterized in that: there are the angle of inclination of 10-15 degree in part evaporation tube that links to each other with condenser pipe and horizontal plane.
10. a kind of separate heat pipe device that is used for the solar water heater high-temperature control according to claim 9, it is characterized in that: the condenser pipe outer wall has thick 0.2mm, the copper of long 60-80mm or aluminium radiator fin; The partial reflux pipe that links to each other with evaporation tube is that smooth curved is the U type; Evaporation tube, condenser pipe and return duct adopt copper pipe.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010105614270A CN101975525B (en) | 2010-11-27 | 2010-11-27 | Separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of solar water heater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010105614270A CN101975525B (en) | 2010-11-27 | 2010-11-27 | Separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of solar water heater |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101975525A true CN101975525A (en) | 2011-02-16 |
| CN101975525B CN101975525B (en) | 2012-04-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN2010105614270A Expired - Fee Related CN101975525B (en) | 2010-11-27 | 2010-11-27 | Separated heat pipe device used for high-temperature control of solar water heater |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103912999A (en) * | 2014-04-04 | 2014-07-09 | 江苏启能新能源材料有限公司 | Phase-change heat storage solar water heater with novel heat dissipation structure |
| CN104296229A (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2015-01-21 | 南京工业大学 | Separated solar heat pipe heating and hot water supply device and method thereof |
| CN104528075A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-04-22 | 无锡市晨阳彩印厂 | Condensation pipe for packer |
| CN106091436A (en) * | 2016-08-10 | 2016-11-09 | 江苏海克力斯电力科技有限公司 | A kind of separate heat pipe device for solar water heater high-temperature control |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5716755A (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1982-01-28 | Akebono Brake Ind Co Ltd | Heat pipe water heater utilizing solar energy |
| JPS6064159A (en) * | 1983-09-19 | 1985-04-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Solar heat-water heater |
| CN201100774Y (en) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-08-13 | 查荣生 | Solar water heater water box |
| CN101726124A (en) * | 2008-10-27 | 2010-06-09 | 董宜昌 | Temperature-control solar water heater |
| CN101846399A (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2010-09-29 | 上海锦立新能源科技有限公司 | Solar phase-change heat accumulation water heater with overheating protection device |
-
2010
- 2010-11-27 CN CN2010105614270A patent/CN101975525B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5716755A (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1982-01-28 | Akebono Brake Ind Co Ltd | Heat pipe water heater utilizing solar energy |
| JPS6064159A (en) * | 1983-09-19 | 1985-04-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Solar heat-water heater |
| CN201100774Y (en) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-08-13 | 查荣生 | Solar water heater water box |
| CN101726124A (en) * | 2008-10-27 | 2010-06-09 | 董宜昌 | Temperature-control solar water heater |
| CN101846399A (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2010-09-29 | 上海锦立新能源科技有限公司 | Solar phase-change heat accumulation water heater with overheating protection device |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103912999A (en) * | 2014-04-04 | 2014-07-09 | 江苏启能新能源材料有限公司 | Phase-change heat storage solar water heater with novel heat dissipation structure |
| CN103912999B (en) * | 2014-04-04 | 2016-02-17 | 江苏启能新能源材料有限公司 | A kind of phase-change thermal storage solar water heater with new radiator structure |
| CN104296229A (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2015-01-21 | 南京工业大学 | Separated solar heat pipe heating and hot water supply device and method thereof |
| CN104296229B (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2017-02-08 | 南京工业大学 | Separated solar heat pipe heating and hot water supply device and method thereof |
| CN104528075A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-04-22 | 无锡市晨阳彩印厂 | Condensation pipe for packer |
| CN106091436A (en) * | 2016-08-10 | 2016-11-09 | 江苏海克力斯电力科技有限公司 | A kind of separate heat pipe device for solar water heater high-temperature control |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101975525B (en) | 2012-04-18 |
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