CN101974214A - Mineral reinforced PC-PET composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Mineral reinforced PC-PET composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN101974214A CN101974214A CN2010102970930A CN201010297093A CN101974214A CN 101974214 A CN101974214 A CN 101974214A CN 2010102970930 A CN2010102970930 A CN 2010102970930A CN 201010297093 A CN201010297093 A CN 201010297093A CN 101974214 A CN101974214 A CN 101974214A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/875—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling for achieving a non-uniform temperature distribution, e.g. using barrels having both cooling and heating zones
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92514—Pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
- B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
- B29C2948/92876—Feeding, melting, plasticising or pumping zones, e.g. the melt itself
- B29C2948/92895—Barrel or housing
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Abstract
The invention discloses a mineral reinforced PC-PET composite material and a preparation method thereof. The composite material consists of the following components in part by weight: 100 parts of polycarbonate, 25 to 40 parts of polyethylene glycol terephthalate, 4 to 6 parts of toughening agent, 6 to 10 parts of compatibilizer, 30 to 45 parts of mineral fiber, 0.5 to 1 part of antioxidant, and 1 to 2 parts of processing agent. The compatibilizer and the mineral fiber are added into the composite material, and the compatibilizer not only toughens the polycarbonate but also increases the compatibility of the polycarbonate and the polyethylene glycol terephthalate, thereby improving the comprehensive performance of the composite material; and the mineral fiber can improve the rigidity and the strength of the composite material, and can ensure that the composite material achieves a matt effect and is easy for spray coating.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of polymer materials, relate in particular to a kind of mineral and strengthen PC+PET matrix material and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
PET (polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate) is a kind of degree of crystallinity height, the vibrin of physics, chemical property excellence, it is material modified to have good mechanical property in wide temperature range, the life-time service temperature can reach 140 ℃, electrical insulating property is good, even under the high temperature high frequency, its electrical property, mechanical property are still better, creep resistance, resistance to fatigue, rub resistance, dimensional stability is excellent, heat-drawn wire is high, but its corona resistance is relatively poor, crystallization velocity slow, resistance to low temperature is poor.The thermoplastics that contains carbonic ether in PC (Polycarbonate, the polycarbonate) main chain have premium propertiess such as high transparent, high-impact, high strength, high creep, but its resistance to chemical attack is relatively poor, is dissolved in organic solvent, and shortcoming such as stress cracking easily.
So the matrix material of a lot of PC+PET has appearred in prior art at present, but the consistency of PC and PET is poor, causes the toughness of PC+PET matrix material poor, the rigidity of PC+PET matrix material is not high yet in addition.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of mineral and strengthen PC+PET matrix material and preparation method thereof, the PC+PET composite material toughness is good, rigidity is high.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of mineral strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, and are composed of the following components by weight:
Polycarbonate 100
Polyethylene terephthalate 25-40
Toughner 4-6
Expanding material 6-10
Mineral fibre 30-45
Oxidation inhibitor 0.5-1
Processing aid 1-2.
Aforesaid mineral strengthen the preparation method of PC+PET matrix material, comprising:
(1) takes by weighing various components by top described parts by weight;
(2) the various components that step (1) is taken by weighing were handled 10～15 minutes through high-speed mixing;
(3) with the material that mixes in the step (2), through the twin screw extruder fusion, through extruding granulation; The twin screw extruder processing condition are: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, five district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, mixture time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, and pressure is 10～20MPa.
The present invention is added with expanding material and mineral fibre in existing P C+PET matrix material, when expanding material not only can toughened polycarbonate, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate consistency are increased, improve the over-all properties of matrix material of the present invention; Mineral fibre can improve the rigidity and the intensity of matrix material of the present invention, and can make matrix material reach matt effect, easily spraying.
Embodiment
Mineral of the present invention strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, and are composed of the following components by weight:
Polycarbonate 100
Polyethylene terephthalate 25-40
Toughner 4-6
Expanding material 6-10
Mineral fibre 30-45
Oxidation inhibitor 0.5-1
Processing aid 1-2.
Wherein, the function of polycarbonate is the material of main part as modified product, is playing a leading role aspect toughness and the rigidity; The polyethylene terephthalate function is and polycarbonate generation transesterify that raising toughness is eliminated fine line in surperficial ore deposit and the internal stress that reduces polycarbonate simultaneously, avoids stress cracking, increases the processing fluidity of polycarbonate; The function of toughner is to improve the material notched Izod impact strength, promotes the toughness of material under cold condition; When the function of expanding material is toughened polycarbonate, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate consistency are increased; The function of mineral fibre is to make material reach matt effect, easily sprays, and increases the rigidity of material simultaneously, improves the intensity of material; The function of oxidation inhibitor is to reduce the oxidation of material in the course of processing, and reduces the xanthochromia speed of material; The processing aid function is the friction that reduces material processing, makes each uniform component distribution.
Further, described mineral fibre is homemade polynary mineral-filled compound, its preparation method is as follows: with weight ratio is that 9: 5: 5 silicates composite reinforcing fiber whisker, needle-like ground silica 5000 orders and process white is as base-material, add nano silicon and the silane coupling agent (such as KH550 or KH560) that accounts for base-material gross weight 0.5%-2% in addition, mix 20-40min through high mixer, temperature remains on 75-95 ℃; To promptly can be made into after the mixed material cooling of high mixer.Can increase the consistency of inorganic salt through the mineral fibre after the above-mentioned processing, improve the bulk strength of matrix material further with organic resin.
Further, described polycarbonate relative density is 1.20-1.22g/cm3, and vicat softening temperature is 145-155 ℃, and melting index (MFR) is 9-15g/min, and test condition is 300 ℃ of temperature, counterweight weight 1.2KG.
Further, the relative density of described polyethylene terephthalate is 1.35-1.38g/cm
3, fusing point is 250～260 ℃, its kinetic viscosity under molten state was 0.65～1.1 handkerchief second.This kinetic viscosity is that area respectively is 1m
2And at a distance of the LAYER FLUID of 1m, the internal friction that is produced when doing relative movement with the speed of 1m/s only needs to guarantee that a polyethylene terephthalate is tested gets final product under molten state.
Further, described toughner is ethylene-methyl methacrylate butyl ester-glycidyl acrylate multipolymer.
Further, described expanding material is the core-shell copolymerized thing of methyl methacrylate.
Further, described oxidation inhibitor is that four [3-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] pentaerythritol ester and tricresyl phosphite (2,4-di-t-butyl phenyl ester) 1: 1 in proportion～2.5 composite mixtures that form or triglycol two-a kind of in 3-(3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl phenyl) vinyl cyanide, three (2, the 4-di-tert-butylphenol) phosphorous acid ester.
Further, described processing aid is modified product a kind of of OP wax, hard ester acids or fatty acid or ethylene bis stearamide.
Aforesaid mineral strengthen the preparation method of PC+PET matrix material, comprising:
(1) takes by weighing polycarbonate 100 by weight, polyethylene terephthalate 25-40, toughner 4-6, expanding material 6-10, mineral fibre 30-45, oxidation inhibitor 0.5-1, processing aid 1-2;
(2) the various components that step (1) is taken by weighing were handled 10～15 minutes through high-speed mixing;
(3) with the material that mixes in the step (2), through the twin screw extruder fusion, through extruding granulation; The twin screw extruder processing condition are: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, five district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, mixture time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, and pressure is 10～20MPa.
Describe below in conjunction with specific embodiment:
In the following embodiments, the relative density of polycarbonate is 1.20-1.22g/cm
3, vicat softening temperature is 145-155 ℃, and its melting index (MFR) is 9-15g/min, and test condition is 300 ℃ of temperature, counterweight weight 1.2KG, the trade mark such as EPS30R, 3015 etc.The relative density of polyethylene terephthalate is about 1.35-1.38, and fusing point is 250～260 ℃, and viscosity was 0.65～1.1 handkerchief second.Toughner is ethylene-methyl methacrylate butyl ester-glycidyl acrylate multipolymer, is specifically as follows the PTW of Du Pont, PC-15 or KT-22.Expanding material is a nucleocapsid structure toughner, and nuclear is Afpol, and shell is a polymethylmethacrylate, and commercially available model is C-223A or MBS-2620.The ore deposit fibre is homemade a kind of polynary mineral-filled compound, and the preparation method as mentioned above.Oxidation inhibitor is that four [3-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] pentaerythritol ester and tricresyl phosphite (2,4-di-t-butyl phenyl ester) composite mixture or triglycol be two-3-(3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl phenyl) vinyl cyanide, three (2, the 4-di-tert-butylphenol) a kind of in the phosphorous acid ester, commercially available model PW-9225,1010,168,1076 etc.Processing aid is a kind of in the modified product of OP wax, hard ester acids or fatty acid or ethylene bis stearamide, and commercially available model is Ke Laien OP wax or TAF or EBS.
Embodiment 1
The mineral of this embodiment strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, are made by following materials based on weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 25 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 4 parts of toughner, 6 parts of expanding materials, 30 parts of mineral fibre, 0.5 part in oxidation inhibitor, 1 part of processing aid.
The preparation method: take by weighing above-mentioned each component,, pass through twin screw extruder again in hasten stirrer for mixing 10 minutes of height, through extrude, granulation.Wherein each zone temperatures is: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, five district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, mixture time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, and pressure is 10～20MPa.
Embodiment 2
The mineral of this embodiment strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, are made by following materials based on weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 30 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 5 parts of toughner, 8 parts of expanding materials, 35 parts of mineral fibre, 0.8 part in oxidation inhibitor, 1.5 parts of processing aids.
The preparation method is with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
The mineral of this embodiment strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, are made by following materials based on weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 35 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 5 parts of toughner, 8 parts of expanding materials, 40 parts of mineral fibre, 0.8 part in oxidation inhibitor, 1.5 parts of processing aids.
The preparation method is with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 4
The mineral of this embodiment strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, are made by following materials based on weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 40 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 6 parts of toughner, 10 parts of expanding materials, 45 parts of mineral fibre, 1 part in oxidation inhibitor, 2 parts of processing aids.
The preparation method is with embodiment 1.
Comparative Examples 1
100 parts of polycarbonate, 30 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 5 parts of toughner, 8 parts of expanding materials, 35 parts of mineral fibre (common mineral fibre, of the present invention is homemade mineral fibre), 0.8 part in oxidation inhibitor, 1.5 parts of processing aids.
Preparation method: take by weighing above-mentioned each component,, pass through twin screw extruder again, extrude, granulation in hasten stirrer for mixing 10 minutes of height.Wherein each zone temperatures is: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, five district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, compound time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, and pressure is 10～20MPa.
Comparative Examples 2
100 parts of polycarbonate, 30 parts of polyethylene terephthalates, 5 parts of toughner, 35 parts of mineral fibre, 0.8 part in oxidation inhibitor, 1.5 parts of processing aids.
Preparation method: take by weighing above-mentioned each component,, pass through twin screw extruder again, extrude, granulation in hasten stirrer for mixing 10 minutes of height.Wherein each zone temperatures is: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, and two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, and three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, 240～250 ℃ in five districts, compound time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, pressure is 10～20MPa.
Performance evaluation mode and examination criteria
One, the method for Jian Ceing, step, condition and standard.
With the particle finished as stated above in 100～110 ℃ convection oven dry 4～6 hours in advance, and then the particulate material that drying is good carried out the injection molding sample preparation on injector, and the injection mold temperature control is at 100 ℃.
Tensile strength is tested by ISO 527 standards.Specimen types is the I type, batten size (mm): 150 (length) * (20 ± 0.2) (end width) * (4 ± 0.2) (thickness), and draw speed is 50mm/min;
Flexural strength and modulus in flexure are tested by ISO 178 standards.Specimen types is specimen size (mm): (80 ± 2) * (10 ± 0.2) * (4 ± 0.2), rate of bending are 20mm/min;
Notched Izod impact strength is tested by ISO 180 standards.Specimen types is the I type, specimen size (mm): (80 ± 2) * (10 ± 0.2) * (4 ± 0.2); The breach type is a category-A, and breach is thick 1/3 deeply;
Heat-drawn wire is tested by ISO 75-2 standard.Specimen types is the I type, specimen size (mm): 127 (length) * (13 ± 0.1) * (6.35 ± 0.1); Temperature rise rate is 120 ℃/1h, and pressure is 1.82MPa, and the setting deformation quantity is 0.21mm.
Following table is the parts by weight of each component of embodiment 1-4, Comparative Examples 1,2 and the rerum natura table of the matrix material made:
By the rerum natura table of embodiment 2 and Comparative Examples 1 as can be seen, though common mineral fibre can strengthen the PC+PET alloy material, but because its coupling agent treatment is bad, poor with the consistency of resin, there is incompatible composition in whole composite system, make that the every data of physicals are all poor, shock strength is more obvious, so the processing of mineral fibre is necessary, adopt the homemade mineral fibre of the present invention can further increase the consistency of inorganic salt, improve the bulk strength of matrix material with organic resin.By the rerum natura table of embodiment 2 and Comparative Examples 2 as can be seen: though can draw polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate is compatible from the theory of similar compatibility, but as can be seen from the contrast of actual rerum natura, two kinds of components also have incompatible composition to exist, so the use of expanding material is necessary, it can improve the consistency of alloy system, and then makes matrix material have superior stiffness and good toughness.Make material later stage test comparison from embodiment 1-4, though embodiment 1-4 can satisfy the requirement of parts to material property, use contrast through actual production, the matrix material of embodiment 2 is more perfect, and best performance is different.Comprehensive contrast, mineral of the present invention strengthen the PC+PET matrix material can satisfy the requirement of parts such as automobile sedan limousine collision bumper, automobile spoiler, splash pan to mechanical strength and creep, fatigue resistance fully at aspect of performance, has outstanding cost performance, the wide material sources of raw material, Application Areas is more wide.
More than PC+PET matrix material provided by the present invention and preparation method thereof is described in detail, used concrete each example herein principle of the present invention and embodiment are set forth, the explanation of above embodiment just is used for helping to understand method of the present invention and core concept thereof; Simultaneously, for one of ordinary skill in the art, according to thought of the present invention, the part that all can change in specific embodiments and applications, in sum, this description should not be construed as limitation of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. mineral strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, it is characterized in that, and are composed of the following components by weight:
Polycarbonate 100
Polyethylene terephthalate 25-40
Toughner 4-6
Expanding material 6-10
Mineral fibre 30-45
Oxidation inhibitor 0.5-1
Processing aid 1-2.
2. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, it is characterized in that: described mineral fibre is homemade polynary mineral-filled compound, its preparation method is as follows: with weight ratio is that 9: 5: 5 silicates composite reinforcing fiber whisker, needle-like ground silica 5000 orders and process white is as base-material, add nano silicon and the silane coupling agent that accounts for base-material gross weight 0.5%-2% in addition, mix 20-40min through high mixer, temperature remains on 75-95 ℃; To promptly can be made into after the mixed material cooling of high mixer.
3. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, it is characterized in that: described polycarbonate relative density is 1.20-1.22g/cm3, and vicat softening temperature is 145-155 ℃, and melting index (MFR) is 9-15g/min, test condition is 300 ℃ of temperature, counterweight weight 1.2KG.
4. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, and it is characterized in that: the relative density of described polyethylene terephthalate is 1.35-1.38g/cm
3, fusing point is 250～260 ℃, its kinetic viscosity under molten state was 0.65～1.1 handkerchief second.
5. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, and it is characterized in that: described toughner is ethylene-methyl methacrylate butyl ester-glycidyl acrylate multipolymer.
6. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, and it is characterized in that: described expanding material is the core-shell copolymerized thing of methyl methacrylate.
7. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, it is characterized in that: described oxidation inhibitor is that four [3-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] pentaerythritol ester and tricresyl phosphite (2,4-di-t-butyl phenyl ester) 1: 1 in proportion～1: 2.5 composite mixture that forms or triglycol be two-a kind of in 3-(3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl phenyl) vinyl cyanide, three (2, the 4-di-tert-butylphenol) phosphorous acid ester.
8. mineral according to claim 1 strengthen the PC+PET matrix material, it is characterized in that: described processing aid is modified product a kind of of OP wax, hard ester acids or fatty acid or ethylene bis stearamide.
9. the preparation method as the described mineral enhancing of the arbitrary claim of claim 1 to 8 PC+PET matrix material is characterized in that, comprising:
(1) takes by weighing various components by the described parts by weight of claim 1;
(2) the various components that step (1) is taken by weighing were handled 10～15 minutes through high-speed mixing;
(3) with the material that mixes in the step (2), through the twin screw extruder fusion, through extruding granulation; The twin screw extruder processing condition are: twin screw extruder one district's temperature is 230～240 ℃, two district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, three district's temperature are 250～260 ℃, four district's temperature are 245～255 ℃, five district's temperature are 240～250 ℃, mixture time of delivery in screw rod is 1～5 minute, and pressure is 10～20MPa.
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| CN102719060A (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2012-10-10 | 深圳市科聚新材料有限公司 | High-temperature resistant and high-gloss PET / PBT composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN103382303A (en) * | 2013-07-11 | 2013-11-06 | 安徽科聚新材料有限公司 | High gloss surface polyhexamethylene adipamide composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN103819887A (en) * | 2012-11-16 | 2014-05-28 | 合肥杰事杰新材料股份有限公司 | High-rigidity and high-heat-resistant PC/PET alloy material and preparing method thereof |
| CN109135204A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2019-01-04 | 四川大学 | A kind of self-reinforcing transparent PET/PC alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN114133722A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-03-04 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | PC composite material and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN102719060A (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2012-10-10 | 深圳市科聚新材料有限公司 | High-temperature resistant and high-gloss PET / PBT composite material and preparation method thereof |
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| CN114133722A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-03-04 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | PC composite material and preparation method and application thereof |
| WO2023071795A1 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-05-04 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | Pc composite material, preparation method therefor, and application thereof |
| CN115627059A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-01-20 | 江苏金发科技新材料有限公司 | PC/PET alloy material and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN115627059B (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-10-17 | 江苏金发科技新材料有限公司 | PC/PET alloy material and preparation method and application thereof |
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Application publication date: 20110216 |