CN101964584B - Linear motor of communicated magnetic circuit - Google Patents
Linear motor of communicated magnetic circuit Download PDFInfo
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- CN101964584B CN101964584B CN 201010512230 CN201010512230A CN101964584B CN 101964584 B CN101964584 B CN 101964584B CN 201010512230 CN201010512230 CN 201010512230 CN 201010512230 A CN201010512230 A CN 201010512230A CN 101964584 B CN101964584 B CN 101964584B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a linear motor of a communicated magnetic circuit. The linear motor comprises a primary winding (31) and a secondary winding (32). The linear motor is characterized in that: the primary winding (31) is a closed magnetic circuit and comprises at least one primary magnetic circuit (34) and at least one communicated magnetic circuit (35); the primary magnetic circuit (34) and the communicated magnetic circuit (35) are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit; a leakage flux induction coil winding (33) is wound on the communicated magnetic circuit (35); and a linear motor primary winding (36) is wound on the primary magnetic circuit (34). The linear motor of the communicated magnetic circuit can reclaim the leakage flux loss of the longitudinal end effect of the linear motor, improves the power factor, improves the utilization rate of electrical energy and reduces electromagnetic pollution caused by the end effect of the linear motor due to open magnetic circuit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the techniques of linear motor field, is a kind of linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit specifically.
Background technology
Linear electric motors are considered to the most promising straight line transportation system power set.Because linear electric motors structure itself exists because magnetic circuit disconnects the loss of caused longitudinal end effect and elementary and inferior inter-stage operation air gap is large.These two reasons have caused the linear electric motors energy utilization rate low, thereby have caused the linear electric motors invention over 100 years, can not be in the field of traffic extensive use.Urban light rail system single-sided linear induction machine actual efficiency only has about 30% (theoretical efficiencies 0.75 at present, thrust output 40%), compare with the track traffic that traditional electric rotating machine drives, the track traffic that line inductance electromotor drives will consume energy about 30% more.According to the present electric power system generating heat efficiency about 40%, linear electric motors are as the power of means of transportation, and its using energy source gross efficiency is about 12%, and this efficient is compared with automobile, train, the aircraft of present railway and highway system, has no advantage.Energy consumption is large, and efficient is low, becomes the popularization and application of restriction linear electric motors in the maximum bottleneck of traffic system.
Structure of the linear motion actuator exists longitudinal end effect (endeffect) because magnetic circuit disconnects.The longitudinal end effect can be divided into: two kinds of static longitudinal end effect and dynamic end-effects.End effect has increased additional running resistance and the supplementary load loss of linear electric motor primary with time inter-stage, has reduced effective output of linear electric motors, has had a strong impact on efficient and the performance of linear electric motors.If the loss of longitudinal end effect leakage flux can be reclaimed and is utilized, then can directly be improved the efficiency of linear electric motors.
Summary of the invention
For the defective that exists in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit, the loss of recyclable linear electric motors longitudinal end effect leakage flux, improve and improved power factor, improve utilization rate of electrical, reduced linear electric motors because the electromagnetic pollution that the end effect that the magnetic circuit disconnection causes causes.
For reaching above purpose, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
A kind of linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit comprise elementary 31 and secondary 32, it is characterized in that: described elementary 31 are closed magnetic circuit, comprise that at least one primary magnetic circuit 34 and at least one are communicated with magnetic circuit 35, primary magnetic circuit 34 and be communicated with magnetic circuit 35 and be connected to form closed magnetic circuit,
Leakage flux induction coil winding 33 is installed around and is communicated with on the magnetic circuit 35, and linear electric motor primary winding 36 is installed around on the primary magnetic circuit 34.
On the basis of technique scheme, the permeability magnetic material that described primary magnetic circuit 34 is used is identical with the permeability magnetic material that existing linear electric motors use, and the permeability magnetic material that described connection magnetic circuit 35 uses is identical with the permeability magnetic material that primary magnetic circuit or existing transformer use,
Described leakage flux induction coil winding 33 is identical with the winding material of existing transformer, and described linear electric motor primary winding 36 is identical with existing linear electric motors winding material.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article one, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places primary magnetic circuit 34 tops, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article two, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 place primary magnetic circuit 34 about two sides, primary magnetic circuit 34 rear and front ends are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article one, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places left side or the right side of primary magnetic circuit 34, the closed magnetic circuit that primary magnetic circuit 34 rear and front ends connect by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: three primary magnetic circuit 34 that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, the connection magnetic circuit 35 of " E " shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit 34, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of " day " shape by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: two primary magnetic circuit 34 that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, " the connection magnetic circuit 35 of [" shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit 34, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of rectangle by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: two above primary magnetic circuit 34 head and the tail connections, series connection are integrated, and are connected to form closed magnetic circuit with connection magnetic circuit 35 again, consist of long elementary.
The linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit of the present invention, the loss of recyclable linear electric motors longitudinal end effect leakage flux, improve and improved power factor, improved utilization rate of electrical, reduced linear electric motors because the electromagnetic pollution that the end effect that the magnetic circuit disconnection causes causes.
Description of drawings
The present invention has following accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 transformer principle schematic diagram,
Fig. 2 linear electric motors principle schematic,
The rectilinear scheme principle schematic of Fig. 3,
Fig. 4 horizontal scheme principle schematic,
Fig. 5 three-phase single-column type scheme principle schematic,
The single-phase double-row type scheme of Fig. 6 principle schematic,
Fig. 7 scheme principle schematic that is installed in series,
Fig. 8 linear electric motors power supply the principle figure,
Fig. 9 has the linear electric motors equivalent circuit diagram now,
The linear electric motors equivalent circuit diagram that Figure 10 leakage flux reclaims.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is the transformer principle schematic diagram, and transformer is a kind of static electrical equipment, and it utilizes the electromagnetic induction effect that the AC energy of a kind of voltage, electric current is transferred into the another kind of voltage of same frequency, the electric energy of electric current.Topmost parts are first, second iron cores 11,12 and first, second winding 13,14 in the transformer, and they have consisted of the device body of transformer.The iron core of transformer is magnetic circuit, is again the skeleton of suit winding.Iron core is comprised of stem and iron yoke two parts, and stem is used for being set with winding, and the iron yoke couples together stem, makes it to form closed magnetic circuit.For reducing core loss, the silicon steel sheet with thick 0.30～0.35mm unshakable in one's determination builds up, and is coated with insulating varnish on the sheet, to avoid short circuit between sheet.In large-scale power transformer. for improving magnetic permeability and reducing core loss, often adopt cold-reduced silicon sheet; Unshakable in one's determination for reducing gaping of joints and exciting curent, sometimes also adopt the roll film formula that is rolled into by cold-reduced silicon sheet.First, second winding 13, the 14th, the circuit part of transformer is with insulation lenticular wire or the circle wire-wound one-tenth of paper bag or yarn bag.The first winding 13 of wherein inputting electric energy also can be described as winding, primary winding, armature winding or former limit one time, the second winding 14 of output electric energy also can be described as secondary winding, auxiliary winding, secondary winding or inferior limit, and they usually are sleeved on the same stem or are sleeved on the different stems.First, second winding 13,14 has the different numbers of turn, voltage and current, and the winding that wherein voltage is higher is called the high pressure winding, and voltage is lower is called the low pressure winding.For step-up transformer, a winding is the low pressure winding, and secondary winding is the high pressure winding; For step-down transformer, situation is just the opposite, and the number of turn of high pressure winding is many, wire is thin; The number of turn of low pressure winding is few, wire is thick.
Fig. 2 is existing linear electric motors principle schematic, and linear electric motors also are a kind of electric energy conversion electrical equipment, and it utilizes the electromagnetic induction effect, the electric energy of input primary winding coil is converted to the mechanical energy of " moving limit " straight line mechanical movement relative to " deckle ".One side of the relative ground moving of linear electric motors is called " moving limit ", and another side then is called " deckle ", and " moving limit " can be the elementary of linear electric motors, also can be the secondary of linear electric motors." moving limit " of the linear electric motors among Fig. 2 be elementary 22, and " deckle " be secondary 23, and armature winding 21 is installed around on elementary 22, because elementary 22 be shorter in length than is secondary 23, so is called as " short elementary ", otherwise then is called " growing elementary ".
From the principle, linear electric motors and transformer all are the electrical installations by electromagnetic induction effect switching energy.Different is the electric energy that transformer converts electric energy to different voltages, electric current, and linear electric motors convert electric energy to the mechanical energy of " moving limit " straight line mechanical movement relative to " deckle ".See on the structure, " elementary " of transformer and " secondary " magnetic circuit are the closed magnetic loops that is communicated with, and " elementary " of linear electric motors and " secondary " separate, and primary magnetic circuit disconnects.
By electromagnetic induction principle as can be known, if change linear electric motors " secondary " into winding, and relative with " elementary " fixing, when " elementary " of linear electric motors moves horizontally magnetic field by cutting " secondary " winding coil, can in " secondary " winding coil, induce electric current equally, thereby will be input to the electric energy of " elementary ", convert the electric energy of " secondary " different voltages, electric current to.In this case, because the primary magnetic circuit of linear electric motors disconnects, magnetic loss must be much higher than the transformer of magnetic circuit closure, and its energy conversion efficiency must be significantly less than the transformer of magnetic circuit closure.If " elementary " magnetic circuit is connect, make it to form the closed-loop path, be equivalent to " rotor " with electric rotating machine as " elementary ", the rotating magnetic field that produces when " elementary " can produce induced current during by cutting " stator " winding coil equally in " stator " winding coil.Therefore can judge, if " elementary " magnetic circuit connection of linear electric motors is made it to form closed magnetic loop, linear electric motors disconnect the end effect loss that produces owing to magnetic circuit, its form of expression must be an alternating flux, and this alternation leakage flux will inevitably move along the little closed magnetic loop of magnetic resistance.The physics principle basis that Here it is " linear electric motors limit longitudinal end effect magnetic loss reclaims principle ".
One, reclaims the loss of linear electric motors longitudinal end effect leakage flux, improve and improve power factor, improve utilization rate of electrical
Below summary linear electric motors longitudinal end effect magnetic loss reclaims principle: compare the operation logic of transformer and linear electric motors, the two difference is " closure " and the "off" of magnetic circuit.By the electromagnetic principle reasoning, if the communicated magnetic circuit with alternating current impression linear electric motors " elementary ", make primary magnetic circuit and " being connected magnetic circuit " form closed magnetic circuit, the alternation leakage flux that the end effect of linear electric motors produces will inevitably flow along magnetic resistance little " connection magnetic circuit ".If the proper site at " connection magnetic circuit " fills around " leakage flux induction coil (leakage flux induction coil winding) " simultaneously, the alternation leakage flux of linear electric motors will inevitably produce induced current in " leakage flux induction coil ".With this induced current anti-electrical network of sending back to after treatment, again input linear electric motors by electrical network, thereby reach the recycling of linear electric motors longitudinal end effect leakage flux loss.Perhaps with " leakage flux induction coil " as damping coil, be used for to adjust linear electric motors power output and operating state.Existing linear electric motors are because primary magnetic circuit disconnects, and the alternation leakage flux that end effect produces is inevitable disperses in air with electromagnetic form, thereby forms electromagnetic pollution." connection magnetic circuit " connects the primary magnetic circuit that disconnects, and the alternation leakage flux is flowed in closed magnetic circuit, can avoid this problem, and this uses for the penetration and promotion linear electric motors more profound significance.
We can regard linear electric motors end effect magnetic loss recovery (principle) by two parts as and form.A part is comprised of linear electric motors " elementary " and linear electric motors " secondary ", alternating current produces at armature winding and moves horizontally magnetic field, at the corresponding induced current of secondary generation, the magnetic field that induced current produces and armature winding produce and move horizontally magnetic field interaction force, promote " moving limit " relatively " deckle " generation displacement.Another part is comprised of linear electric motors " elementary " and " leakage flux induction coil ", electric current is after the armature winding generation moves horizontally magnetic field, pass the leakage flux induction coil at the magnetic circuit end by the magnetic circuit of connecting, produce induced current at " leakage flux induction coil ", " leakage flux induction coil " is equivalent to the secondary of transformer at this moment.This structure of the linear motion actuator makes the electric energy that is input to linear electric motors " elementary ", and a part is converted to horizontal movement machinery energy, and a part is converted to electric energy and is reused, thereby reaches the purpose that improves the linear electric motors utilization rate of electrical.
According to above-mentioned principle, the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit of the present invention comprise elementary (linear electric motor primary) 31 and secondary (linear electric motors are secondary) 32, it is characterized in that:
Described elementary 31 is closed magnetic circuit, comprises at least one primary magnetic circuit (linear electric motor primary magnetic circuit) 34 and at least one connection magnetic circuit 35, and primary magnetic circuit 34 and connection magnetic circuit 35 are connected to form closed magnetic circuit,
Leakage flux induction coil winding 33 is installed around and is communicated with on the magnetic circuit 35, and linear electric motor primary winding 36 is installed around on the primary magnetic circuit 34.
The permeability magnetic material that described primary magnetic circuit 34 is used is identical with the permeability magnetic material that existing linear electric motors use, and the permeability magnetic material that described connection magnetic circuit 35 uses is identical with the permeability magnetic material that primary magnetic circuit or existing transformer use,
Described leakage flux induction coil winding 33 is identical with the winding material of existing transformer, and described linear electric motor primary winding 36 is identical with existing linear electric motors winding material.
On the basis of technique scheme, in the rectilinear scheme as shown in Figure 3, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article one, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places primary magnetic circuit 34 tops, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, in the horizontal scheme as shown in Figure 4, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article two, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 place primary magnetic circuit 34 about two sides, primary magnetic circuit 34 rear and front ends are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.As the selectable horizontal scheme of another kind, described elementary 31 comprise: a primary magnetic circuit 34 that is made of permeability magnetic material, article one, the connection magnetic circuit 35 that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places left side or the right side of primary magnetic circuit 34, the closed magnetic circuit that primary magnetic circuit 34 rear and front ends connect by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
On the basis of technique scheme, in the three-phase single-column type scheme as shown in Figure 5, described elementary 31 comprise: three primary magnetic circuit 34 that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, the connection magnetic circuit 35 of " E " shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit 34, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of " day " shape by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.Every linear electric motor primary magnetic circuit is the part of the other side's connection magnetic circuit each other mutually.
As can be seen from Fig. 5, when the armature winding of linear electric motors was single-phase winding, its magnetic structure of linear electric motor primary winding and three-phase power transformer were quite similar.Corresponding linear electric motor primary winding is similar to three-phase power transformer to leakage flux induction coil 33 coupling methods, can have star-like connection to connect with triangle.
On the basis of technique scheme, in the single-phase double-row type scheme as shown in Figure 6, described elementary 31 comprise: two primary magnetic circuit 34 that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, " the connection magnetic circuit 35 of [" shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit 35 places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit 34, and two ends, primary magnetic circuit 34 left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of rectangle by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35.
As can be seen from Fig. 6, the biserial magnetic loop is that two linear electric motors levels are discharged side by side, and the two primary magnetic circuit is the part of the other side's connection magnetic circuit each other.
On the basis of technique scheme, described elementary 31 comprise: two above primary magnetic circuit 34 head and the tail connections, series connection are integrated, and are connected to form closed magnetic circuit with connection magnetic circuit 35 again, consist of long elementary.Fig. 7 is the long elementary specific embodiment of a kind of selectable formation, it is elementary that it has provided the length that comprises 3 primary magnetic circuit 34,3 primary magnetic circuit 34 head and the tail serials are placed, be connected to form closed magnetic circuit (two ends that are communicated with magnetic circuit 35 and each primary magnetic circuit 34 all link to each other) by being communicated with magnetic circuit 35, consist of long elementary.Same principle is applicable to described each technical scheme in Fig. 3～6.
In the technique scheme, the linear electric motors power supply number of phases can be single-phase, three-phase, or other can by the 360 degree numbers of dividing exactly, equate such as 4 phases, 5 phases, 6 phases, 8 phases, 9.When the armature winding of linear electric motors is the N phase winding, be N times of linear electric motor primary winding input power frequency on the faradic frequency theory of leakage flux induction coil 33; When the linear electric motor primary winding is single-phase winding (single-phase induction linear electric motors), the faradic frequency of leakage flux induction coil 33 is identical with the input power frequency.
Linear electric motors power supply the principle figure has two kinds of supply power modes as shown in Figure 8 substantially.A kind of be direct current (DC) through inverter, be converted to the Frequency Adjustable alternating current and power to linear electric motors; Another kind is that alternating current (AC) is powered to linear electric motors through frequency modulator (also claiming frequency converter).The alternating current that direct current or alternating current can be adjusted to the different numbers of phases and different frequency by inverter or frequency modulator is powered to linear electric motors.
Fig. 9 is existing linear electric motors equivalent circuit diagram, wherein:
Excitation impedance=Rm+Xm,
Armature winding impedance=Rk+Xk,
The longitudinal end effect is amounted to resistance r
e,
The elementary conversion resistance of secondary conductor r
2
Figure 10 is the linear electric motors equivalent circuit diagram that leakage flux reclaims, wherein:
The leakage flux winding is amounted to voltage-U2,
Leakage flux excitation impedance=Rm2+Xm2,
Leakage flux winding impedance=Rk2+Xk2,
Resistance r is amounted in the load of leakage flux winding
e2.
Leakage flux reclaims equivalent electric circuit and is equivalent to linear electric motors end effect equivalent electric circuit corresponding transformer equivalent circuit in parallel.When not having leakage flux to reclaim winding, be equivalent to Rm2, the Xm2 branch road disconnects, and Rk2, Xk2=0, the leakage flux winding was amounted to resistance and was equaled the longitudinal end effect and amount to resistance this moment, i.e. Re=Re2, this moment, top two equivalent electric circuits were identical.
Two, avoid Normal Force because 50% harmful additional drag that installation method causes improves vehicle operating efficient
The Normal Force of linear electric motor primary and time inter-stage is in the situation that secondary about 10 times of being about thrust of steel.This Normal Force is that the operation to linear electric motors is disadvantageous as a rule, need to be overcome.Take the mounting means of the linear electric motors of present urban light rail system as example:
Linear electric motors " moving limit " are installed in the bottom of car body, " moving limit " is subject to downward Normal Force, that " moves the limit " is subjected to force direction identical with vehicle gravity (terrestrial gravitation) direction, Normal Force must be by the car body conduction on rail to the active force on " moving limit ", be equivalent to increase vehicle weight, strengthen the pressure between the vehicle wheel track, increased vehicles roll frictional resistance, consequently be reflected on the linear electric motors efficient to increase the energy consumption form.Press linear motor pushing force/input ratio 40N/KVA and calculate, 10 times of Normal Forces are 400N/KVA, are about 40kg/KVA.Take present high-speed railway Harmony CHR2A as example, these car 1 row 8 casees, the highest overall trip speed 250km/h, handling capacity of passengers 610 people, marshalling output 4800kw, per capita power 7.87kw/ people.If Linear-motor Vehicle reaches this per capita power, even do not consider power factor, namely 7.87KVA/ people calculates, and Normal Force is 40*7.87=315kg/ people per capita, full car 315*610/1000=192 ton.Be equivalent to 55.65% of 345 tons of the full car marshalling of CHR2A gross weights, equaled additionally to increase by 55.65% weight.Therefore, the linear electric motors installation and application of urban light rail system from Energy Angle, is extremely irrational at present.Take Linear Metro in Japan as example, unit vehicle bare weight installed capacity is the 60-80KVA/ ton, and Harmony CHR2A only has the 13.91KW/ ton.If linear electric motors are pressed the installed capacity of 60KVA/ ton, thrust output is calculated by 40%, and the impost that produces during 10 times of Normal Forces almost has been equivalent to increase by 100% car weight greatly about the 960kg/ ton.In the world in the many power consumptions about 30% of light rail systems take electric rotating machine as power of the urban light rail system take linear electric motors as power of operation, this installation and application with linear electric motors has direct relation at present.The author thinks, this also be first the urban light rail system take linear electric motors as power in the world from 1985 since the Vancouver, CAN operation, can't replace the basic reason of the urban light rail system take electric rotating machine as power always comprehensively.
The adverse effect that " the underground power supply linear electric machine traction highway transportation method " that I proposed in 2008 (letter " underground linear electric machine traction ") then can avoid the straight-line electric Normal Force to bring, and can utilize Normal Force, make the linear electric motors Normal Force become favorable factor.
" underground linear electric machine traction " and different being of urban light rail linear electric motors installation method, " underground linear electric machine traction " is installed in linear electric motors underground, " moving limit " placed the below of " deckle ", pull, draw the surface car walking by " drawing, pull bar " by underground elevating above the soil." underground linear electric machine traction " not only makes linear electric motors separate as power set and vehicle, makes simultaneously the Normal Force of linear electric motors opposite with the gravity direction of the earth to the active force on " moving limit ", and these 2 changes bring following effect:
2.1 " underground linear electric machine traction " solved Normal Force from method and " generally has been harmful to " this problem, reduces 50% because the rolling-operation resistance that Normal Force causes than the urban light rail installation method.
" underground linear electric machine traction " linear electric motors are separated as power set and vehicle, Normal Force can not be by the car body conduction on rail to the active force on " moving limit ", therefore, Normal Force no longer strengthens the pressure between the vehicle wheel track, increase vehicles roll frictional resistance, solved Normal Force from method and " generally be harmful to " this problem.Be the 60KVA/ ton by the vehicle bare weight installed capacity of linear electric motors unit, thrust input ratio 40N/KVA, 10 times of Normal Forces, thrust output is calculated by 40%: 40*60*0.4*10/9.81=978.59kg, namely vehicle weight per ton increases by 100%." underground linear electric machine traction " method of employing can reduce 50% because the operation resistance to rolling that method phase suction causes.
2.2 " underground linear electric machine traction " can utilize Normal Force to make linear electric motors become the traffic power set of " both produced horizontal thrust, produced again suspending power ".
" underground linear electric machine traction " makes Normal Force to the force direction on " moving limit " and " gravity " opposite direction of linear electric motors itself, therefore can be by suitable design, utilize Normal Force to the active force on " moving limit ", overcome linear electric motors itself gravity, " moving limit " suspended, make it to become the traffic power set of " both produced horizontal thrust, produced again suspending power ".
Calculate with linear electric motors 3.23N/kg (notes) thrust mass ratio, thrust input ratio 40N/KVA, 10 times of Normal Forces, Normal Force is 40*10*/9.81=40.77kg/KVA approximately, and corresponding weight is 40/3.23=12.38kg/KVA.This shows, in the situation of Normal Force to " gravity " opposite direction of the force direction of " moving limit " and linear electric motors itself, Normal Force has enough surplus energy to overcome the gravity of linear electric motors, and linear electric motors itself " suspension " are got up.Although magnetic suspension train has also utilized Normal Force to " moving limit " buoyancy that active force produces, and vehicle and linear electric motors all need to be suspended, and therefore needs extra electromagnetism buoyancy." underground linear electric machine traction " only needs motor itself is floated, and required buoyancy is little, and is energy-conservation on the one hand, is easy on the other hand the operation " air gap " between control " moving limit " and " deckle ".
Annotate: the U.S. LMAC3216C531 of BALDOR company linear electric motors, continuous thrust 445N, quality 137.6kg, thrust mass ratio is about 3.23N/kg.
2.3 by alleviating tare, reach energy-saving effect." underground linear electric machine traction " relative harmony CHR2A can alleviate tare 78%, has been equivalent to reduce 68% operation resistance to rolling.
" underground linear electric machine traction " realized that power set separate with vehicle, vehicle itself need not to carry the devices such as power set and corresponding engine, motor, speed change, transmission, power supply, frequency conversion, therefore tare can alleviate greatly, produces obvious energy-saving effect.Take Vancouver light rail vehicle 3200 types as example, 19 tons of this light weights, staffing 175 people, car weight 19000/175=108kg/ people per capita, and Harmony motor train unit CHR2A is 565kg/ people, Boeing-747-400 is about 341kg/ people.Consider per capita car weight and calculate by 120kg/ people, but per capita weight 80kg/ people is considered in relative harmony CHR2A vehicle body weight reduction 78%, CHR2A compares with Harmony, in the situation that handling capacity of passengers is identical, can reduce by 68% vehicle operating resistance to rolling.
Three, reduce operation " air gap " 12mm to 6mm, improve linear electric motors operational efficiency 100%
Techniques of linear motor is why in invention today after 100 years, why still can not be widely used in traffic and transportation system, be that the techniques of linear motor problem causes, cause excessively low making it of linear electric motors energy use efficiency not equal to be that " air gap " is excessive." air gap " excessive reason does not lie in techniques of linear motor, and is automatic control technology.Automatic control technology can't satisfy at a high speed, the requirements for automatic control of large impact power.Techniques of linear motor is applied to traffic and transportation system, brings two subject matters: the one, and running velocity is high, and the 2nd, the quality of vehicle own is large.Vehicle is when high-speed cruising, and the high Vehicular vibration frequency that causes of speed is high, and the impulsive force that quality causes greatly Vehicular vibration to produce is large.The data acquisition system of vibration frequency high request automatic control system is highly sensitive, fast response time, and the large actuator of automatic control system that requires of impulsive force wants execution speed fast, and implementation dynamics is large.Even vehicle operating is under relatively stably rail and magnetic suspension service conditions, the operation air gap of linear electric motors still can only be controlled at about 10-12mm, and corresponding thrust output is greatly about about 40%.The main cause that causes this result is that vehicle mass is excessive, and the implementation dynamics of actuator and execution speed can't meet the demands.
3.1 linear electric motors " air gap " are when being down to 6mm by 12mm, thrust output doubles, and efficient improves 100%;
When " air gap " 12mm (1/2 inch), the thrust output of linear electric motors only is 40%, and when " air gap " was down to 6mm (1/16 inch), thrust output was 80%, and thrust output output has increased by one times.That is to say, when " air gap " when being down to 6mm by 12mm, the efficiency of linear electric motors can double." underground linear electric machine traction " makes the linear electric motors power set separate with vehicle by " pulling bar " towing vehicle, and being connected to be become by gun iron link of car body and " moving limit " flexibly connects." pull bar " and be equivalent to lever, " under the effect of power, rotated around a fixing point " by the lever definition, the upper and lower displacement impulsive force that causes of Vehicular vibration is to the initial point-fixing point of lever as can be known, can not produce any change in displacement, therefore the impulsive force of vehicle high-speed operational shock generation can not produce Influence of Displacement to linear electric motors " moving limit ", and this just gives to control and reduce linear electric motors operations " air gap " provides the mechanics principle foundation.Described by this paper 1.2 joints, under the suspension operation state, by the electromagnet balance Normal Force of electromagnetic repulsive force, by the size of control electromagnetic repulsive force, make linear electric motors operations " air gap " be controlled at minimum value at linear electric motors.Be reduced to 5-6mm if will move " air gap " by 10-12mm, the thrust output of linear electric motors will bring up to 80%, raising linear electric motors operational efficiency 100% by 40%.
Utilize repulsive force electromagnet spacing less, larger these characteristics of repulsive force are controlled at " air gap " in the 5mm, see it is feasible from theoretical and engineering viewpoint.
3.2. by " pulling bar " traction ground effect vehicle, reduce running resistance 75%;
" underground linear electric machine traction " makes the linear electric motors power set separate with vehicle by " pulling bar ", make simultaneously the relative traction power of vehicle that certain telescopic movable leeway up and down can be arranged, this move place makes linear electric motors can become the power of ground effect vehicle.Aeronautical chart has viewpoint to think, ground effect vehicle can become the vehicles of 21 century.Existing ground effect vehicle aero-engine is power, because the lift effect that utilizes the ground effect to produce when flying, can obtain higher lift and higher efficiency of energy utilization about the 0.5-1.0 of distance ground.Linear electric motors are combined with ground effect vehicle, then can create a kind of brand-new traffic above-ground mode.Tradition wheel-track type traffic above-ground vehicle, resistance to rolling and two kinds of resistances of air drag of being subject in service.In general, equal this speed point of air drag in resistance to rolling, utilize the auxiliary lifting devices such as ground effect and wing body one, vehicle is floated, operate in the air, can remove whole resistances to rolling, reach energy-conservation 50% effect." underground linear electric machine traction " is by alleviating vehicle weight, in identical speed, in the same handling capacity of passengers situation, tare can reduce 78% than CHR2A motor train unit, because tare alleviates, the positive air drag area that facings the wind of corresponding vehicle body volume and vehicle body can reduce 50% equally, and by aerodynamic Drag Calculation formula (notes) as can be known, corresponding air drag also reduces 50%.Therefore can judge, vehicle is under ground effect state of flight, and by alleviating vehicle weight and reducing the air drag area, intuitive judgment can reduce running resistance 75%.Harmony CHR2A carrying 100 people, long 25m, wide 3.38m, high 3.7m, floor space 25*3.38=84.5m
2, " underground linear electric machine traction " be car weight 120kg/ people per capita, people's counterpoise 80kg/ people, and 100 people's gross weights 20,000kg, every square metre of load is 20,000/84.5=237kg/ square metre.630kg/ square metre of contrast airline carriers of passengers airbus A330 wing load, can think in speed during greater than 150km/h, consider ground effect, can produce enough lift operates in the air linear electric machine traction ground effect vehicle, simultaneously can also between vehicle body and ground, increase magnetic pad buoyant device, to strengthen buoyancy.
Annotate: aerodynamic Drag Calculation formula: F=air drag; The A=drag area; The Cd=resistance coefficient; Q=atmospheric density; V=speed;
Four, synthesis energy saving analysis:
By " avoiding the Normal Force illeffects ", " reduce linear electric motors air gap ", " reclaiming the loss of end effect leakage flux " three aspects to improving the analysis of linear electric motors energy utilization rate.According to above-mentioned analysis and supposition, take the wheel track traffic system as reference, the energy-saving effect that linear electric motors are raised the efficiency by said method is done following qualitative analysis, qualifications is that speed is identical, payload is identical.
Object running resistance power equals the product of resistance and speed, i.e. P=F*V, and the size of resistance is directly proportional with resistance power.Efficiency eta=P0/P1, P0=power output, P1=input power.Drag parameter is irrelevant with speed and type of vehicle, compares as fiducial value and linear electric motors only take the running resistance of the wheel track mode of transportation reference value as 1, and with this value.The vehicles of wheel track mode of transportation general reference take adhesion strength between wheel and ground object as actuating force are such as automobile, train etc.
Table 4-1: the relative wheel track vehicles of linear electric motors energy-saving analysis
Some explanation of table 4-1:
4.1 drag parameter;
Under qualifications the same terms, reduce running resistance and can reach energy-conservation purpose, mainly by way of being:
4.1.1 reduction weight;
In the situation that payload is constant, because " underground linear electric machine traction " vehicle itself need not to carry the devices such as power set and corresponding engine, fuel, speed change, transmission, power supply, frequency conversion, so tare can alleviate greatly.CHR2A compares with Harmony, in the situation that handling capacity of passengers is identical, can reduce by 78% tare (this paper 1.3 joints), relative Boeing-747-400 carrying 524 people, maximum take-off weight 396,890kg, per capita weight 757kg/ people, " underground linear electric machine traction " people's car adds up to weight 200kg/ people, compares and can reduce weight 73.59%.Because weight saving can reduce resistance to rolling on the one hand when wheel track moves, on the other hand for realizing that ground effect flight provides the weight condition.
4.1.2 reduce air drag;
By aerodynamic Drag Calculation formula (2.2 joints are annotated) as can be known, air drag and the positive sectional area that facings the wind, resistance coefficient is directly proportional.Because " underground linear electric machine traction " vehicle is in the situation that payload is identical, tare can alleviate greatly, so the vehicle volume is also corresponding with frontal area greatly reduces.The wide 3.38m of Harmony CHR2A, high 3.7m, elevation section area are 12.51m
2, " underground linear electric machine traction " vehicle can be designed to the bottom and be flat semicircle, presses diameter 4m and calculates, and the elevation section area is 6.28m
2, compare the positive sectional area that facings the wind of Harmony CHR2A and reduce 50%, in the situation that speed is identical, corresponding air drag can reduce 50%.Payload is constant among the table 4-1, drag parameter is down to 0.25 namely based on the speed point that equals air drag at the vehicles roll resistance, by the lift of air ground effect to the vehicle body generation, break away from resistance to rolling and reduce running resistance 50%, simultaneously by front the reducing of sectional area that facing the wind, reduce 50% of air drag, be down to 0.25 thereby reach drag parameter.
4.1.3 reduce wheel in the coefficient of rolling friction on ground, drag parameter be down to 0.25;
Vehicle is when low cruise, in the lift deficiency vehicle body is floated, and ignore in the situation of air drag, " underground linear electric machine traction " be not owing to needing the adhesion strength on wheel and ground to drive vehicle to run, therefore can be in the situation that vehicle weight be constant, reduce running resistance by the coefficient of rolling friction that reduces wheel and ground, this is easy to realize for the highway communication of speed less than 100km/h more.Because the rolling coefficient is relevant with the material hardness on wheel and ground, therefore as long as change the hardness on tire or ground, just can reduce coefficient of rolling friction.For example, the coefficient of rolling friction of general-utility car tire and bituminous pavement is 0.03, with the coefficient of rolling friction of concrete road surface be 0.01-0.015; The coefficient of rolling friction of truck trailer tire and bituminous pavement is 0.006-0.01, and the railway track and wheel hub coefficient of rolling friction is 0.001-0.005.Because " underground linear electric machine traction " do not need sliding friction driving and abrupt deceleration vehicle between tire and ground, highway communication makes drag parameter be down to 0.25 by reducing coefficient of rolling friction, more easily reaches.In this case, even linear electric motors efficient is 0.3, still can reach the effect (table 4-1 eighth row) of relative wheel track traffic energy-conservation 58%.The 2nd row shows simultaneously in the table, and is identical at resistance coefficient, and in the situation of linear electric motors efficient 0.3, the linear electric motors energy consumption is large is higher than wheel rail system.
4.2 wheel rail drive efficient 50%;
The energy that the wheel track vehicle power set produce is converted to horizontal actuator force by adhesion strength.The size of adhesion strength depends on the coefficient of sliding friction between wheel track and the pressure between wheel track.Adhesion strength is large, and vehicle drive force is then large, and power consumption is also large simultaneously.The energy part that vehicle power produces is used for overcoming adhesion strength (frictional resistance), and a part is used for overcoming vehicle operating resistance (resistance to rolling and air drag sum).When the vehicle operating resistance equals the vehicle maximum driving force, most effective.Actuating force is greater than or less than the vehicle operating resistance, all can reduce capacity usage ratio.Therefore the theoretical limit maximum of wheel rail drive efficient is 50%, and in the practical application, because other factorses such as mechanical loss, electric efficiencies, actual efficiency is lower than 50%.
4.3 linear electric motors efficient;
Linear electric motors are by large-scale double-flanged end consideration, and when moving rate 0.2, efficient 0.75 is moved " air gap " 12mm, thrust output 40%, actual efficiency 30%; When moving " air gap " when being down to 6mm, thrust output 80%, actual efficiency 60%; Can receive if consider leakage flux, the raising of power factor, efficient reaches 0.75, thrust output 80%, actual efficiency 70%; " underground linear electric machine traction " presses the consideration of single side type linear motor, and efficient is lower than double-flanged end, and about about 0.6, during thrust output 40%, efficient is 24%, during thrust output 80%, efficient is 48%, during drag parameter 0.25, still can reach the effect of relative wheel track traffic energy-conservation 73.96.Because wheel rail drive need to be horizontal actuator force with power conversion by force of sliding friction, the energy conversion efficiency limit is 50%, and linear electric motors can directly be converted to energy horizontal thrust, the centre need not any conversion equipment, its conversion efficiency can be much higher than 50% in theory fully, and this is linear electric motors future place just.
4.4 reducing the method for drag parameter is easier to reach than improving the linear electric motors efficiency method;
Show the 4-1 data and show and above analytic explanation, the method that reduces method (reduce tare, reduce air drag, reduce coefficient of rolling friction) the ratio raising linear electric motors efficient (reduce operation " air gap ", reclaim leakage flux) of drag parameter is easier to reach.Drag parameter is reduced to 0.25, even linear electric motors efficient is 0.3, still can reaches the effect of relative wheel track traffic energy-conservation 58%.This explanation " underground linear electric machine traction " is the change of linear electric motors application process, and is not only the improvement of technology.
In sum, improving performance and the efficiency of energy utilization of linear electric motors, is the constantly problems of research of vast linear electric motors scientific and technical personnel.I there is no further investigation as engineers and technicians to techniques of linear motor.This piece of article and viewpoint are only used and the physics angle from the linear electric motors engineering, with regard to performance and the linear electric motors application efficiency that how to improve linear electric motors, some imaginations and supposition have been done, tell it like it is, ripe and perfect not enough, also hopes every expert, teacher the more make a comment or criticism.
" underground linear electric machine traction " directly caused tare to alleviate as the application process to linear electric motors, and air drag reduces, and coefficient of rolling resistance reduction etc. reduce the method and approach of drag parameter.Correct method is successful half.To the thinking of this method, from engineering viewpoint, this method is feasible by in the past few years; From the cost angle, it is than low many of high-speed railway and maglev cost, and according to my many project budget experience, every kilometer should be between 5,000 ten thousand to 100,000,000 yuan.From Energy Angle, in the present traffic energy-saving scheme that proposes, there is not a kind of scheme that can reach energy-conservation 50-80%.Present higher electric automobile, hydrogen powered vehicle and the solar telephone of cry, it is the wheel track vehicles in essence, this drive efficiency that has just determined them can not be higher than 50%, also can not be by reducing tare, reduce air drag, reduce resistance to rolling and be the method such as fast number and reduce drag parameter.In fact, they just can reduce pollution, really do not reduce energy consumption.Electric automobile particularly, energy consumption even higher than oily electric hybrid vehicle.With thermal power generation efficient 40%, Drive Efficiency of Electric Vehicle 50%, gross efficiency is 20%, and energy consumption does not reduce, and reduction of discharging is an empty verbiage, only is that blowdown is transferred in the power generation process at most.
In addition, the advantage that linear electric motors also have other vehicles not possess, the control performance that is exactly linear electric motors is good, and positioning accuracy is high.These characteristics, make linear electric motors can realize in full motor-car (vehicle self-carrying power), unrestricted, the traveling process of marshalling quantity that vehicle automatically adds or withdraws from marshalling, these characteristics are enough to make linear electric motors in the traffic and transportation system in future, and performance is effect more and more.
The economic development of China more and more is subject to the restriction of the energy, pollution at present.The traffic energy consumption has accounted for sizable proportion in overall energy consumption, take U.S.'s statistics in 2008 as example:
American petroleum consumption in 2008 accounts for 37.1% of whole energy resource consumptions, and wherein 71% is used for communications and transportation; Communications and transportation has consumed 27.8% of whole energy, considers that the power consumption of industry and electric power is used for the indirect consumption of communications and transportation, can think directly or indirectly to be used for communications and transportation by the nearly energy more than 50% of the U.S..The Chinese transportation power consumption accounts for the proportion of whole energy consumptions, estimates with the U.S. about the same.This shows, realize energy-saving and emission-reduction, reduce and pollute, traffic is energy-conservation to be crucial.If can successfully linear electric motors be applied to traffic system, replace the existing vehicles comprehensively, reach the target of the energy-conservation 50-80% of this paper estimation, the whole society energy consumption might reduce by 25%, and particularly consumption of petroleum can reduce by 50%.Reach this target, will produce immeasurable impact to human society.If petroleum industry and auto industry disappear, the industrial economy basis of developed country will shake, and petrodollars hegemony will not exist.U.S. Secretary of State Kissinger once said then: " who has controlled oil, and who has just controlled all countries ".If the consumption of petroleum drop by half of China, 7 sister oil companies, west can't utilize it to the right of speech of oil price, by the control oil price predation other country fruit of labour, and then control other country.World environments is polluted and will be greatly reduced, greenhouse effect will be eased, and the mankind will live in more in the finer environment, we everyone, every of participant linear electric motors expert particularly, obligated and responsibility is made the effort of oneself for realizing this human fine design for development.
List of references:
1. Ye Yun high mountain etc., techniques of linear motor handbook, Beijing: China Machine Press, 2003.8.
2. write on the Ye Yun high mountain, linear electric motors principle and application, Beijing: China Machine Press, 2000.6.
Claims (7)
1. the linear electric motors of a communicated magnetic circuit, comprise elementary (31) and secondary (32), it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) are closed magnetic circuit, comprise at least one primary magnetic circuit (34) and at least one connection magnetic circuit (35), primary magnetic circuit (34) and connection magnetic circuit (35) are connected to form closed magnetic circuit
Leakage flux induction coil winding (33) is installed around and is communicated with on the magnetic circuit (35), and linear electric motor primary winding (36) is installed around on the primary magnetic circuit (34).
2. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: a primary magnetic circuit that is made of permeability magnetic material (34), article one, the connection magnetic circuit (35) that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit (35) places primary magnetic circuit (34) top, and primary magnetic circuit (34) two ends, the left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit (35).
3. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: a primary magnetic circuit that is made of permeability magnetic material (34), article two, the connection magnetic circuit (35) that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit (35) place primary magnetic circuit (34) about two sides, primary magnetic circuit (34) rear and front end is connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of annular by being communicated with magnetic circuit (35).
4. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: a primary magnetic circuit that is made of permeability magnetic material (34), article one, the connection magnetic circuit (35) that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit (35) places left side or the right side of primary magnetic circuit (34), the closed magnetic circuit that primary magnetic circuit (34) rear and front end connects by being communicated with magnetic circuit (35).
5. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: three primary magnetic circuit (34) that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, the connection magnetic circuit (35) of " E " shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit (35) places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit (34), and primary magnetic circuit (34) two ends, the left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of " day " shape by being communicated with magnetic circuit (35).
6. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: two primary magnetic circuit (34) that be arranged in parallel, that be made of permeability magnetic material, article two, " the connection magnetic circuit (35) of [" shape that is consisted of by permeability magnetic material, described connection magnetic circuit (35) places respectively left end and the right-hand member of primary magnetic circuit (34), and primary magnetic circuit (34) two ends, the left and right sides are connected to form the closed magnetic circuit of rectangle by being communicated with magnetic circuit (35).
7. the linear electric motors of communicated magnetic circuit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described elementary (31) comprising: two above primary magnetic circuit (34) head and the tail connect, series connection is integrated, be connected to form closed magnetic circuit with connection magnetic circuit (35) again, consist of long elementary.
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| US4077027A (en) * | 1977-01-17 | 1978-02-28 | Benyamin Alexandrovich Ioffe | Method of oriented feeding of nonmagnetic current-conducting components and devices for effecting same |
| US5841207A (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1998-11-24 | Pasim Mikrosystemtechnik Gmbh | Modular two-coordinate planar motor |
| JP2005261063A (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-22 | Yokogawa Electric Corp | Planar motor |
| CN1967980A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2007-05-23 | 沈阳工业大学 | Intersegmental dephasing asymmetric six-phase permanent-magnet linear servo-actuator |
| CN101752983A (en) * | 2009-12-24 | 2010-06-23 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Long-travel high-accuracy multiple-degree-of-freedom planar motor |
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| JPH11225469A (en) * | 1998-02-04 | 1999-08-17 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Magnetic circuit for linear motor drive gear |
| TW551588U (en) * | 2000-10-25 | 2003-09-01 | Discovision Ass | Improved magnetic movable positioning apparatus |
| JP2009136065A (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2009-06-18 | Canon Inc | Flat motor and stage using the same |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4077027A (en) * | 1977-01-17 | 1978-02-28 | Benyamin Alexandrovich Ioffe | Method of oriented feeding of nonmagnetic current-conducting components and devices for effecting same |
| US5841207A (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1998-11-24 | Pasim Mikrosystemtechnik Gmbh | Modular two-coordinate planar motor |
| JP2005261063A (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-22 | Yokogawa Electric Corp | Planar motor |
| CN1967980A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2007-05-23 | 沈阳工业大学 | Intersegmental dephasing asymmetric six-phase permanent-magnet linear servo-actuator |
| CN101752983A (en) * | 2009-12-24 | 2010-06-23 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Long-travel high-accuracy multiple-degree-of-freedom planar motor |
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