CN101913407A - Manufacture method of transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin based on adjustable surface appearance and size - Google Patents
Manufacture method of transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin based on adjustable surface appearance and size Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a manufacture method of a transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin based on adjustable surface appearance and size, which comprises the following four steps:(1) manufacturing a shark-skin biometric template; (2) manufacturing a silicon rubber elastic female template; (3) manufacturing a transformative shark-appearance-simulation anti-drag skin and researching a law; and (4) manufacturing the transformative shark-appearance-simulation anti-drag skin according to the requirements of application objects. The elastic female template manufactured by applying the invention has more than 95% of similarity to that of original shark skin appearance, the size of the skin surface appearance of the shark-simulation anti-drag skin manufactured by applying the invention can be adjusted according to the parameters of the common speed, the dielectricviscosity and the like of the application objects, and the anti-drag effect of the shark-simulation anti-drag skin approaches the optimum state. The manufacture method of a transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin based on adjustable surface appearance and size has good utility value and wide application prospects in the field of simulation manufacture technology.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method for making based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, more particularly say, be meant and a kind ofly duplicate to make the preparation technology of the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion, belong to bionical manufacturing technology field by the low-resistance biological epidermis morphology is out of shape.
(2) background technology
Reduce the skin friction drag between the solid-liquid, energy savings consumption is the human target of pursuing always.The skin resistance that effectively reduces transportation meanss such as aircraft, pipeline is with raising speed, reduction consumption of fuel, and is all significant for national economy and national defense safety.Usually the drag reduction way that adopts is to attach the covering with drag-reduction effect at transportation means and the contacted surface of fluid.The special pattern in shark surface has the drag-reduction effect of excellent performance, and the drag reduction mechanism of imitation sharkskin, the imitative shark drag reduction epidermis of manufacturing have become the focus of domestic and international research.
Under the prior art condition, mainly there is dual mode in manufacturing for imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering, a kind of is the shagreen microscopic appearance to be carried out on the basis of abstract simplification, produces the imitative shark drag reduction pattern of straight flute by methods such as fine machine up (as microscopic carvings quarters, little milling, little forging and pressing etc.), high energy beam processing (laser sintered), semiconductor machining, little rapid prototypings.US Patents:4753401,4930729,4863121,5386955,5606201 discloses respectively and has adopted contour machining method to mold the preparation method of imitative shark drag reduction pattern.Not only shaping efficiency is low, cost is high to adopt above-mentioned imitated technological means, and the imitative shark thing degree true to nature of being copied out is poor, drag reducing efficiency is low, is difficult to realize the through engineering approaches application.Another kind of mode is that biological epidermis is directly duplicated the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering that approaches the biological surface pattern to mold.CN101081532, CN101487130 discloses the method for making high imitative sharkskin pattern negative template true to nature with hot padding method and electrocasting respectively, this method shaping efficiency height, cost is low, drag-reduction effect is good, but the problem that exists is: the sharkskin pattern is to be formed by the scale solid matter that has groove, the best that geometric elements such as its groove width directly have influence on drag-reduction effect is suitable for speed range, the less scale of groove width is suitable for the higher object drag reduction of speed, the scale that groove width is bigger is suitable for the lower object drag reduction of speed, and the groove dimensions of shark surface scale is relatively fixing, is difficult to satisfy the demand of multiple application.
It is on the basis that the sharkskin pattern is accurately duplicated that distortion is duplicated, and changes the groove dimensions of shark skin surface pattern again by the stretching negative template, turns over the sharkskin pattern after film preparation goes out distortion then.Its principle is that the size of regulating the sharkskin pattern is to adapt to the demand of application by the influence to surface topography when stretching of silaatic negative template.The purpose of using the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion duplication process making distortion is when keeping sharkskin pattern drag-reduction effect and bioautography forming technology advantage, enlarges the drag reduction Applicable scope of bioautography sharkskin pattern.
(3) summary of the invention
1, purpose: one of purpose of the present invention is to propose a kind of high precision to duplicate the technology that the shark skin surface pattern is made the elasticity negative template, this technology is made biological template with shagreen earlier, under vacuum state, pour into a mould silaatic by the vacuum tipper then, treat that the silaatic curing and demolding makes sharkskin pattern elasticity negative template.This elasticity negative template directly casting filler makes with the pattern of original sharkskin like degree at the true to nature imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering 95% or more, also can tensile deformation after casting filler make distortion and imitate sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering.
Another object of the present invention is to propose a kind of tensile elasticity negative template that utilizes to change its surface topography to make the technology of the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.This technology with sharkskin pattern elasticity negative template laterally or be longitudinally stretched to behind the certain proportion fixingly, casting filler under vacuum state is treated the filler curing and demolding, the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion after the groove dimensions that makes surface topography changes.Distortion duplication process of the present invention is by the unique profile and the constructional feature of shark skin surface, on the basis that the sharkskin pattern is realized accurately duplicating, further change the groove dimensions of sharkskin pattern by the stretching negative template, finally make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of the distortion that meets environmental demand.
2, technical scheme: a kind of method for making of the present invention based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, as shown in Figure 1, these method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: make the sharkskin biological template
(A) with shagreen washed with de-ionized water 3～6 times of buying, with the shagreen chemical fixation 6～8h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution that cleans, 0～4 ℃ of chemical fixation temperature makes fixedly sample epidermis then;
(B) will adopt washed with de-ionized water 3～6 times through the fixedly sample epidermis that (A) step makes, the fixedly sample epidermis that to clean is then put into concentration 50% ethanolic solution 20～30min, concentration 75% ethanolic solution 20～30min, concentration 95% ethanolic solution 20～30min, the concentration 100% ethanolic solution 20～30min that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters successively, makes dehydration sample epidermis;
(C) will dry by the fire 8～12h under 50～70 ℃ of conditions through the dehydration sample epidermis that (B) step makes, and make the sharkskin biological template, its surface topography is shown in Fig. 2 A.As seen from the figure, shark skin surface is covered by the placoid scale that has ridge, a large amount of placoid scales by cover watt formula be arranged in shark skin surface form following current to groove (Fig. 2 A), the cross-sectional plane of sharkskin pattern is circular arc (Fig. 2 B), the vertical section is the wedge shape (Fig. 2 C) that scale laminates formation, and direction is as shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
For preventing sharkskin shrinkage and warpage, in fixing, dehydration, dry link, sharkskin is fixed on the hard plate;
The purpose of this step is the prototype structure that keeps the sharkskin biological template, by glutaraldehyde solution and increase its mechanical strength, comprises hardness and intensity.
Step 2: make silaatic elasticity negative template (referring to Fig. 3 A, 3B)
Utilize the vacuum tipper under vacuum state to sharkskin biological template surface casting silaatic.
(A) the sharkskin biological template (114) that step 1 is made is placed on base (101) and locates, again with in the beaker (111) of packing into after silaatic and the even mixing of curing agent, rotate box (110) maintenance level under the effect of strut bar (105) this moment, be placed on the inclined-plane (107) after Timing vibration device (109) being reserved the time then, as shown in Figure 3A, timer-operated length reference vacuum desicator is evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Time that Pa needs and setting.
(B) the vacuum tipper is put into vacuum drying chamber and be evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Pa, after this Timing vibration device (109) produces to vibrate and slides from the inclined-plane, drive draught line (108) rotation box (110) is overturn, the silaatic of rotation box (110) in making beaker (111) is poured over sharkskin biological template (114) surface, shown in Fig. 3 B.
(C) after to be cast the finishing, again the sharkskin biological template is remained under the vacuum state more than the 20min, make silaatic abundant levelling under vacuum state.Then the sharkskin biological template is taken out in vacuum drying chamber, treat silaatic demoulding after room curing, make the elasticity negative template, its cross section profile and the complementation of sharkskin pattern cross section profile, as shown in Figure 4.Because silaatic intensity is limited, is stuck in the silaatic of scale bottom and when the demoulding, is torn easily.Therefore when the demoulding, need realize the smooth demoulding by the upset distortion of scale and the elasticity advantage of silaatic by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.
The cast silaatic is in order to make silaatic form abundant filling (Fig. 5 A) to sharkskin scale root under vacuum state, can't discharge the accuracy of repetition that causes because of the gas at scale root place when having avoided first cast to vacuumize again and descend (Fig. 5 B), improve the accuracy of repetition of elasticity negative template.
Step 3: make the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion and study rule
(A) the elasticity negative template is stretched to certain proportion, and is fixed on the pressing plate, fixing means as shown in Figure 6.After negative template (24) is stretched to certain proportion, it is pressed on the base plate (21), and the bolt of screwing on (22) is fixing tight with pressing plate (23).Dual mode is arranged during the stretching negative template, along the longitudinal stretching that is stretched as of sharkskin groove direction, perpendicular to the cross directional stretch that is stretched as of groove direction, direction is shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
(B), be 1 * 10 in degree of vacuum by the vacuum tipper
-3To the silastic surface casting filler, mode is similar to the method for making negative template in the step 2 under the state of Pa.Treat the filler curing and demolding, obtain being out of shape imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering.When the demoulding, need covering be separated smoothly with the elasticity negative template by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.If the negative template extensibility is 0 in the A step, promptly not stretched, obtain imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering true to nature behind the casting filler; If negative template is by longitudinal stretching in the A step, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of linear deformation behind the casting filler, shown in Fig. 7 A; If negative template is by cross directional stretch in the A step, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of lateral deformation behind the casting filler, shown in Fig. 7 B.
The Surface Groove width of the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion is relevant with the mode and the extensibility of stretching.The imitative shark pattern of the distortion that makes behind the longitudinal stretching negative template diminishes (Fig. 7 A) than the groove width of original sharkskin pattern, and extensibility is big more, and the degree that groove width dwindles is big more; The imitative shark pattern of the distortion that makes behind the cross directional stretch negative template becomes big (Fig. 7 B) than the groove width of original sharkskin pattern, and extensibility is big more, and the degree that the groove width change is big is just big more.For obtaining stretching mode and extensibility to being out of shape the influence of imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering Surface Groove width, should be respectively with horizontal, vertical two kinds of stretching modes, according to extensibility 10%, 20%～100% stretch successively negative template and under vacuum state casting filler to make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.With the contact pin type profile scanner the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of each distortion under the various extensibilitys is measured, set up the groove width of covering and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility.
Step 4: according to the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of application demand manufacturing distortion
The object that will imitative shark resistance reducing covering is applied in fluid medium, move, the approaching best drag-reduction effect of its groove width covering when a certain value, this width value is relevant with speed, length and the dielectric viscosity of object, method of calculating as shown in Equation 1:
Wherein, s is a groove width, and U is that speed of incoming flow, v are the kinematic viscosity of medium, C
fBe the coefficient of friction resistance, usually C under the state
fTheoretical formula as the formula (2), wherein, Re is a Reynolds number, Re=UL/v, L are the geometric feature sizes of object.
Calculate the optimum width value of required resistance reducing covering according to the working environment parameter of application, covering groove width that refer step three is measured and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility, the width that negative template is stretched to appointment is made the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion, can be near best drag reduction state under the working environment of application thereby make distortion imitate sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering.
Wherein, step 1 is described to be fixed on sharkskin on the hard plate in fixing, dehydration, dry link, and its fixing means is to hammer into iron nail along one week of sharkskin.
Wherein, the described shagreen of buying of the step 1 shark surface of taking from a plurality of kinds such as mako shark, narrowtooth shark, great white shark.
Wherein, the described vacuum tipper of step 2 is by base (101), bracing frame 1 (102), pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), strut bar (105), slide bar (106), inclined-plane (107), draught line (108), Timing vibration device (109), rotation box (110), beaker (111), bracing frame 2 (112), steel nail several sections such as (113) are formed, as shown in Figure 3.Position annexation between them is; Bracing frame 1 (102) and bracing frame 2 (112) symmetries are fixed on the base (101), the two ends of pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), strut bar (105) link to each other with bracing frame 2 (112) with bracing frame 1 (102) respectively, and slide bar (a 106) only end links to each other with strut bar 1.Axostylus axostyle (104) passes the middle part of rotation box (110), and an initial condition end of rotation box (110) down rides over strut bar (105) upward with the maintenance level.Draught line (108) one ends are connected by the front end of steel nail (113) and rotation box (110), the other end is walked around slide bar (106) and is connected on the Timing vibration device (109), Timing vibration device (109) is placed on the inclined-plane (107), inclined-plane (107) is fixed on the bracing frame 1 (102), and beaker (111) is installed on the rotation box (110).Slide from the inclined-plane when Timing vibration device vibration back, can drive the draught line rotation box that stretches and overturn, thereby the material in the beaker is toppled over, be subjected to the obstruction of pin, the angle that rotation box (110) takes place to overturn is 90 to spend.
Wherein, the filler described in the step 3 is that epoxy resin, polydimethyl diloxanes (PDMS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) etc. are cast in silastic surface and can solidify, and solidifies back quality softness, and the material that does not stick together with silaatic.
3, advantage and effect: the present invention makes the advantage of elasticity negative template: it is little to sharkskin scale externally applied forces that (1) prepares negative template with casting, and the accuracy of repetition of having avoided causing because of the sharkskin template deformation reduces; (2) employing is poured into a mould silaatic under vacuum state, and the air that has gone out because of wedge angle when having avoided first cast to vacuumize again can't be extracted the accuracy of repetition that causes out and reduce; (3) adopt silaatic as mould material, the good fluidity of material, cast can be filled the most of fine corner of sharkskin substantially under vacuum state, and accuracy of repetition can reach more than 95%, and after the material cured higher elasticity is arranged, and can carry out tensile deformation.(4) manufacture craft is simple, efficient is high, cost is low, has stronger operability.
The present invention prepares the advantage of the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion: (1) can regulate the resistance reducing covering that the sharkskin appearance and size is prepared the needs that conform; (2) can keep the basic structure of sharkskin pattern, thereby produce than simplifying the better drag-reduction effect of drag reduction pattern; (3) regulate the size of surface topography by the tensile elasticity negative template, easy to operate, controllability good, can set up relation between sharkskin appearance and size and the extensibility by test, thereby realize accurate adjusting the shark skin surface groove dimensions.(4) operating process is simple, and covering is made the efficient height, and cost is low, practicality good.
(4) description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the present invention adopts the distortion replica method to make the flow scheme of the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.
Fig. 2 A is a shark skin surface pattern scheme drawing.
Fig. 2 B is a sharkskin cross-sectional profiles scheme drawing.
Fig. 2 C is a sharkskin vertical section profile scheme drawing.
Fig. 3 A is a scheme drawing before the upset of vacuum tipper.
Fig. 3 B is a vacuum tipper upset back scheme drawing.
Fig. 4 is a sharkskin pattern negative template cross section profile scheme drawing.
Fig. 5 A is the scheme drawing of sharkskin vertical section scale root complete filling silaatic.
Fig. 5 B is the not scheme drawing of complete filling silaatic of sharkskin vertical section scale root.
Fig. 6 is a tensile elasticity negative template fixing means scheme drawing
Fig. 7 A is the imitative sharkskin drag reduction pattern covering of duplicated linear deformation behind the negative template longitudinal stretching.
Fig. 7 B is the imitative sharkskin drag reduction pattern covering of duplicated lateral deformation behind the negative template cross directional stretch.
Fig. 8 A is the Surface Groove width of imitative mako shark distortion drag reduction pattern covering and the relation of extensibility.
Fig. 8 B is the Surface Groove width of imitative narrowtooth shark distortion drag reduction pattern covering and the relation of extensibility.
Nomenclature is as follows among the figure:
101 bases; 102 bracing frames 1; 103 pins; 104 axostylus axostyles; 105 strut bars; 106 slide bars; 107 inclined-planes; 108 draught lines; 109 Timing vibration devices; 110 rotation boxes; 111 beakers; 112 bracing frames 2; 113 steel nails; 114 sharkskin biological templates;
21 base plates; 22 bolts; 23 pressing plates; 24 negative templates.
(5) specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Referring to shown in Figure 1, a kind of method for making of the present invention based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, these method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: make the sharkskin biological template
(A) with shagreen washed with de-ionized water 5 times of buying, with the shagreen chemical fixation 7h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution that cleans, 3 ℃ of chemical fixation temperature make fixedly sample epidermis then;
(B) will adopt washed with de-ionized water 5 times through the fixedly sample epidermis that (A) step makes, the fixedly sample epidermis that to clean is then put into concentration 50% ethanolic solution 25min, concentration 75% ethanolic solution 25min, concentration 95% ethanolic solution 25min, the concentration 100% ethanolic solution 25min that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters successively, makes dehydration sample epidermis;
(C) will dry by the fire 10h under 60 ℃ of conditions through the dehydration sample epidermis that (B) step makes, and make the sharkskin biological template, its surface topography as shown in Figure 2.As seen from the figure, shark skin surface is covered by the placoid scale that has ridge, a large amount of placoid scales by cover watt formula be arranged in shark skin surface form following current to groove (Fig. 2 A), the cross-sectional plane of sharkskin pattern is circular arc (Fig. 2 B), the vertical section is the wedge shape (Fig. 2 C) that scale laminates formation, and direction is as shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
For preventing sharkskin shrinkage and warpage, in fixing, dehydration, dry link, sharkskin is fixed on the hard plate, fixing means is to hammer into iron nail along one week of sharkskin.
Described sharkskin can be taken from the shark surface of a plurality of kinds such as mako shark, narrowtooth shark, great white shark.
The purpose of this step is the prototype structure that keeps the sharkskin biological template, by glutaraldehyde solution and increase its mechanical strength, comprises hardness and intensity.
Step 2: make silaatic elasticity negative template (referring to Fig. 3 A, 3B)
Utilize the vacuum tipper under vacuum state to sharkskin biological template surface casting silaatic.The vacuum tipper is by base (101), bracing frame (102), pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), strut bar (105), slide bar (106), inclined-plane (107), draught line (108), Timing vibration device (109), rotation box (110), beaker (111), bracing frame 2 (112), steel nail several sections such as (113) are formed, as shown in Figure 3.Position annexation between them is; Bracing frame 1 (102) and bracing frame 2 (112) symmetries are fixed on the base (101), the two ends of pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), strut bar (105) link to each other with bracing frame 2 (112) with bracing frame 1 (102) respectively, and slide bar (a 106) only end links to each other in strut bar 1.Axostylus axostyle (104) passes the middle part of rotation box (110), and an initial condition end of rotation box (110) down rides over strut bar (105) upward with the maintenance level.Draught line (108) one ends are connected by the front end of steel nail (113) and rotation box (110), the other end is walked around slide bar (106) and is connected on the Timing vibration device (109), Timing vibration device (109) is placed on the inclined-plane (107), inclined-plane (107) is fixed on the bracing frame 1 (102), and beaker (111) is installed on the rotation box (110).Slide from the inclined-plane when Timing vibration device vibration back, can drive the draught line rotation box that stretches and overturn, thereby the material in the beaker is toppled over, be subjected to the obstruction of pin, the angle that rotation box (110) takes place to overturn is 90 to spend.
(A) the sharkskin template (114) that the first step is made is placed on base (101) and locates, again with in the beaker (111) of packing into after silaatic and the even mixing of curing agent, rotate box (110) maintenance level under the effect of strut bar (105) this moment, be placed on the inclined-plane (107) after Timing vibration device (109) being reserved the time then, as shown in Figure 3A, timer-operated length reference vacuum desicator is evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Time that Pa needs and setting.
(B) the vacuum tipper is put into vacuum drying chamber and be evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Pa, after this Timing vibration device (109) produces to vibrate and slides from the inclined-plane, drive draught line (108) and make rotation box (110) take place to overturn, the silaatic of rotation box (110) in making beaker (111) is poured over sharkskin biological template (114) surface, shown in Fig. 3 B.
(C) after to be cast the finishing, again the sharkskin biological template is remained under the vacuum state more than the 20min, make silaatic abundant levelling under vacuum state.Then the sharkskin biological template is taken out in vacuum drying chamber, treat silaatic demoulding after room curing, make the elasticity negative template, its cross section profile and the complementation of sharkskin cross section profile, as shown in Figure 4.Because silaatic intensity is limited, is stuck in the silaatic of scale bottom and when the demoulding, is torn easily.Therefore when the demoulding, need realize the smooth demoulding by the upset distortion of scale and the elasticity advantage of silaatic by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.
The cast silaatic is in order to make silaatic form abundant filling (Fig. 5 A) to sharkskin scale root under vacuum state, can't discharge the accuracy of repetition that causes because of the gas at scale root place when having avoided first cast to vacuumize again and descend (Fig. 5 B), improve the accuracy of repetition of elasticity negative template.
Step 3: make the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion and study rule
(A) the elasticity negative template is stretched to certain proportion, and is fixed on the pressing plate, fixing means as shown in Figure 6.After negative template (24) is stretched to certain proportion, it is pressed on the base plate (21), and the bolt of screwing on (22) is fixing tight with pressing plate (23).Dual mode is arranged during the stretching negative template, along the longitudinal stretching that is stretched as of sharkskin groove direction, perpendicular to the cross directional stretch that is stretched as of groove direction, direction is shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
(B), be 1 * 10 in degree of vacuum by vacuum casting device
-3To the silastic surface casting filler, measured step is similar to the method for making negative template in second step under the state of Pa.Treat the filler curing and demolding, obtain being out of shape imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering.When the demoulding, need covering be separated smoothly with the elasticity negative template by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.If the negative template extensibility is 0 in the A step, promptly not stretched, obtain imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering true to nature behind the casting filler; If negative template is by longitudinal stretching in the A step, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of linear deformation behind the casting filler, shown in Fig. 7 A; If negative template is by cross directional stretch in the A step, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of lateral deformation behind the casting filler, shown in Fig. 7 B.
The Surface Groove width of the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion is relevant with the mode and the extensibility of stretching.The imitative shark pattern of the distortion that makes behind the longitudinal stretching negative template diminishes (Fig. 7 A) than the groove width of original sharkskin pattern, and extensibility is big more, and the degree that groove width dwindles is big more; The imitative shark pattern of the distortion that makes behind the cross directional stretch negative template becomes big (Fig. 7 B) than the groove width of original sharkskin pattern, and extensibility is big more, and the degree that the groove width change is big is just big more.For obtaining stretching mode and extensibility to being out of shape the influence of imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering Surface Groove width, should be respectively with horizontal, vertical two kinds of stretching modes, according to extensibility 10%, 20%～100% stretch successively negative template and under vacuum state casting filler to make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.With the contact pin type profile scanner the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of each distortion under the various extensibilitys is measured, set up the groove width of covering and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility.
Step 4: according to the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of application demand manufacturing distortion
The object that will imitative shark resistance reducing covering is applied in fluid medium, move, the approaching best drag-reduction effect of its groove width covering when a certain value, this width value is relevant with speed, length and the dielectric viscosity of aircraft, method of calculating as shown in Equation 1:
Wherein, s is a groove width, and U is that speed of incoming flow, v are the kinematic viscosity of medium, C
fBe the coefficient of friction resistance, usually C under the state
fTheoretical formula as the formula (2), wherein, Re is a Reynolds number, Re=UL/v, L are the geometric feature sizes of object.
Calculate the optimum width value of required resistance reducing covering according to the working environment parameter of application, covering groove width that refer step three is measured and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility, the width that negative template is stretched to appointment is made the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion, can be near best drag reduction state under the working environment of application thereby make distortion imitate sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering.
Embodiment 1:
Utilize mako shark to make transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin.
Step 1: make the sharkskin biological template
(A) with mako shark epidermis washed with de-ionized water 5 times of buying, with the shagreen chemical fixation 6～87h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution that cleans, 3 ℃ of chemical fixation temperature make fixedly sample epidermis then;
(B) will adopt washed with de-ionized water 5 times through the fixedly sample epidermis that (A) step makes, the fixedly sample epidermis that to clean is then put into concentration 50% ethanolic solution 25min, concentration 75% ethanolic solution 20～30min, concentration 95% ethanolic solution 25min, the concentration 100% ethanolic solution 25min that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters successively, makes dehydration sample epidermis;
(C) will dry by the fire 10h under 60 ℃ of conditions through the dehydration sample epidermis that (B) step makes, and make the sharkskin biological template, its surface topography as shown in Figure 2.As seen from the figure, shark skin surface is covered by the placoid scale that has ridge, a large amount of placoid scales by cover watt formula be arranged in shark skin surface form following current to groove (Fig. 2 A), the cross-sectional plane of sharkskin pattern is circular arc (Fig. 2 B), the vertical section is the wedge shape (Fig. 2 C) that scale laminates formation, and direction is as shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
For preventing shrinkage of mako shark epidermis and warpage, in fixing, dehydration, dry link, sharkskin is fixed on the hard plate, hammer into iron nail along one week of sharkskin.
Step 2: make silaatic elasticity negative template (referring to Fig. 3 A, 3B)
Utilize the vacuum tipper under vacuum state to sharkskin biological template surface casting silaatic.
(A) the sharkskin template (114) that the first step is made is placed on base (101) and locates, again with in the beaker (111) of packing into after silaatic and the even mixing of curing agent, rotate box (110) maintenance level under the effect of strut bar (105) this moment, be placed on the inclined-plane (107) after Timing vibration device (109) being reserved the time then, as shown in Figure 3A, timer-operated length reference vacuum desicator is evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Time that Pa needs and setting.
(B) the vacuum tipper is put into vacuum drying chamber and be evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Pa, after this Timing vibration device (109) produces to vibrate and slides from the inclined-plane, drive draught line (108) and make rotation box (110) take place to overturn, the silaatic of rotation box (110) in making beaker (111) is poured over sharkskin biological template (114) surface, shown in Fig. 3 B.
(C) after to be cast the finishing, again the sharkskin biological template is remained under the vacuum state more than the 20min, make silaatic abundant levelling under vacuum state.Then the sharkskin biological template is taken out in vacuum drying chamber, treat silaatic demoulding after room curing, make mako shark epidermis morphology elasticity negative template.Because silaatic intensity is limited, is stuck in the silaatic of scale bottom and when the demoulding, is torn easily.Therefore need be when the demoulding by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern, realize the demoulding by the upset distortion and the silaatic elasticity advantage of scale.
Step 3: make the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion
(A) the elasticity negative template is stretched to certain proportion, and is fixed on the pressing plate, as shown in Figure 6.Dual mode is arranged during the stretching negative template, along the longitudinal stretching that is stretched as of sharkskin groove direction, perpendicular to the cross directional stretch that is stretched as of groove direction, direction is shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
(B), be 1 * 10 in degree of vacuum by vacuum casting device
-3To silastic surface cast bi-component epoxide-resin, measured step is similar to the method for making negative template in second step under the state of Pa.Treat the filler curing and demolding, obtain being out of shape imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering.When the demoulding, need covering be separated smoothly with the elasticity negative template by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.If the negative template extensibility is 0 in the A step, promptly not stretched, obtain imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering true to nature behind the casting filler, according to the result who measures with the three-D profile scanner, the pattern similarity of this imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering true to nature and primeval life template reaches more than 95%; If at A step negative template longitudinal stretching, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of linear deformation behind the casting filler; If at A step negative template cross directional stretch, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of lateral deformation behind the casting filler.
The Surface Groove width of the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion is relevant with the mode and the extensibility of stretching.For obtaining stretching mode and extensibility to being out of shape the influence of imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering Surface Groove width, respectively with horizontal, vertical two kinds of stretching modes, according to extensibility 10%, 20%～100% stretch successively negative template and under vacuum state casting filler to make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.With the contact pin type profile scanner the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of each distortion under the various extensibilitys is measured, set up the groove width of imitative mako shark distortion resistance reducing covering and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility, shown in Fig. 8 A.
Step 4: according to the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of application demand manufacturing distortion
Plan the boat that this resistance reducing covering is used for certain match usefulness, the about 5m of cox, the about 6m/s of speed, racing boat is moved in river, about 20 degree of the average water temperature in this river, kinematic viscosity is 1.0 * 10
-6m
2/ s calculates covering according to the working environment parameter of above this racing boat and reaches the required Surface Groove width of best drag reduction state.
Reynolds number during this rowing
The coefficient of friction resistance of this racing boat
The best drag reduction groove width that this racing boat is required
Groove width and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility (Fig. 8 A) according to the imitative mako shark distortion of step 3 gained resistance reducing covering, when negative template cross directional stretch and extensibility are 50%, the Surface Groove width of the transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin that makes is 75.8 μ m just, therefore, select this extensibility to be used for the transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of this racing boat according to the method manufacturing of step 3.
Embodiment 2:
Utilize narrowtooth shark to make transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin.
Step 1: make the sharkskin biological template
(A) with narrowtooth shark epidermis washed with de-ionized water 5 times of buying, with the shagreen chemical fixation 7h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution that cleans, 3 ℃ of chemical fixation temperature make fixedly sample epidermis then;
(B) will adopt washed with de-ionized water 5 times through the fixedly sample epidermis that (A) step makes, the fixedly sample epidermis that to clean is then put into concentration 50% ethanolic solution 25min, concentration 75% ethanolic solution 25min, concentration 95% ethanolic solution 20～30min, the concentration 100% ethanolic solution 25min that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters successively, makes dehydration sample epidermis;
(C) will under 60 ℃ of conditions, dry by the fire 10h through the dehydration sample epidermis that (B) step makes, make the sharkskin biological template.For preventing shrinkage of narrowtooth shark epidermis and warpage, in fixing, dehydration, dry link, sharkskin is fixed on the hard plate, hammer into iron nail along one week of sharkskin.
Step 2: make silaatic elasticity negative template (referring to Fig. 3 A, 3B)
Utilize the vacuum tipper under vacuum state to sharkskin biological template surface casting silaatic.
(A) the sharkskin template (114) that the first step is made is placed on base (101) and locates, again with in the beaker (111) of packing into after silaatic and the even mixing of curing agent, rotate box (110) maintenance level under the effect of strut bar (105) this moment, be placed on the inclined-plane (107) after Timing vibration device (109) being reserved the time then, as shown in Figure 3A, timer-operated length reference vacuum desicator is evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Time that Pa needs and setting.
(B) the vacuum tipper is put into vacuum drying chamber and be evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Pa, after this Timing vibration device (109) produces to vibrate and slides from the inclined-plane, drive draught line (108) and make rotation box (110) take place to overturn, the silaatic of rotation box (110) in making beaker (111) is poured over sharkskin biological template (114) surface, shown in Fig. 3 B.
(C) after to be cast the finishing, again the sharkskin biological template is remained under the vacuum state more than the 20min, make silaatic abundant levelling under vacuum state.Then the sharkskin biological template is taken out in vacuum drying chamber, treat silaatic demoulding after room curing, make short-tail shark epidermis morphology elasticity negative template.Because silaatic intensity is limited, is stuck in the silaatic of scale bottom and when the demoulding, is torn easily.Therefore need be when the demoulding by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern, realize the demoulding by the upset distortion and the silaatic elasticity advantage of scale.
Step 3: make the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion
(A) the elasticity negative template is stretched to certain proportion, and is fixed on the pressing plate, as shown in Figure 6.Dual mode is arranged during the stretching negative template, along the longitudinal stretching that is stretched as of sharkskin groove direction, perpendicular to the cross directional stretch that is stretched as of groove direction, direction is shown in Fig. 2 A in length and breadth.
(B), be 1 * 10 in degree of vacuum by vacuum casting device
-3To silastic surface cast polydimethyl diloxanes (PDMS), measured step is similar to the method for making negative template in second step under the state of Pa.Treat the filler curing and demolding, obtain being out of shape imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering.When the demoulding, need covering be separated smoothly with the elasticity negative template by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern.If the negative template extensibility is 0 in the A step, promptly not stretched, obtain imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering true to nature behind the casting filler; If at A step negative template longitudinal stretching, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of linear deformation behind the casting filler; If at A step negative template cross directional stretch, obtain the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of lateral deformation behind the casting filler.
The Surface Groove width of the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion is relevant with the mode and the extensibility of stretching.For obtaining stretching mode and extensibility to being out of shape the influence of imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering Surface Groove width, respectively with horizontal, vertical two kinds of stretching modes, according to extensibility 10%, 20%～100% stretch successively negative template and under vacuum state casting filler to make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion.With the contact pin type profile scanner the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of each distortion under the various extensibilitys is measured, set up the groove width of imitative narrowtooth shark distortion resistance reducing covering and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility, shown in Fig. 8 B.
Step 4: according to the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of application demand manufacturing distortion
Plan this resistance reducing covering and be used for certain naval vessels, the about 70m of cox, the about 10m/s of speed moves in seawater, 17.4 ℃ of the mean temperatures of seawater surface, its kinematic viscosity v=1.1 * 10
-6m
2/ s; Working environment parameter calculating covering according to above these naval vessels reaches the required Surface Groove width of best drag reduction state.
Reynolds number during this naval vessels motion:
The coefficient of friction resistance of these naval vessels:
The best drag reduction groove width that these naval vessels are required:
Be out of shape the groove width and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility (Fig. 8 B) of covering according to the imitative narrowtooth shark of step 3 gained, when negative template longitudinal stretching and extensibility are 65%, the Surface Groove width of the transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin that makes is 40.9 μ m just, therefore, select this extensibility to be used for the transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of these naval vessels according to the method manufacturing of step 3.
Claims (5)
1. method for making based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, it is characterized in that: these method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: make the sharkskin biological template
(A) with shagreen washed with de-ionized water 3～6 times of buying, with the shagreen chemical fixation 6～8h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution that cleans, 0～4 ℃ of chemical fixation temperature makes fixedly sample epidermis then;
(B) will adopt washed with de-ionized water 3～6 times through the fixedly sample epidermis that (A) step makes, the fixedly sample epidermis that to clean is then put into concentration 50% ethanolic solution 20～30min, concentration 75% ethanolic solution 20～30min, concentration 95% ethanolic solution 20～30min, the concentration 100% ethanolic solution 20～30min that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters that dewaters successively, makes dehydration sample epidermis;
(C) will under 50～70 ℃ of conditions, dry by the fire 8～12h through the dehydration sample epidermis that (B) step makes, make the sharkskin biological template, its surface is that the placoid scale that has ridge covers, a large amount of placoid scales by cover watt formula be arranged in shark skin surface form following current to groove, the cross-sectional plane of sharkskin pattern is a circular arc, and the vertical section is the wedge shape that scale laminates formation.
Step 2: make silaatic elasticity negative template
Utilize the vacuum tipper under vacuum state to sharkskin biological template surface casting silaatic;
(A) the sharkskin biological template (114) that step 1 is made is placed on the base (101) of vacuum tipper and locates, again with in the beaker (111) of packing into after silaatic and the even mixing of curing agent, rotate box (110) maintenance level under the effect of strut bar (105) this moment, be placed on the inclined-plane (107) after Timing vibration device (109) being reserved the time then, timer-operated length reference vacuum desicator is evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Time that Pa needs and setting;
(B) the vacuum tipper is put into vacuum drying chamber and be evacuated to 1 * 10
-3Pa, after this Timing vibration device (109) produces to vibrate and slides from the inclined-plane, drives draught line (108) and makes rotation box (110) take place to overturn, and the silaatic of rotation box (110) in making beaker (111) is poured over sharkskin biological template (114) surface;
(C) after to be cast the finishing, again the sharkskin biological template is remained under the vacuum state more than the 20min, make silaatic abundant levelling under vacuum state; Then the sharkskin biological template is taken out in vacuum drying chamber, treat silaatic demoulding after room curing, make the elasticity negative template; When the demoulding, need realize the smooth demoulding by the upset distortion of scale and the elasticity advantage of silaatic by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern;
Step 3: make the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion and study rule
(A) the elasticity negative template is stretched to certain proportion, and is fixed on the pressing plate, negative template (24) is stretched to certain proportion after, with pressing plate (23) it is pressed on the base plate (21), and the bolt of screwing on (22) is fixing tight; Dual mode is arranged during the stretching negative template, along the longitudinal stretching that is stretched as of sharkskin groove direction, perpendicular to the cross directional stretch that is stretched as of groove direction;
(B), be 1 * 10 in degree of vacuum by the vacuum tipper
-3To the silastic surface casting filler, mode is similar to the method for making negative template in the step 2 under the state of Pa; Treat the filler curing and demolding, obtain being out of shape imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering; When the demoulding, need covering be separated smoothly with the elasticity negative template by put in order break the mold and of scale along scale reversing sense withdrawing pattern;
The Surface Groove width of the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion is relevant with the mode and the extensibility of stretching; For obtaining stretching mode and extensibility to being out of shape the influence of imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering Surface Groove width, should be respectively with horizontal, vertical two kinds of stretching modes, according to extensibility 10%, 20%～100% stretch successively negative template and under vacuum state casting filler to make the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion; With the contact pin type profile scanner the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of each distortion under the various extensibilitys is measured, set up the groove width of covering and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility;
Step 4: according to the imitative shark pattern resistance reducing covering of application demand manufacturing distortion
The object that will imitative shark resistance reducing covering is applied in fluid medium, move, the approaching best drag-reduction effect of its groove width covering when a certain value, this width value is relevant with speed, length and the dielectric viscosity of object, method of calculating as shown in Equation 1:
Wherein, s is a groove width, and U is that speed of incoming flow, v are the kinematic viscosity of medium, C
fBe the coefficient of friction resistance, usually C under the state
fTheoretical formula as the formula (2), wherein, Re is a Reynolds number, Re=UL/v, L are the geometric feature sizes of object;
Calculate the optimum width value of required resistance reducing covering according to the working environment parameter of application, covering groove width that refer step three is measured and the quantitative relationship between the extensibility, the width that negative template is stretched to appointment is made the imitative sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering of distortion, can be near best drag reduction state under the working environment of application thereby make distortion imitate sharkskin pattern resistance reducing covering.
2. a kind of method for making according to claim 1 based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, it is characterized in that: described in the step 1 for preventing sharkskin shrinkage and warpage, in fixing, dehydration, dry link sharkskin is fixed on the hard plate, its fixing means is to hammer into iron nail along one week of sharkskin.
3. a kind of method for making based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the shagreen of buying described in the step 1 is taken from the shark surface of mako shark, narrowtooth shark and great white shark.
4. a kind of method for making according to claim 1 based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size, it is characterized in that: the vacuum tipper described in the step 2 is by base (101), bracing frame 1 (102), pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), strut bar (105), slide bar (106), inclined-plane (107), draught line (108), Timing vibration device (109), rotation box (110), beaker (111), bracing frame 2 (112), and steel nail (113) is formed, position annexation between them is: bracing frame 1 (102) and bracing frame 2 (112) symmetries are fixed on the base (101), pin (103), axostylus axostyle (104), the two ends of strut bar (105) link to each other with bracing frame 2 (112) with bracing frame 1 (102) respectively, and slide bar (a 106) only end links to each other with strut bar 1; Axostylus axostyle (104) passes the middle part of rotation box (110), and an initial condition end of rotation box (110) down rides over strut bar (105) upward with the maintenance level; Draught line (108) one ends are connected by the front end of steel nail (113) and rotation box (110), the other end is walked around slide bar (106) and is connected on the Timing vibration device (109), Timing vibration device (109) is placed on the inclined-plane (107), inclined-plane (107) is fixed on the bracing frame 1 (102), and beaker (111) is installed on the rotation box (110); Slide from the inclined-plane when Timing vibration device vibration back, can drive the draught line rotation box that stretches and overturn, thereby the material in the beaker is toppled over, be subjected to the obstruction of pin, the angle that rotation box (110) takes place to overturn is 90 to spend.
5. a kind of method for making based on the adjustable transformative shark-simulation anti-drag skin of surface appearance and size according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the filler described in the step 3 is epoxy resin, polydimethyl diloxanes and polyvinyl alcohol.
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