CN101904405A - Method for extracting protein and chitin from shrimp heads and shrimp shells by using edible acid - Google Patents
Method for extracting protein and chitin from shrimp heads and shrimp shells by using edible acid Download PDFInfo
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- CN101904405A CN101904405A CN2010102176081A CN201010217608A CN101904405A CN 101904405 A CN101904405 A CN 101904405A CN 2010102176081 A CN2010102176081 A CN 2010102176081A CN 201010217608 A CN201010217608 A CN 201010217608A CN 101904405 A CN101904405 A CN 101904405A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for extracting protein and chitin from shrimp heads and shrimp shells by using edible acid. The method comprises the following steps of: adding edible acid in the shrimp heads and shrimp shells, controlling the adding amount of the edible acid according to the determined system pH value requirement, standing and stirring for reacting and then separating the reaction liquid and residue, drying the reaction liquid to obtain hydrolyzed protein, decolorizing the residue, obtaining chitin, and the like. The invention can extract the protein and chitin from the shrimp heads and the shrimp shells by making full use of endogenesis protease in the shrimp heads and the shrimp shells to obtain hydrolyzed protein powder and food-grade chitin rich in calcium salt and other mineral substances. The invention has simple operation, avoids the environmental pollution and makes full use of the effective components in the shrimp heads and the shrimp shells.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to from aquatic products, extract the technical field of protein and chitin, be specifically related to a kind of method of utilizing edible acid from shrimp head and shrimp shell, to extract protein and chitin.
Background technology
In the process of producing freezing shrimp meat, can produce a large amount of shrimp heads and shrimp shell the like waste, still can not make full use of these discarded objects at present.Shrimp head of prawn and shrimp shell account for about 30%～40% of shrimp body weight, contain about chitin of about 5% in fresh shrimp head and the shrimp shell, mineral matters such as 5% left and right sides calcium carbonate, 7～15% protein, a small amount of grease, and compositions such as vitamin E, astaxanthin, lecithin, be worth development and use.
The main path that utilizes shrimp head and shrimp shell at present is to be directly used in the production chitin, and this method adopts hydrochloric acid, the naoh treatment raw material of high concentration, removes impurity such as wherein protein, lipid, mineral matter, forms through decolouring again.This mode of production not only produces a large amount of highly acids, alkaline organic wastewater, and is seriously polluted, and mineral matter such as protein wherein, fat, calcium all is removed as impurity, can't utilize.
Though have certain methods to reclaim most of protein by the self-dissolving or the adding protease of shrimp head in the prior art, remaining residue is used further to produce chitin.Patent (publication number CN101129161A) as people such as Chen Dan is squeezed the shrimp head, and shell meat is separated; Shell, juice meat are smashed, after the homogenate, soaked; Add pH buffer solution, zymoexciter, after the intensification, continue to stir; The filtrate of filtering the back gained is concentrated dry getting final product.This method is produced enzymolysis protein by the self-dissolving reaction, obtains shrimp shell meal simultaneously.But still keeping all mineral matters in such residue, most of lipid and some protein are produced hydrochloric acid, the naoh treatment raw material that chitin still needs to adopt high concentration with it, equally can't contaminated solution etc. problem.
For addressing the above problem, (number of patent application: 02122565.6) adopt the method for Mechanical Crushing extruding that the liquid in shrimp head and the shrimp shell is squeezed out, this liquid is isolated astaxanthin and grease through organic solvent extraction to Wang Guangxiang.The protein of residual aqueous phase is through adding protease hydrolytic, and concentrate drying obtains the protein hydrolysate powder.Add the softening decalcification of edible acid in housing parts, add alkali lye again and remove albumen and astaxanthin, and then the housing that softens with the organic solvent extracting, above-mentioned housing is again through the heating evaporation organic solvent, and rinsing obtains chitin to pH neutrality.Though this invention can make full use of the various compositions in shrimp head and the shrimp shell, operating procedure is very complicated, and repeatedly with an organic solvent, exist inflammable and explosive, problems such as solvent evaporates, and still to use 2～10% alkali lye, environmental pollution problems fails effectively to be solved.Number of patent application is to adopt organic acid to handle fresh shrimp head, shrimp shell in 200510101411.0,91106258.0 the patent application, but these patents are not all utilized endogenous proteinase well.
External existing lactobacillus-fermented shrimp head and the shrimp shell of utilizing reclaims chitin, the report of protein and astaxanthin, Bhaskar for example, N., Suresh, P.V., Sakhare, P.Z., et al.2007. (Enzyme and Microbial Technology.40:1427-1434.), Neith Pacheco, M ó nica Garnica-Gonz á lez, Jessica Y.Ram í rez-Hern á ndez, et al. (Bioresource Technology, 2009,100:2849～2854.), Cira, L.A., Huerta, S., Hall, G.M., Shirai, K. (Process Biochemistry, 2002,37:1359-1366.) etc., the mineral matter in shrimp head and the shrimp shell is dissolved but the method that relates to all is the lactic acid that utilizes fermentation to produce, protein is liquefied and is separated during the fermentation by a shrimp endogenous enzymes hydrolysis simultaneously.Though external these methods can reclaim most protein, part astaxanthin, and remove the most of mineral matter in shrimp head and the shrimp shell, solve most of pollution problem.But because sweat produces acid and inadequate, still have the mineral matter of suitable content in the gained housing of fermentation back, also need further just can obtain chitin with the salt acid treatment; And fermentation time is long, also will add glucose, inoculation, and control temperature etc., influence factor is more, and is wayward.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is at the deficiencies in the prior art, especially seriously polluted what utilize shrimp head and shrimp shell side face to exist, complicated operation, active ingredient is difficult to problems such as full use, a kind of method of utilizing edible acid and extracting protein and chitin in conjunction with the autolysis of endogenous proteinase in shrimp head and the shrimp shell is provided, can be by the inventive method simultaneously with the main component in shrimp head and the shrimp shell---protein and chitin extract, obtain being rich in the aminosal powder and the food-grade chitin of mineral matters such as calcium, the inventive method is simple and practical, low for equipment requirements, reduce environmental pollution.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following technical programs:
A kind of method of utilizing edible acid to extract protein and chitin from shrimp head and shrimp shell is provided, may further comprise the steps:
(1) chooses the shrimp head and the shrimp shell of fresh or cold storage;
(2) in shrimp head and shrimp shell, add edible acid and mixing; The adding of described edible acid is carried out several times, adds edible acid in the reaction 12h and keeps system pH to be higher than 4.0, to keep the activity of endogenous enzymes; Answer the pH value of the hierarchy of control to be lower than 4.5 behind the reaction 12h, to prevent corruption; Control reaction final pH value is lower than 4.0, to guarantee that mineral matter fully is removed;
(3) with step (2) system placing response and constantly stirring;
(4) step (3) reactant liquor is separated with residue;
(5) the reactant liquor drying after step (4) is separated obtains protein powder; Residue obtains chitin through decolouring.
Preferred shrimp head fresh or cold storage and shrimp shell contain abundant endogenous proteinase in the above-mentioned steps (1) in the raw material, by the control of overall technical architecture of the present invention, can guarantee that in subsequent reactions effectively hydrolysis removes protein.
Use after the shrimp head of cold storage and shrimp shell described in the above-mentioned steps (1) thaw, thaw and to adopt the common method that adopts in various food or the production of fodder.
In the step (1),, shrimp head and shrimp shell suitably can be pulverized, with reduced volume in order to make the edible acid reaction effect better.The present invention can not add water, directly adds edible acid in shrimp head and shrimp shell, but suitably add water in shrimp head and shrimp shell, adds edible acid again, helps edible acid and shrimp head, the shrimp shell mixes, and promotes the mineral matter stripping, better effects if.
The described edible acid of step (2) can be selected the various acid that can be used in food or the feed for use, comprise that acetate, lactic acid etc. can form the acids of soluble-salt with mineral matter, can use a kind ofly, also can use multiplely, use the ratios that different acid mix multiple the time not do qualification.
The present invention obtains by a large amount of experimental summaries, and the adding of edible acid described in the above-mentioned steps (2) should be carried out several times, and the addition of edible acid is determined according to the pH value of system.The pH value that specifically is the maintenance system is higher than 4.0 all the time in the initial 12h of reaction, be beneficial to the autolysis of endogenous proteinase, and the reaction that guarantees the carbonate in edible acid and shrimp head and the shrimp shell is too inviolent, avoids too fast generation great amount of carbon dioxide gas to cause material to overflow reaction vessel; Answer the pH value of the hierarchy of control to be lower than 4.5 behind the reaction 12h, to prevent corrupt and effectively to remove mineral matter; The reaction final pH should be lower than 4.0, to guarantee that mineral matter fully is removed.Preferred scheme is: adopt to add edible acid control pH value between 4.5～5.5 in reaction 12h, the addition that should control edible acid behind the reaction 12h makes the pH value of system reach 4.0～4.5, hierarchy of control pH value is lower than 4.0 behind reaction 48h, needs only the pH value and is unlikely to be low to moderate and makes the whole inactivations of enzyme.Sum up the endogenous proteinase that the technical scheme that obtains can guarantee to make full use of shrimp head and shrimp shell by long-term a large amount of the present invention that experiment showed.
Reaction temperature is lower than 60 ℃ described in the above-mentioned steps (3), to prevent a shrimp shrimp shell intrinsic protein enzyme deactivation, and in conjunction with overall technical architecture of the present invention, preferred 40～55 ℃ of reaction temperature; The time of placing response is more than the 24h, more than the preferred 72h.Should constantly stir in the course of reaction in time to discharge the carbon dioxide of continuous generation, guarantee that raw material does not overflow reaction vessel.
Reactant liquor described in the above-mentioned steps (4) separates the method centrifugal or that filter that adopts with residue; The drying of reactant liquor can adopt the various conventional drying methods that comprise spray-drying.
Common process such as potassium permanganate decolouring, hydrogen peroxide decolouring or sunlight exposure decolouring are adopted in the decolouring of residue described in the above-mentioned steps (5).
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
1. the present invention adopts edible acid to soak and prevent that shrimp head and shrimp shell from corruption taking place in the self-dissolving process, simultaneously can dissolve the mineral matters such as calcium carbonate in most shrimp heads and the shrimp shell, reaction residues only need can become the food-grade chitin through decolouring, does not need again with strong acid treatment such as hydrochloric acid;
2. the present invention optimizes the addition of edible acid by the accurate control of pH value of reaction system, makes the autolysis of endogenous proteinase effective, gives full play to, and can and separate the abundant hydrolysis of protein in shrimp head and the shrimp shell;
3. adopt the present invention can obtain being rich in the aminosal and the food-grade chitin of mineral matter such as calcium simultaneously, realize the full use of active ingredient in prawn head and the shrimp shell.
4. the present invention has avoided in traditional chitin production method using a large amount of hydrochloric acid, NaOH, and produces the shortcoming of a large amount of waste water, reduces cost and reduces environmental pollution;
5. the present invention is simple to operate, is easy to control, and is very low to the equipment requirement, small investment, instant effect.
The specific embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment, and the simple replacement of similar substance or step can not be given unnecessary details in an embodiment one by one, but does not therefore limit scope of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
Present embodiment utilizes edible acid to extract protein and chitin from shrimp head and shrimp shell, and described edible acid is commercial product, and concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) gets fresh shrimp head of 100g and shrimp shell, be crushed to below the 0.5cm;
(2) add running water, with shrimp head and the submergence of shrimp shell after pulverizing;
(3) be 5.0 toward step (2) middle adding acetate (acetic acid concentration does not require) to system pH, reaction, the pH value of METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION system adds acetate repeatedly in the 12h of reaction, maintains about 5.0 all the time with the pH that keeps system; Continue behind the 12h to add acetate, keeping the pH value is 4.3～4.5; Add acetate behind the 48h again, control pH value is about 4.0; Add acetate behind the 72h again, the time that control pH value is reacted about 3.0 is altogether 5 days, and all the time in 45 ℃ of insulations, constantly stirs between the stage of reaction with timely carbon dioxide gas;
(4) after reaction finishes, centrifugation reactant liquor and residue;
(5) step (4) is separated the reactant liquor drying obtain and is obtained powdered substance 17.8g, and this powdered substance is present embodiment gained aminosal powder, brown, and protein content is greater than 60%, and content of mineral substances is lower than 30%;
Reaction residues to neutral, is put in the decolouring of being exposed to the sun under the daylight with the clear water rinsing, obtains the food-grade chitin, white, and sheet, content of mineral substances is lower than 1%.
Embodiment 2
Present embodiment utilizes edible acid to extract protein and chitin from shrimp head and shrimp shell, and described edible acid is commercial product, and concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) get freezing shrimp head of 100g and shrimp shell, pulverize about 0.5cm the back that thaws naturally;
(2) shrimp head and the submergence of shrimp shell after will pulverizing with clear water;
(3) be 5.5 toward step (2) middle adding lactic acid (concentration does not require) to system pH, reaction is measured system pH in the 12h of reaction, add lactic acid repeatedly, maintains 5.5 all the time with the pH that keeps system; Continue behind the 12h to add lactic acid, keeping the pH value is 4.4～4.5; Add lactic acid behind the 36h again, control pH value is about 4.0; Add lactic acid behind the 48h again, control pH value is about 3.5; Add lactic acid behind the 72h again, control pH value is reacted 1 day time again about 3.0, and all the time in 50 ℃ of insulations, constantly stirs between the stage of reaction with timely carbon dioxide gas;
(4) after reaction finishes, isolated by filtration reactant liquor and residue;
(5) the reactant liquor drying obtains powdered substance 18.1g, and this powdered substance is present embodiment gained aminosal powder, measures protein content greater than 60%;
Reaction residues, soaked 2 hours with 1% liquor potassic permanganate to neutral with the clear water rinsing again, took out with clear water and cleaned, and soaked with 1% solution of sodium bisulfite again, rinsed well with clear water once more, promptly obtained chitin after the drying.
Embodiment 3 contrast experiments
Raw material such as edible acid is all commercial product in the present embodiment.Concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) gets fresh shrimp head of 100g and shrimp shell, be crushed to below the 0.5cm;
(2) add running water, with shrimp head and the submergence of shrimp shell after pulverizing;
(3) be 2.0 toward the middle adding of step (2) acetate to system pH,, add acetate repeatedly, maintain all the time about 2.0, reacted 3 days, constantly stir between the stage of reaction with timely carbon dioxide gas with the pH that keeps system in 45 ℃ of insulation reaction.
(4) after reaction finishes, centrifugation reactant liquor and residue;
(5) the reactant liquor drying obtains powdered substance 12.1g, and this powdered substance is present embodiment gained aminosal powder, and protein recovery is lower than 60%;
Reaction residues, soaked 2 hours with 1% liquor potassic permanganate to neutral with the clear water rinsing again, took out with clear water and cleaned, and soaked with 1% solution of sodium bisulfite again, rinse well with clear water once more, promptly obtain chitin, white after the drying, sheet, content of mineral substances is lower than 1%, but protein residual quantity height.
Claims (7)
1. a method of utilizing edible acid to extract protein and chitin from shrimp head and shrimp shell is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) chooses the shrimp head and the shrimp shell of fresh or cold storage;
(2) in shrimp head and shrimp shell, add edible acid and mixing; The adding gradation of described edible acid is carried out, and adds edible acid in the reaction 12h and keeps system pH to be higher than 4.0, answers the pH value of the hierarchy of control to be lower than 4.5 behind the reaction 12h; Control reaction final pH value should be lower than 4.0;
(3) with step (2) system placing response and constantly stirring;
(4) step (3) reactant liquor is separated with residue;
(5) the reactant liquor drying after step (4) is separated obtains protein powder; Residue obtains chitin through decolouring.
2. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that described shrimp head of step (1) and shrimp shell meal are broken to below the 0.5cm.
3. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that edible acid is acetate or lactic acid described in the step (2).
4. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that the temperature of the described placing response of step (3) is 40～55 ℃.
5. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that the time of the described placing response of step (3) is more than the 24h.
6. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that reactant liquor described in the step (4) separates the method centrifugal or that filter that adopts with residue.
7. according to the described method of claim 1, it is characterized in that potassium permanganate decolouring, hydrogen peroxide decolouring or sunlight exposure decolouring are adopted in the decolouring of residue described in the step (5).
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| CN103172763A (en) * | 2013-03-18 | 2013-06-26 | 武汉工业学院 | Coordinated process extraction method of biological active substances in crayfish by-products |
| CN103535780A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-29 | 宁波大学 | Method for preparing instant soft-shell shrimps |
| CN103749936A (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2014-04-30 | 华中农业大学 | Fish protein and fish cake prepared from fish protein |
| CN105418802A (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2016-03-23 | 广西钦州市绿源天然食品加工有限公司 | Method for extracting chitin from shrimp heads and shrimp shells by utilization of organic acids and combined with acidic proteases |
| CN107510063A (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2017-12-26 | 浦江县泰如食品科技有限公司 | Prawn calcium tablet and preparation method thereof |
| CN110643668A (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2020-01-03 | 海南大学 | Method for extracting chitin from shrimp shells by utilizing microbial fermentation |
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| CN103749936A (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2014-04-30 | 华中农业大学 | Fish protein and fish cake prepared from fish protein |
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