CN101865084A - 紧凑型齿轮传动系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种紧凑型齿轮传动系统。提供了一种用于风力涡轮机的传动系统。风力涡轮机包括连接到低速轴上的转子,以及连接到齿轮箱(400)上的低速轴。齿轮箱具有连接到发电机(350)上的高速轴。该传动系统包括置于齿轮箱和发电机之间的轴承(385)。齿轮箱润滑介质至少部分地包含在齿轮箱内,且轴承与齿轮箱共用齿轮箱润滑介质。
Description
技术领域
本文所描述的设备大体涉及紧凑型传动系统。更具体地,该设备涉及用于风力涡轮机的紧凑型齿轮传动系统。
背景技术
最近,作为环境安全且相对较廉价的替代能源,风力涡轮机受到了更多的关注。风力涡轮机不会发出温室气体(GHG),且因此,风力涡轮机不会有助于全球变暖。随着对风发电的越来越大的兴趣,已经做出大量努力来发展可靠且高效的风力涡轮机。
风通常被认为是由于太阳不均匀地加热大气、地球表面的不规则性和地球的旋转而产生的太阳能的一种形式。风流动型式由地球的地形、水体和植被改变。术语风能或风力描述使用风来使轴旋转且随后产生机械动力或电的过程。
通常,使用风力涡轮机将风中的动能转化成机械动力。此机械动力可用于特定任务(例如研磨谷物或泵送水),或者发电机可将此机械动力(即轴的旋转)转化成电。风力涡轮机通常包括用于将空气的运动转化成机械运动(例如旋转)的空气动力学机构(例如叶片),然后用发电机将该机械运动转化成电功率。从发电机输出的功率与风速的立方成比例。当风速加倍时,风力发电机的容量增加为差不多八倍。
大多数可在商业上获得的风力涡轮机利用齿轮传动系统来将涡轮机叶片连接到发电机上。风使涡轮机叶片转动,这会使低速轴旋转,低速轴供入具有较高速输出轴的齿轮箱中。这个较高速输出轴连接到发电机上,并且发电。齿轮传动旨在提高机械运动的速度。
用于大型(例如>1MW)风力涡轮机的产业标准传动系统包括单独地安装到主机架(通常也称为底座框架或底板)上的离散的齿轮箱和发电机单元。功率通过柔性的“高速”轴联接件从齿轮箱传递到发电机。此布置强制齿轮箱和发电机在物理上彼此隔开,以及要求齿轮箱的输出轴和发电机的输入轴两者分别由齿轮箱轴承和发电机轴承单独地支承。
发明内容
提供了一种用于风力涡轮机的传动系统。该风力涡轮机包括连接到低速轴上的转子和连接到齿轮箱上的低速轴。齿轮箱具有连接到发电机上的高速轴。该传动系统包括置于齿轮箱和发电机之间的轴承。齿轮箱润滑介质至少部分地包含在齿轮箱内,且轴承与齿轮箱共用齿轮箱润滑介质。
附图说明
图1是一个示例性风力涡轮机的透视图;
图2是可用于图1的风力涡轮机中的传动系统的一个实施例的局部剖面透视图;
图3是可用于图1的风力涡轮机中的传动系统的另一个实施例的局部剖面透视图;
图4是可用于图1的风力涡轮机中的传动系统的又一个实施例的局部剖面透视图;
图5是在维护期间的图4的实施例的局部剖面透视图。部件列表:100 风力涡轮机110 塔架120 机舱130 叶片140 轮毂210 低速轴215 轴承220 轮毂法兰安装件230 联接件240 行星托架242 行星齿轮244 行星小齿轮246 环形齿轮248 齿轮箱壳体250 太阳齿轮260 发电机262 定子264 发电机转子266 轴承310 齿轮箱312 齿轮箱壳体314 齿轮箱背板315 紧固件320 行星托架325 环形齿轮330 行星小齿轮335 行星齿轮340 太阳齿轮342 太阳小齿轮350 发电机定子壳体360 发电机转子365 定子370 发电机护罩375 制动盘377 制动卡钳380 旋转轮毂385 轴承390 变桨管410 齿轮箱412 齿轮箱背板415 紧固件420 行星托架425 环形齿轮426 环形齿轮430 行星小齿轮435 行星齿轮436 行星齿轮440 太阳齿轮441 太阳齿轮442 太阳小齿轮轴480 内轮毂505 衬垫510 垫板512 绝缘体514 紧固件580 内轮毂586 密封件
具体实施方式
图1中示出了一种典型的商用水平轴风力涡轮机(HAWT)100。风力涡轮机100可包括通常由钢制成的管状塔架110。可通过将多个塔架段堆叠在彼此的顶部上来竖起塔架110。塔架110支承机舱120、叶片130和轮毂140的重量。塔架也可为栅格(桁架)型的,且管状塔架可备选地由混凝土形成。机舱120通常容纳传动系统(例如齿轮箱、轴、联接件、发电机等),以及主机架(也称为底板)和偏转驱动器。诸如控制电子装置的其它物品也可容纳在机舱120内。通常,机舱120具有由诸如玻璃纤维或石墨合成物的轻量材料构成的外皮。机舱外皮的主要功能是保护容纳物不受自然环境(例如雨、冰、雪等)影响。
叶片130连接到轮毂140上,而轮毂可包含变桨控制机构,以控制各个叶片的桨距角。通常,在大多数商用风力涡轮机中采用三个叶片,但是,也可采用一个、两个或四个或更多的叶片。叶片通过使低速轴旋转将风的动能转化成机械能。叶片可由玻璃纤维或石墨合成物、玻璃纤维增强的塑料或木材/环氧层压材料,或其它合适的材料制成。低速轴通常通过栓接的法兰联接件连接到轮毂140上。
使用发电机来将轴的旋转转化成电能。通常使用齿轮箱来提高发电机的输入轴的速度。齿轮箱将低速轴作为其输入,而输出是较高速的轴,根据本发明的各方面,该较高速的轴可直接供入发电机中。
图2示出了包括复合行星齿轮箱和发电机的一种已知的传动系统。低速轴210由两个单独的且轴向地隔开的主轴承215支承。低速轴210通过轮毂法兰安装件220连接到风力涡轮机100的轮毂140和叶片130上。因此,低速轴210由使叶片130转动的风驱动。低速轴210通过扭矩传递联接件230连接到行星托架240上。行星托架240支承行星齿轮242和行星小齿轮244,行星齿轮242和行星小齿轮244共用共同的轴。环形齿轮246固定地附连到齿轮箱壳体248上,且与行星小齿轮244啮合。太阳齿轮250由行星齿轮242驱动,而太阳齿轮250的输出直接供入发电机260中。
发电机260具有定子262和转子264。转子264由转子轴承266支承,转子轴承266被封闭在发电机260内。这种设计的一个缺点在于,转子轴承266是与齿轮箱隔开的。如果需要接近转子轴承,则必须移除整个发电机260。这对安装在偏远地点的风力涡轮机来说可能是非常耗时及劳动密集型的过程。
图3示出了根据本发明的方面的紧凑型传动系统的截面图。一个主要改进是发电机轴承是容纳在齿轮箱内的,从而允许齿轮箱润滑到达轴承,从而消除了发电机轴承对单独的润滑系统的需求。另一个优点是可在不必移除发电机的情况下接近轴承以进行维护。
图3中示出了复合行星齿轮箱310,但要理解的是,任何合适类型的齿轮箱均可与本发明一起使用,包括但不限于行星式、双行星式、周转式和其它类型的齿轮箱。齿轮箱壳体312通过紧固件315或任何其它合适的紧固器件直接连接到发电机定子壳体351上。齿轮箱310包括行星托架320、环形齿轮325、行星小齿轮330、行星齿轮335和太阳齿轮340。
太阳小齿轮轴342用作发电机350的机械输入。发电机350包括转子360和定子365。如图3所示,发电机转子360通过法兰安装布置361安装到旋转轮毂380上。旋转轮毂380紧紧地安装在转子轴承385的外座圈上,转子轴承385又紧紧地安装在齿轮箱壳体312的管状伸出部上。在旋转轮毂380和齿轮箱壳体312之间有效地旋转的、优选地为迷宫型的密封单元386,允许齿轮箱润滑剂润滑轴承385,而不会漏出齿轮箱。
紧凑型传动系统包括制动系统,以为风力涡轮机至少提供停机制动功能。图3中体现的制动系统包括至少一个制动盘375和一个液压制动卡钳377。制动盘375刚性地安装到旋转轮毂380上,且从而以与发电机转子360相同的速度旋转。制动卡钳377刚性地安装到发电机定子壳体350上,且从而制动卡钳377是固定的。使用发电机护罩370来使发电机相对于制动盘375和制动卡钳377密封。紧凑型传动系统可容易地适应其它类型的制动系统,包括鼓式和蹄式制动系统,以及以气动的方式促动的系统。
太阳齿轮340、太阳小齿轮轴342和托架320是空心的,以容纳变桨管390,变桨管390承载用于风力涡轮机转子轮毂变桨系统控制器的控制和功率配线。变桨管以与风力涡轮机转子和托架320相同的速度旋转,并且从而变桨管在其前(逆风)端处刚性地附连到托架320上。变桨管的顺风端或后端由安装在刚性地安装到旋转轮毂380上的壳体中的轴承381支承。优选为迷宫型的变桨管密封件382防止齿轮箱润滑剂在变桨管周围漏出齿轮箱。
发电机定子365优选电连接到电力电子变换器上,电力电子变换器控制和调节从风力涡轮机供应到公共电网的由发电机提供的电功率。
法兰安装布置361(将转子360连接到旋转轮毂380上)可选地包含绝缘层和绝缘螺栓,以在转子360和旋转轮毂380之间提供电绝缘,从而对轴承385(和内部齿轮箱轴承)提供保护,使其不受由电力电子变换器产生的损害性电流的影响。绝缘层材料优选为玻璃纤维增强的聚合物,例如G10或G11。
接地电刷372通过定子护罩370和定子架351在转子360和大地之间提供低阻抗的接地路径。接地电刷通过确保转子(和轴承)处的感生电压处在期望阈值以下(例如约<2伏),来提供保护轴承385(和内部齿轮箱轴承)不受损害性电流的影响的额外措施。
图4示出了采用双行星齿轮箱的根据本发明的方面的紧凑型传动系统的截面图。齿轮箱400通过紧固件415直接连接到发电机350上。齿轮箱400包括齿轮箱壳体412、行星托架420、环形齿轮425和426、行星小齿轮430、行星齿轮435和436以及太阳齿轮440和441。
第二级太阳小齿轮轴442用作发电机350的输入。发电机350包括转子360和定子365。使用发电机护罩370来使发电机相对于制动盘375和制动卡钳377密封开。如图4所示,发电机350安装在内轮毂480上,其通过紧固件415而固定和附连到齿轮箱背板414上。转子轴承385置于内轮毂480和齿轮箱背板414的伸出部之间。
可利用根据本发明的方面的发电机/齿轮箱构造来实现许多优点。发电机350悬出齿轮箱310(或400)的背部,其中齿轮箱的背部限定为高速轴输出端。发电机定子壳体安装到齿轮箱背板312、414(例如通过栓接的法兰布置)上。齿轮箱的高速输出是具有转子轴承385的旋转轮毂380、480。转子轴承385安装在固定及附连到齿轮箱背板312、414上的内轮毂上。发电机转子安装到齿轮箱的旋转轮毂380、480上,从而使得“发电机”轴承完全包含在齿轮箱内,从而分享齿轮箱系统的润滑和冷却。密封件586可有助于将齿轮箱润滑介质保持在轮毂480的内部内。
太阳齿轮轴/小齿轮342、442可通过花键或齿轮齿连接件连接到旋转轮毂380、480上,从而允许太阳齿轮使其本身在行星齿轮之间居中。花键连接件可包括用以承受特别是由于斜齿轮啮合引起的轴向推力的轴向止动器。
发电机转子安装件可为法兰安装布置,且可选地具有夹在转子和旋转轮毂之间的绝缘材料(具有绝缘螺栓、垫圈等),以在发电机转子和传动系统中的所有轴承之间提供电绝缘。如图4所示,发电机转子360通过双法兰联接件连接到旋转轮毂480上,该双法兰联接件由垫板510、可选的绝缘体512和紧固件514组成。绝缘体512夹在旋转轮毂480和转子360之间,且可由任何合适的电绝缘材料构成。例如,绝缘体512可为玻璃增强的聚合物,例如G10或G11。绝缘体512使以电容的方式耦合的转子电压(例如由电力电子变换器产生)与发电机轴承和齿轮箱的剩余部分隔绝。通过结合绝缘体512来保护轴承385不受电流损害。
制动盘375直接安装到旋转轮毂380、480(例如通过栓接的法兰)上。至少一个制动卡钳377可安装到发电机壳体上,且根据需要对制动盘375施加制动力。
图5示出了图4的传动系统的分解截面图。在组装和/或拆卸期间,PM发电机350是“无轴承”的,而双法兰联接件使得能够在不移除发电机的情况下更换发电机轴承。
可移除制动盘375和制动卡钳377。然后可移除发电机护罩370,以允许接近轮毂480。转子360和定子365可通过栓接的和/或夹紧的夹具/衬垫505刚性地彼此连接。然后将结合的转子和定子固定到定子壳体351上。
可通过移除紧固件481和轴承385保持器(未示出)来移除轮毂480。然后可将轮毂480拉离发电机背板414和轴承385。现在可更换或修理发电机轴承385,而不必移除发电机350、转子360或定子365,从而大大地降低维护成本。
悬臂式安装和联接布置的一个优点在于,即便是在使齿轮箱相对于风力涡轮机底板和低速输入轴偏斜的极端的风载荷下,悬臂式安装和联接布置也允许发电机和制动系统保持与齿轮箱成一直线。
一种优选的发电机类型是PM同步发电机,但也可使用感应发电机、绕线磁极式同步发电机,或双馈异步发电机。已经描述了采用单个发电机的风力涡轮机,但将理解的是,也可在修改齿轮箱的情况下使用多个发电机。
虽然本文已经描述了各种实施例,但根据说明书将理解,可进行元件、变型的各种组合及其改进,且处在本发明的范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于风力涡轮机的传动系统,所述风力涡轮机包括连接到低速轴上的转子,连接到齿轮箱上的低速轴,所述齿轮箱具有连接到发电机上的高速轴,所述传动系统包括:
置于所述齿轮箱(400)和所述发电机(350)之间的轴承(385);
至少部分地包含在所述齿轮箱内的齿轮箱润滑介质;
其中,所述轴承与所述齿轮箱共用所述齿轮箱润滑介质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述发电机包括发电机转子和定子,所述传动系统进一步包括:
连接到所述发电机和所述轴承上的轮毂安装件(480)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述发电机用绝缘紧固件连接到所述轮毂安装件上,所述绝缘紧固件在所述发电机转子和所述齿轮箱之间提供大体上的电绝缘。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述发电机附连到所述齿轮箱的壳体上。
5.根据权利要求1所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述发电机通过栓接的法兰连接件附连到所述壳体上。
6.根据权利要求1所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述高速轴连接到旋转轮毂上,所述传动系统进一步包括:
连接到齿轮箱壳体的至少一部分上的一个或多个轴承;
其中,所述一个或多个轴承置于所述旋转轮毂和所述齿轮箱壳体之间。
7.根据权利要求6所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述齿轮箱构造成以下中的至少一种:
行星式、双行星式、复合行星式和周转式。
8.根据权利要求7所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述齿轮箱包括至少一个太阳齿轮和至少一个太阳轴,所述至少一个太阳轴连接到所述旋转轮毂上。
9.根据权利要求8所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述至少一个太阳轴通过花键和齿轮齿连接件中的至少一种连接到所述旋转轮毂上。
10.根据权利要求6所述的传动系统,其特征在于,所述传动系统进一步包括:
制动盘;
其中,所述制动盘直接安装到所述旋转轮毂上。
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- 2009-12-23 EP EP09180594A patent/EP2216547B1/en not_active Revoked
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- 2010-01-15 CN CN2010100055260A patent/CN101865084B/zh active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7815536B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
EP2216547B1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
US20100133854A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
DK2216547T3 (da) | 2012-11-26 |
CN101865084B (zh) | 2013-05-29 |
EP2216547A3 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
EP2216547A2 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
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