CN101852765A - Device and method for judging bacterium drug susceptibility by utilizing oxidation reaction of bacterium - Google Patents
Device and method for judging bacterium drug susceptibility by utilizing oxidation reaction of bacterium Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a device for judging bacterium drug susceptibility by utilizing oxidation reaction of bacterium, comprising a virtual voltage signal generator, a computer, a working electrode and a pair electrode; the bacterium subject to medicine treatment is adhered on the working electrode; wherein the voltage signal generator is connected with the computer and can apply voltage changing in preset voltage range between the working electrode and the pair electrode under the control of the computer; and meanwhile the computer samples the current flowing through the working electrode and the pair electrode, thus obtaining the volt-ampere map of the voltage and the current. In the device and method in the invention, bacterium subject to medicine treatment is placed on the surface of the working electrode, a scanning voltage is applied between the electrodes, when the scanning voltage reaches the oxidation level of the bacterium, auxiliary enzyme A in the bacterium joins the oxidation reaction to release electron, thus judging bacterium drug susceptibility according to the fact whether a peak valley is existed in the volt-ampere map.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of device and method of medically bacterium being made drug sensitive experiment, is the device and method that a kind of oxidation reaction of utilizing bacterium is judged the drug susceptibility of bacterium concretely.
Background technology
Various malignant bacterias are different to the susceptibility of antibacterials.Measure the sensitivity of bacterium to different pharmaceutical, the medication in the corresponding clinical treatment is selected, so that control infection timely and effectively has great importance.Present bacterium mainly contains diffusion method and dilution method two classes to the medicament sensitivity test method.Commonly used in the diffusion method have a paper disk method, and the round scraps of paper that have been about to adsorb medicine are covered in the microbe growth primary surface, do 1 day cultivation usually after, judge that by the size of measuring inhibition zone bacterium is to medicine sensitivity whether; This method can only be measured usually qualitatively, is only matching with dilution method, after regretional analysis obtains the regression equation of correlationship between its antibacterial circle diameter and minimal inhibitory concentration by statistics, just can reach the purpose of detection by quantitative.Tube dilution method, trace liquid diluting method etc. are arranged in the dilution method, though overcome the shortcoming of diffusion method, can make quantitative or semiquantitative minimal inhibitory concentration and measure, but it equally also all to there be 1 day incubation, and be that whether muddiness is come result of determination by observing bacterium liquid.As seen, classic method of the prior art has long problem detection time, and its testing process is general above 1 day.
According to transfer that has or not electronics in the chemical reaction or gain and loss, chemical reaction can be divided into two big classes: a class is transfer or the gain and loss that electronics is arranged in course of reaction, is called redox reaction, wherein the reaction that loses electronics in the course of reaction is defined as oxidation reaction; Another kind of is transfer or the gain and loss that does not have electronics in course of reaction, is called non-oxide reduction reaction.
Also have the microbial cell oxidation reaction research model that utilizes electrode in the prior art, it analyzes the oxidative phenomena of microbial cell, the mechanism of announcement microbial cell generation oxidation reaction by observing microbial cell at the electrochemical response signal of electrode surface.It is relevant to have separated the main oxidation reaction with composition such as the interior coacetylase of thalline of the oxidative phenomena of detailed bacterium, after the composition generation oxidation reactions such as coacetylase, the metabolism of bacterium is obstructed.In recent years, after electric polarization such as woven hose, this technology has been applied to the institute's cooling tube that generates electricity abroad, the pipe surface pollution of food, cosmetics enterprise flow pipe and blow-off pipe etc. and the biological film formed aspect that prevents.Equally, by analyzing the electrochemical response signal and the oxidation reaction phenomenon of different microorganisms cell, can carry out the classification of different microorganisms cell and identify.But the described microbial cell oxidation reaction research model that utilizes electrode has used complicated power control system and special polarograph.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of quick, accurate and easy to operate oxidation reaction of utilizing bacterium and judge the device and method of bacterium the susceptibility of medicine.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention takes following technical scheme: a kind of oxidation reaction of utilizing bacterium is judged the device of bacterium to the susceptibility of medicine, comprises virtual voltage signal generator, computing machine, working electrode and to the utmost point; The described bacterial adhesion of the described drug treating of process is on described working electrode; Described voltage signal generator is connected with computing machine, and can be applied to the voltage that changes in the predetermined voltage range under the control of described computing machine to working electrode with between to the utmost point; Simultaneously, described computing machine is to flowing through described working electrode and the electric current between the utmost point is sampled, thereby obtains the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates between described voltage and the described electric current; When described voltammogram is composed existing at least one peak valley, show that described bacterium is insensitive to described medicine; If peak valley do not occur, show that so described bacterium is to described medicaments insensitive.
Further, described peak valley be by described bacterium when the oxidation reaction, its endobacillary coacetylase participates in electrode reaction and discharge electronics when oxidation reaction forming.
The present invention also provides a kind of oxidation reaction of bacterium of utilizing to judge the method for bacterium to the susceptibility of medicine, will place the surface of electrode through the described bacterium of described drug treating; Be applied to the voltage that changes in the predetermined voltage range to described electrode then, and recorded stream crosses the electric current of described electrode, thereby obtain the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates between described voltage and the described electric current; When described voltammogram is composed existing at least one peak valley, show that described bacterium is insensitive to described medicine; If peak valley do not occur, show that so described bacterium is to described medicaments insensitive.
Described apparatus and method among the present invention are used and are comprised that working electrode reaches the electrode system to the utmost point, bacterium after drug treating is placed working electrode surface, between electrode, apply scanning voltage, when described scanning voltage reaches the oxidizing potential of described bacterium, whether its endobacillary coacetylase participates in oxidation reaction and discharges electronics, thereby can be according to having peak valley to judge the susceptibility of bacterium to medicine on the described volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates that obtains in this this process.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the oxidation reaction of utilizing bacterium among the present invention is judged the schematic diagram of bacterium to the device of the susceptibility of medicine.
Fig. 2 is the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates of colon bacillus (K9512) oxidation reaction.
Fig. 3 is the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates of colon bacillus (K9510) oxidation reaction.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing technical scheme of the present invention is elaborated.
The oxidation reaction phenomenon of bacterium can be by its experiment model tormulation, and described bacterium of the present invention is based upon on the bacterial oxidation reaction basis the susceptibility experiment of medicine.
The present invention is by the fast development of computing machine and virtual instrument technique in recent years, design virtual voltage signal generator voluntarily, and utilize computer control out-put supply, a record volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates, thereby developed bacterial oxidation reaction experiment model simple in structure, easy operating, described empirical model can be used in observes the mobile variation of interelectrode electronics, inquires into the oxidation reaction feature of bacterium.
Fig. 1 shows the principle of the bacterial oxidation reaction experiment model equipment among the present invention and sees Fig. 1.As shown in Figure 1, described experimental model device comprise virtual voltage signal generator 1, computing machine 2, working electrode 3, to the utmost point 4, contrast electrode 5, bacterium 6, papery filter membrane 7.Wherein, described working electrode 3 is the plane stone electrode ink, is platinum electrode to the utmost point 4, and contrast electrode 5 is saturated calomel electrode (SCE, Saturated Calomel Electrode).Described paper filtering membrane 7 is the common experiment of aperture 0.45 a μ m cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane, is used for the liquid of elimination bacterium liquid and adheres to thalline 6.
Described voltage signal generator 1 is the virtual instrument that designs voluntarily, it adopts commercially available Lab VIEW software and multifunctional data acquisition card, described multifunctional data acquisition card is inserted the pci interface of computing machine 2, thereby the stepped appearance voltage signal generator 1 of the virtual instrument formula in the cost of manufacture invention, preferably, described multifunctional data acquisition card adopts the PCI-6229 data collecting card of 16 precision of America NI company; Further, by input stepped appearance voltage signal parameter on the interface of described computing machine 2, under computing machine 2 is controlled automatically, produce required voltage signal from the aanalogvoltage output channel of described multifunctional data acquisition card, be added to working electrode with to extremely going up, automatically measure with desk-top digital multimeter simultaneously and flow through working electrode and the electric current between the utmost point, described multimeter links to each other with computing machine 2 by the RS-232C interface, and flow through working electrode and to the current value between the utmost point and carry out subsequent treatment by computing machine 2 automatic acquisition and recordings, especially, described subsequent treatment is meant the graph of a relation that utilizes computing machine to form voltage and electric current, thereby form a volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates, being the stepped appearance voltage of synchronization output and flowing through interelectrode electric current of described volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates correspondence with what multimeter was measured automatically.Preferably, described stepped appearance voltage signal parameter is set to 0.00-1.00V, its ascending rate is 10mV/s; Described desk-top digital multimeter adopts the MS8050 type digital multimeter of 24 precision of magnificent friendship.
Each microbial cell all has its specific oxidizing potential, when the external world applies current potential and surpasses the oxidizing potential of microbial cell, and when microbial cell is among the current potential that the external world applies merely, microbial cell will produce and extraneous electron exchange, thereby causes microbial cell oxidized because of losing electronics.The main body of bacterial oxidation reaction is endobacillary coacetylase, and it discharges electronics with electrode reaction and when oxidation reaction, thereby forms new electric current, becomes the peak valley on the current curve, further, among the present invention to own " peak valleys " can only be the peak.Therefore, bacterium between electrode, is surpassed microbial cell when applying current potential, promptly described bacterium, oxidizing potential the time, oxidation reaction takes place, the oxidized formation dimer of the endobacillary coacetylase coacetylase of described bacterium discharges electronics simultaneously.
The oxidation reaction of bacterium is main relevant with composition such as coacetylase in the thalline, and the bacterium of work contains coacetylase, and the content of active coenzyme A can descend significantly in thalline extremely.Therefore, can reasoning, the bacterium that lives places the oxidation reaction empirical model, and when the external world applied current potential and surpasses the oxidizing potential of bacterium, oxidation reaction will take place in bacterium, and the coacetylase oxidation forms the dimer coacetylase, discharges electronics simultaneously; And discharge electronics during oxidation reaction and form new electric current, form the peak current on the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates current curve, it is corresponding to described peak valley.And dead thalline is not because of containing the main body of bacterial oxidation reaction substantially, be active coenzyme A, dead thalline places the oxidation reaction empirical model, when the external world applies current potential and surpasses the oxidizing potential of bacterium, above-mentioned oxidation reaction does not take place substantially, discharge electronics in the time of also can be and form new electric current, do not have peak valley on the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates current curve and form because of oxidation reaction.
The present invention mixes bacterium and acts on medicine after, bacterium is placed the oxidation reaction experimental model device, when the external world applies current potential and surpasses the oxidizing potential of bacterium, observe bacterium whether oxidation reaction takes place, whether formation peak valley on the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates current curve, just can judge the life or death of bacterium, promptly can judge the susceptibility of bacterium medicine.
Preferably, the present invention is with the absorbance difference relative method, and the content of measuring coacetylase in the colon bacillus thalline is 0.21 ± 0.07nmol/10
8Cells, after the deactivation, the content of coacetylase only is 0.03 ± 0.02nmol/10
8Cells.Equally, for bacterial classifications such as bacillus subtilis, streptococcus, staphylococcus, salmonella typhi, lactobacilluss, find that the content of active coenzyme A in the dead thalline all descends significantly.Further, table 1 shows the oxidizing potential of the relevant bacterium of different strain.
Table 1: the oxidizing potential of different strain
| The bacterial classification name | Oxidizing potential (V vs.SCE) |
| Bacillus subtilis | ??0.68 |
| Lactobacillus | ??0.68 |
| Streptococcus | ??0.68 |
| Staphylococcus | ??0.68 |
| Colon bacillus | ??0.72 |
| The bacterial classification name | Oxidizing potential (V vs.SCE) |
| Salmonella typhi | ??0.70 |
Further, the invention still further relates to a kind of correlation theory and be applied to the bacterial susceptibility experiment, thereby can react the new method of carrying out the bacterial susceptibility test based on bacterial oxidation with the bacterial oxidation reaction.Described method, be to use on the bacterial oxidation reaction experiment model based, bacterium 6 through drug treating is placed described working electrode 3 surfaces, at working electrode 3 and to 4 described stepped appearance incremental voltage of input of the utmost point, when the described voltage that applies surpasses the oxidizing potential of bacterium 6, observe the degree whether bacterium 6 oxidation reaction takes place, reach described oxidation reaction, whether this bacterium is dead, part is dead or survival fully thereby detect, and can judge that promptly this medicine is to belong to responsive, medium sensitivity or invalid to bacterium 6.
Because of the oxidizing potential of bacterium generally between 0.00-1.00V, so working electrode and the scope of the described stepped appearance incremental voltage imported between the utmost point generally is set at 0.00-1.00V.Working electrode and the ascending rate of the described stepped appearance incremental voltage imported between the utmost point sharpness with the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates is as the criterion preferably, is set at 5-50mV/s.Being set to 5mV/s with described ascending rate is example, and be omnidistance 200s the input time of 0.00-1.00V incremental voltage; Being set at 50mV/s with described ascending rate is example, and be 20s the input time of 0.00-1.00V incremental voltage.Therefore in 20 to 200 seconds, can judge that just whether bacterium between electrode the degree of oxidation reaction and described oxidation reaction takes place, and promptly can judge the susceptibility of 6 pairs of these medicines of bacterium.
Further specify below and how bacterium is fixed on working electrode surface.
The present invention is dripped bacterium liquid number droplet on the papery filter membrane 7 of aperture 0.45 μ m, and carries out negative pressure leaching rapidly, and further, described negative pressure leaching can adopt common experiment negative pressure leaching device.Thereby make the bacterium detention on described cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7, and with the surface of papery filter membrane attached to working electrode 3.Liquid component in the bacterium liquid, promptly the preservation liquid of bacterium adopts bacterium commonly used in the medical experiment to preserve liquid, preferably, the 0.1mol/l phosphate buffer that described preservation liquid is pH7.0.In addition, for increasing the adhesion of cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7 at electrode surface, especially, described electrode mainly is meant working electrode 3, also comprises the utmost point, use 4, electrode modification agent such as 4 '-bipyridine drop on the described working electrode 3, promptly on the plane stone electrode ink, thereby make the surface of described working electrode 3 moistening fully.
The present invention will be described in detail below by embodiment.
Clinical diffusion method and dilution method drug sensitive experiment result show colon bacillus (K9512) strain to general concentration microbiotic Ampicillin sensitivity, and its minimal effective concentration is 5 μ g/ml.
Get each 3 parts of described colon bacillus (K9512) liquid 2ml, thalline is through centrifuging; Wherein put among the microbiotic Ampicillin that concentration is 50 μ g/ml for the 1st part, hybrid reaction 30min, thalline is stored in the 1st part of colon bacillus in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0) after centrifuging, cleaning; Get the 2nd part of colon bacillus (K9512) liquid 2ml, thalline is among the microbiotic Ampicillin of 5 μ g/ml through the rearmounted concentration of centrifuging, hybrid reaction 30min, again with thalline after centrifuging, cleaning, the 2nd part of colon bacillus is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0); Get the 3rd part of colon bacillus (K9512) liquid 2ml and do not mix with microbiotic Ampicillin, thalline directly is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0) through centrifuging, after cleaning.
Below operation please refer to Fig. 2.
At first, get the 3rd part of colon bacillus bacterium liquid number that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer droplet on the papery filter membrane of aperture 0.45 μ m, thereby negative pressure leaching makes the bacterium detention on cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7 rapidly, with the surface of described papery filter membrane 7 films attached to working electrode 3; Working electrode 3 and between the utmost point 4 with the ascending rate of 10mV/s input 0.00-1.00V voltage, along with voltage raises, the also corresponding increase of its corresponding current; But apply voltage between electrode 0.72V (vs.SCE promptly is contrast electrode with SCE).Near the peak valley (a curve) of electric current appears.
Get the 2nd part of colon bacillus bacterium liquid number that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer equally droplet on the papery filter membrane 7 of aperture 0.45 μ m, negative pressure leaching makes the bacterium detention on cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7 rapidly, with papery filter membrane 7 attached to working electrode 3 surfaces; Ascending rate with 10mV/s between electrode is imported 0.00-1.00V voltage, along with voltage raises, and the also corresponding increase of its corresponding current; Apply near electric current also appears in voltage 0.72V (vs.SCE promptly is contrast electrode with SCE) peak valley (b curve) between electrode, just the peak value of electric current reduces.
Get the 1st part of colon bacillus bacterium liquid number that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer again droplet on the papery filter membrane 7 of aperture 0.45 μ m, negative pressure leaching makes the bacterium detention on cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7 rapidly, with papery filter membrane 7 attached to working electrode 3 surfaces; Ascending rate with 10mV/s between electrode is imported 0.00-1.00V voltage, along with voltage raises, and the also corresponding increase of its corresponding current; But apply near electric current does not appear in voltage 0.72V (vs.SCE promptly is contrast electrode with SCE) peak valley (c curve) between electrode.
Shown in Figure 2, can reach a conclusion, the peak valley of electric current does not appear in the 1st part of colon bacillus that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer near its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE promptly is contrast electrode with SCE), be dead thalline; Therefore concentration is that the microbiotic Ampicillin of 50 μ g/ml is effectively to colon bacillus (K9512), promptly responsive; The peak valley (a curve) of electric current appears in the 3rd part of colon bacillus that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer near its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE), be viable bacteria; The 2nd part of colon bacillus that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer, near the peak valley (a2 curve) that electric current its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE), occurs, though the peak value of electric current reduces, illustrate to still have a large amount of viable bacterias to exist, show that concentration is that the microbiotic Ampicillin of 5 μ g/ml is to colon bacillus (K9512) slight sensitive.
According to clinical diffusion method result, get each 3 parts of colon bacillus (K9510) the liquid 2ml of microbiotic Erythromycin sensitivity, Ampicillin medium sensitivity, thalline is through centrifuging, wherein put among the microbiotic Erythromycin that concentration is 50 μ g/ml for the 1st part, hybrid reaction 30min, thalline is stored in the 1st part of colon bacillus in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0) after centrifuging, cleaning; Get the 2nd part of colon bacillus (K9510) liquid 2ml, after the thalline centrifuging, putting concentration is among the microbiotic Ampicillin of 50 μ g/ml, hybrid reaction 30min, the thalline centrifuging, clean after, the 2nd part of colon bacillus is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0).The 3rd part of colon bacillus (K9510) liquid 2ml not with the microbiotic hybrid reaction, the thalline centrifuging, clean after, directly be stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH7.0).
Described 3 parts of bacterium liquid samples are got the liquid number respectively droplet on the papery filter membrane 7 of aperture 0.45 μ m, and negative pressure leaching makes bacterium 6 detentions on cellulose nitrate papery filter membrane 7 rapidly, with the surface of papery filter membrane 7 attached to working electrode 3; With the ascending rate input 0.00-1.00V voltage of 10mV/s, obtain its volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates as shown in Figure 3 between electrode.
Wherein, the peak valley of electric current does not appear in the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates (c curve) of the 1st part of sample near its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE), be dead thalline; Therefore concentration is that the microbiotic Erythromycin of 50 μ g/ml is effectively to colon bacillus (K9510), promptly responsive.The peak valley (a curve) of electric current appears in the 3rd part of colon bacillus that is stored in the 0.1M phosphate buffer near its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE), show it is viable bacteria.The volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates (b curve) of the 2nd part of sample, the peak valley of electric current is smooth near its oxidizing potential 0.72V (vs.SCE), compares with sample 3, is judged as medium sensitivity.
Above embodiment shows, it is practical to utilize the oxidation reaction of bacterium to carry out the bacterial susceptibility test, and its result is consistent with clinical diffusion method, and can judge the drug susceptibility of bacterium in the short period of time.
Claims (10)
1. an oxidation reaction of utilizing bacterium is judged the device of bacterium to the susceptibility of medicine, comprises virtual voltage signal generator, computing machine, working electrode and to the utmost point; The described bacterial adhesion of the described drug treating of process is on described working electrode; It is characterized in that:
Described voltage signal generator is connected with computing machine, and can be applied to the voltage that changes in the predetermined voltage range under the control of described computing machine to working electrode with between to the utmost point; Simultaneously, described computing machine is to flowing through described working electrode and the electric current between the utmost point is sampled, thereby obtains the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates between described voltage and the described electric current;
When described voltammogram is composed existing at least one peak valley, show that described bacterium is insensitive to described medicine; If peak valley do not occur, show that so described bacterium is to described medicaments insensitive.
2. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described voltage signal generator adopts the mode of virtual instrument to make up.
3. device as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that: the voltage that described voltage signal generator output stepped appearance changes.
4. device as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that: the variation range of the voltage that described stepped appearance changes is 0.00-1.00V.
5. as claim 3 or 4 described devices, it is characterized in that: the ascending rate of the voltage that described stepped appearance changes is 5-50mV/s.
6. as each described device of claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: described bacterium is attached on the papery filter membrane in the mode by negative pressure leaching, and then the mode that described papery filter membrane is attached on the working electrode is attached on the described working electrode.
7. as each described device of claim 1-6, it is characterized in that: the peak value of described peak valley shows when big that described bacterium is low to the susceptibility of described medicine, and the peak value of described peak valley shows the susceptibility height of described bacterium to described medicine when low.
8. one kind is utilized the oxidation reaction of bacterium to judge the method for bacterium to the susceptibility of medicine, it is characterized in that: will place the surface of electrode through the described bacterium of described drug treating; Be applied to the voltage that changes in the predetermined voltage range to described electrode then, and recorded stream crosses the electric current of described electrode, thereby obtain the volt-ampere collection of illustrative plates between described voltage and the described electric current; When described voltammogram is composed existing at least one peak valley, show that described bacterium is insensitive to described medicine; If peak valley do not occur, show that so described bacterium is to described medicaments insensitive.
9. method as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that: the described voltage that changes in preset range is the voltage that stepped appearance changes.
10. method as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that: the variation range of the voltage that described stepped appearance changes is that 0.00-1.00V and its ascending rate are 5-50mV/s.
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| CN111182971A (en) * | 2017-10-03 | 2020-05-19 | 阿威尔斯医疗公司 | Devices, systems, and methods for determining the concentration of microorganisms and the sensitivity of microorganisms to anti-infective agents based on redox reactions |
| CN113466309A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2021-10-01 | 瀚源生医股份有限公司 | Method for pathogen detection |
| US11385200B2 (en) | 2017-06-27 | 2022-07-12 | Avails Medical, Inc. | Apparatus, systems, and methods for determining susceptibility of microorganisms to anti-infectives |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108350408A (en) * | 2015-08-25 | 2018-07-31 | 阿威尔斯医疗公司 | Equipment, system and method for detecting great-hearted microorganism in fluid sample |
| US11385200B2 (en) | 2017-06-27 | 2022-07-12 | Avails Medical, Inc. | Apparatus, systems, and methods for determining susceptibility of microorganisms to anti-infectives |
| CN111182971A (en) * | 2017-10-03 | 2020-05-19 | 阿威尔斯医疗公司 | Devices, systems, and methods for determining the concentration of microorganisms and the sensitivity of microorganisms to anti-infective agents based on redox reactions |
| US11655494B2 (en) | 2017-10-03 | 2023-05-23 | Avails Medical, Inc. | Apparatus, systems, and methods for determining the concentration of microorganisms and the susceptibility of microorganisms to anti-infectives based on redox reactions |
| CN113466309A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2021-10-01 | 瀚源生医股份有限公司 | Method for pathogen detection |
| TWI792246B (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2023-02-11 | 瀚源生醫股份有限公司 | Method for pathogen detection |
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