CN101851542A - Nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive and a preparation method thereof. The nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.5-5 parts of bionic self-organizing bionic molecules, 0.8-10 parts of cellulase catalyst, 2-15 parts of nano-wrapped film forming agent, 3-20 parts of nano-film-forming addition agent, 0.5-10 parts of interface modified dispersant and 15-30 parts of deionized magnetized water. The nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive of the invention has wide application and has no toxic or side effect. The product can be used to solve various heat losses such as uneven heat transmission caused by incomplete combustion, poor fuel atomization or uneven combustion, thus improving combustion efficiency, saving energy and reducing pollutant emissions.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fuel dope, relate in particular to nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
At present, fuel oil, additive for fire coal that patent is announced are a lot, but great majority are to belong to conventional metals catalytic additives such as containing organic metal-salt, phosphorus, sulphur, contain metal ion and metallic catalyzer, for example Chinese patent application 01135145.4, a kind of fuel oil additive; 01138785.8, energy-saving environmental-protection petrol additive; 01135177.2, efficient additive for fuel coal; Multiple fuel oil, additive for fire coal are disclosed.Use the organic or inorganic compound of metal ion, join in the fuel, though can improve the incendiary heat transfer efficiencies,, metal ion finally can be residual with the ash content form, and life-time service can produce certain wearing and tearing and corrosion to engine, combustion chamber, motive power machine equipment.Traditional terms of settlement needs oxygen-enriched combusting to address this problem, but causes efficiency of combustion to descend.
Summary of the invention
The technical issues that need to address of the present invention provide a kind of to firing system also have good dynamically maintenance action and can improve efficiency of combustion, reduce disposal of pollutants fuel synergistic additive.
Another technical problem that the present invention need solve provides a kind of method of simply utilizing the nano material preparation fuel synergistic additive.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the application of nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
A kind of fuel synergistic additive, it is made by weight ratio by following component:
Bionic self-organization molecule 0.5-5 part
Cellulase catalyzer 0.8-10 part
Nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent 2-15 part
Nanometer film coalescence aid 3-20 part
Interface modification dispersion agent 0.5-10 part
Deionization magnetized water 15-30 part.
Fuel synergistic additive of the present invention, wherein,
Bionic self-organization molecule 1 .2-1.5 part
Cellulase catalyzer 1.5-2.0 part
Nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent 4.0-4.5 part
Nanometer film coalescence aid 6.0-6.5 part
Interface modification dispersion agent 1.5-2.0 part
Fuel synergistic additive of the present invention, wherein, described bionic self-organization molecule is one or more the combination in polyamide-amide, polyaniline, polypropylene imines, Polycarbosilane, polyethers or the petchem;
And/or
Described cellulase is one or more the combination in the cellulase catalyzer of various water soluble cellulose enzymes or oil soluble cellulase series;
And/or
Described nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent is one or more the combination etc. in polyvinyl alcohol, Natvosol, the water soluble resin;
And/or
Described nanometer film coalescence aid is one or more the combination in polyalcohols, benzene sulfonamide acids, fatty acid or the aliphatic ether;
And/or
Described interface modification dispersion agent is one or more the combination in polymeric amide or the polyamines.
Fuel synergistic additive of the present invention, wherein,
Described polyalcohols is dibasic alcohol or trivalent alcohol, and described fatty acid is a n-octadecanoic acid, and aliphatic ether is a n-butyl ether;
And/or
Described polymeric amide is a molecular weight less than 2000 polyvinyl lactam;
And/or
Described polyamines is a propylene diamine.
Fuel synergistic additive of the present invention, wherein, described dibasic alcohol is a propylene glycol, described trivalent alcohol is a hexanetriol.
The preparation method of fuel synergistic additive of the present invention, wherein, this method in turn includes the following steps:
(1) preparation mother liquor: put into container inner control temperature after bionic self-organization molecule, two kinds of materials of cellulase catalyzer are mixed in proportion and under 40-70 ℃ and pressure 0.7-1.5 normal atmosphere, stirred 5-10 hour, carry out gamma ray, ultraviolet ray, high-energy electron beam irradiation simultaneously, irradiation dose is controlled at 0.001-10Gy.
(2) the auxiliary liquid of preparation: nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent, nanometer film coalescence aid and three kinds of materials of interface modification dispersion agent are mixed in proportion, under normal temperature and normal pressure, through the low pressure seal reactor mix and individual hour of mechanical stirring 7-15 to uniform and stable mixed solution occurring.
(3) synthesis of nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive: speed stabilizing added above-mentioned mother liquor when auxiliary liquid that will prepare and deionization magnetized water stirred, small amount of precipitate can appear during beginning, quicken to stir until dissolving, after treating that the throw out dissolving disperses formation to stablize mixing solutions, can be packed as finished product.
Discover, nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive of the present invention tends to have an effect with solid surface, it is also quite strong to interact in some cases, absorption nano bionic self-organization molecule did not present " guest-master " effect when absorption was still dynamic when perhaps observing static state, the performance of integrated fuel that has been a spot of nano bionic self-organization molecular changes, as guests, turn from a guest into a host, make the long axis direction of additive molecule along the bionic self-organization molecule, be that the carbochain orientation is arranged, cause forming at solid surface the mesomeric state of dispersion agent, promptly fuel oil or coal-fired fragment are in critical dispersive intermediateness, thereby the intramolecule magnetism is reduced.This theoretical explanation in the additive nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive concentration to the influence of different interfacial tension rate of diffusion in the fuel.When the nano bionic self-organization additive level was low, dispersity was less, and this is because the nanometer film that additive forms on the face of fuel may be discontinuous, and can not cover all microcosmos areas.Can do not promoted effect of combustion in such cases by nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive dispersive part.When the nano bionic self-organization additive level is higher, forms successive nanometer self-organization film, thereby make fuel combustion two steps occur for: common atomizing dispersion and nanometer microexplosion atomization process.Microexamination finds that also the nano bionic self-organization molecule can be distributed in the middle of the fuel by homogeneous, thereby has improved the thermodiffusion effect of fuel, improves efficiency of combustion.Actual effect of the present invention is not merely by this theoretical reasoning decision.
Fuel synergistic additive of the present invention can directly add in fuel oil and the fire coal and uses, and for example this additive and oil fuel is joined in various oil fuel and the fire coal with volume ratio at 1: 6000, for example gasoline, diesel oil, heavy oil, fire coal etc.Fuel synergistic additive end-use of the present invention is extremely wide, be not only applicable to electromechanical equipment, transport facility, and be applicable to engineering machinery, industrial and mining enterprises, food pharmaceutical industries, aerospace, military equipment etc., we can say, the place that every non-renewable fossil energy is used all can be used, and without any side effect.This product can solve because of the various difficult problems that burning is not good at, dynamic property deficiency, contaminate environment or equipment attrition cause, precision requirement high or old automobile, boiler, kiln and mechanical means, and its actual benefit is better.
The art of this patent invention not only improves efficiency of combustion, has also reduced pollutant emission simultaneously, kills two birds with one stone.On the other hand, this patent invention also has well dynamically maintenance action because adopted the bionic nano self-organizing technique to firing system, has ensured the stable and cleaning of firing system.
The definition of bionic self-organization molecule: have and can produce synergistic effect by Intermolecular Forces, spontaneous composition has the macromolecular substance of specific function and structure.This process forms living matter according to organic macromolecule self-organizations such as similar bioprotein, nucleic acid.The bionic self-organization molecule mostly is the monomer of macromolecular compound.
Embodiment
Further describe the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment, advantage of the present invention and characteristics will be more clear along with description.But these embodiment only are exemplary, scope of the present invention are not constituted any restriction.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that and down can make amendment or replace without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, but these modifications and replacing all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention the details of technical solution of the present invention and form.
Embodiment 1 nano bionic Vehicular gasoline addictive
Choose raw material by following weight proportion:
1.2 parts of polymeric amide-6 (molecular-weight average is 200)
1.5 parts of cellulase catalyzer
(the cellulase catalyzer is the Cellulase of Beijing Baeyer enlightening biotech company " Onozuka " R-10)
6.5 parts of Witco 1298 Soft Acids
4.2 parts of polyvinyl alcohol (molecular-weight average is 400)
2.0 parts of tri-n-octyl amines
15 parts of deionization magnetized water
Polymeric amide-6 is added in the reactor under 1.5 normal atmosphere, 60 ℃ of temperature, add the cellulase catalyzer then, continuously stirring 6 hours, temperature and pressure remains unchanged, and carries out radiated by gamma-ray simultaneously, and irradiation dose is controlled at 10Gy.
Add Witco 1298 Soft Acid, polyvinyl alcohol and tri-n-octyl amine and be mixed in proportion in the low pressure seal reactor, the stabilized uniform mixed solution appearred in 8 hours in mechanical stirring under normal temperature and normal pressure.
With above-mentioned two kinds of liquid mixing, and add the deionization magnetized water and stirred 3 hours, treat that the throw out dissolving forms homogeneous, transparent pale brown look liquid, is nano bionic motor spirit synergistic agent.
Embodiment 2 nano bionic diesel-dopes
Choose raw material by following weight proportion:
1.3 parts of polypropylene imines (as the bionic self-organization molecule, molecular weight is between 200-300)
2.0 parts of polygalacturonases (as the cellulase catalyzer)
(polygalacturonase is the Pectolase Y-23 of Beijing Baeyer enlightening biotech company)
4.0 parts of polyacrylic resins (as the nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent, molecular-weight average is 600)
6.5 parts of dihydroxypropane single-ethers (as the nanometer film coalescence aid)
2.0 parts of octadecylamines (as the interface modification dispersion agent)
30 parts of deionization magnetized water
Method according to embodiment 1 prepares the nano bionic diesel-dope, and difference is: temperature of reaction is controlled at 70 ℃, and 1 normal atmosphere of reactor pressure reacted 5 hours down, carried out ultraviolet rays irradiation simultaneously, and irradiation dose is controlled at 8Gy.
Embodiment 3 nano bionics industry additive for heavy oil
1.4 parts of polyanilines (as the bionic self-organization molecule, molecular-weight average 300)
2.0 parts of oil soluble cellulases (as the cellulase catalyzer)
(the oil soluble cellulase is the cellulase RS of U.S. Sigma company)
4.5 parts of water soluble polyurethane resins (as the nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent, molecular-weight average is 800)
6.2 parts in octadecyl (triethoxy) ether (as the nanometer film coalescence aid)
2.0 parts of butanediamine (as the interface modification dispersion agent)
20 parts of deionization magnetized water
Method according to embodiment 1 prepares nano bionic industry additive for heavy oil, and difference is that temperature of reaction is controlled at 50 ℃, and 1 normal atmosphere of reactor pressure reacted 6 hours down, carried out high-energy electron beam irradiation simultaneously, and irradiation dose is controlled at 2Gy.
Embodiment 4 nano bionic industrial coal synergistic agent
1.0 parts in polydimethyl silane (as the bionic self-organization molecule, molecular-weight average 400)
2.5 parts of water soluble cellulose enzymes (as the cellulase catalyzer)
(the water soluble cellulose enzyme is the BRlG viride of 1Guanghua Chemical Plant Co., Ltd., Guangdong)
3.7 parts of Natvosols (as the nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent, molecular-weight average is 500)
6.2 parts in octadecyl (triethoxy) silicon ether (as the nanometer film coalescence aid)
2.0 parts of butanediamine (as the interface modification dispersion agent)
30 parts of deionization magnetized water
Method according to embodiment 1 prepares the agent of nano bionic fire coal synergistic, and difference is that temperature of reaction is controlled at 55 ℃, and 1 normal atmosphere of reactor pressure reacted 4 hours down, carried out the rumbatron electron beam irradiation simultaneously, and irradiation dose is controlled at 5Gy.
Embodiment 5 nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic agent Synergistic technique effects
With the nano bionic Vehicular gasoline addictive of embodiment 1, add in gasoline car at 1: 6000 with volume ratio with additive and gasoline and to use, specific as follows:
Additive uses the influence of gasoline car (the 05 Kazakhstan firkin cup car of producing per year) oil consumption (fuel consumption per hundred kilometers/liter)
| Car number | Before not using additive | Use back (1: 6000) | Average rate of economizing gasoline |
| ??1 | ??8.79 | ??7.84 | ??10.83％ |
| ??2 | ??9.85 | ??8.77 | ??10.94％ |
| ??3 | ??9.83 | ??8.65 | ??12.00％ |
| ??4 | ??9.78 | ??8.74 | ??10.63％ |
Measuring method, measure with reference to national standard: the requirement of GB/T 12545-90 motor road test method general rule and GB/T12534-90 automotive fuel wastage test method obtains experimental data under operating mode and all strict condition up to standard of road conditions.
With the nano bionic diesel-dope of embodiment 2, add in diesel vehicle at 1: 6000 with volume ratio with additive and diesel oil and to use, specific as follows:
Additive uses the influence of diesel vehicle (6.8 tons of the 07 liberation match dragons of producing per year) oil consumption (fuel consumption per hundred kilometers/liter)
| Car number | Before not using additive | Use back (1: 6000) | Average rate of economizing gasoline |
| ??1 | ??24.25 | ??21.58 | ??10.98％ |
| ??2 | ??24.49 | ??21.98 | ??10.23％ |
| ??3 | ??23.74 | ??22.02 | ??7.24％ |
| ??4 | ??23.96 | ??21.97 | ??8.31％ |
Measuring method, measure with reference to national standard: the requirement of GB/T 12545-90 motor road test method general rule and GB/T12534-90 automotive fuel wastage test method obtains experimental data under operating mode and all strict condition up to standard of road conditions.
Embodiment 6
Use the nano bionic industry additive for heavy oil of embodiment 3 gained, specific as follows to the influence of heavy oil (Industrial Stoves and boiler) oil consumption:
Certain BJ Glass Group Co.'s coated glass float glass process production line heavy oil fuel-economizing test directly adds the additive as embodiment 3 gained in the storage tank of heavy oil, additive and oil fuel volume ratio are 1: 6000.The actual additive fuel oil actual consumption of every day former and later two months that uses of record, by the oil consumption calculating mean value of every day, the heavy oil oil consumption drops to 48.0 tons/day from 51.0 tons/day, draws Industrial Stoves heavy oil rate of economizing gasoline 5.89% at last.Observe kiln heavy oil combustion smoke intensity abundant more, that discharge and obviously descend, flame shortens, flame color is brighter, and the glass quality of producing improves.
Certain subordinate of foodstuff production group shrimp cracker factory uses one of WNS4-1.25-Y heavy oil steam boiler, directly adds the additive as embodiment 3 gained in the storage tank of heavy oil, and additive and oil fuel volume ratio are 1: 6000.The actual additive fuel oil actual consumption of every day former and later two months that uses of record by the oil consumption calculating mean value of every day, adds 91.1 tons of/day comparisons of oil consumption after 100.0 tons/day of oil consumption before the agent and the doping, and drawing rate of economizing gasoline is 8.9%.Observe the heavy oil combustion smoke intensity and obviously descend, it is brighter that flame becomes, and the quantity of steam that the unit time produces increases.
Measuring method is all measured with reference to national standard, meets the requirement of GB/T 12545-90 and GB/T 12534-90.
Embodiment 7
The influence that the nano bionic industrial coal synergistic agent of embodiment 4 gained consumes coal-fired (Industrial Stoves and boiler), specific as follows:
The coal-fired boiling boiler test of certain iron and steel group company adds additive by spray regime, the volume ratio of additive and fire coal 1: 6000 before the fluidizing furnace of fire coal.Record every day actual coal-fired consume and with not additivated the time relatively, actually use the fire coal synergistic agent after two months, coal-firedly before consume 15.63 tons/hour, adding agent after-burning consumption of coal is 13.15 tons/hour, calculates the coal saving rate 15.89% of Industrial Boiler.Observe fired coal combustion smoke intensity abundant more, that discharge and obviously descend, flame color is brighter, and the quantity of steam of producing improves.
Measuring method is measured with reference to State Grid's ministerial standard, meets the requirement of " coal firing boiler test method ".
Show by the measured data of using on the various at home industrial equipments of this product, the engine, save oil consumption (saving coal-fired) and can reach 6-22% (higher under some situation), make enterprise customer's economic benefit obtain to significantly improve with extremely low the input.
Embodiment 8 nano bionic self-organizing fuel additives are to the influence of motor vehicle exhaust
It is that its result of objectionable impurities who measures in the tail gas is as follows in No. 93 the gasoline that the nano bionic Vehicular gasoline addictive of embodiment 1 gained is directly added label:
(1) adds the force rate example: according to the 400ml/L of embodiment 1 gained.
(2) experiment car type: modern (Sonata) III 2.0
(3) roadway journey before the experiment: 37894 kilometers
(4) experiment back driving distance: 38210 kilometers
Objectionable impurities detected result (mg/L of unit)
| Measure material | ??Pb | ??P | ??Cd | ??Cu | ??Cr | ??Ni | ??Zn | ??Fe | ??Mn | ??Al |
| The gasoline measured value | ??0.004 | ??0.05 | ??0.0005 | ??0.006 | ??0.002 | ??0.006 | ??0.003 | ??0.03 | ??0.002 | ??0.001 |
| Add the back measured value | ??0.003 | ??0.04 | ??0.0003 | ??0.005 | ??0.002 | ??0.004 | ??0.002 | ??0.02 | ??0.001 | ??0.001 |
Emission testing (experimental technique is CVS.75 and tail gas jet-black detection method)
Embodiment 9 nano bionic self-organizing fuel additives are to the influence of motor vehicle exhaust
It is that its result of objectionable impurities who measures in the tail gas is as follows in No. 93 the gasoline that the nano bionic Vehicular gasoline addictive of embodiment 1 gained is directly added label:
(1) adds the force rate example: according to the 400ml/L of embodiment 1 gained.
(2) experiment car type: modern (Sonata) III 2.0
(3) roadway journey before the experiment: 46512 kilometers
(4) experiment back driving distance: 48210 kilometers
Objectionable impurities detected result (mg/L of unit)
| Measure material | ??Pb | ??P | ??Cd | ??Cu | ??Cr | ??Ni | ??Zn | ??Fe | ??Mn | ??Al |
| The gasoline measured value | ??0.005 | ??0.05 | ??0.0006 | ??0.006 | ??0.002 | ??0.006 | ??0.003 | ??0.03 | ??0.002 | ??0.001 |
| Add the back measured value | ??0.003 | ??0.03 | ??0.0003 | ??0.004 | ??0.002 | ??0.003 | ??0.002 | ??0.02 | ??0.001 | ??0.001 |
Experimental technique (CVS.75 and tail gas jet-black detection method)
The result can confirm by experiment, and the gasoline that additive of the present invention has been added in burning has obviously reduced obnoxious flavour than simple gasoline.General gasoline is not carried out any transformation with automobile, can directly use additive, and in exhaust, reduce obnoxious flavoures such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx significantly.
From foregoing as can be known, nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic agent of the present invention is a kind of innovation of thorough change traditional combustion mode, is the nano bionic self-organization compounding technology that improves energy efficiency.It is to utilize the biological chemistry latest Progress--mimic biology self-organizing technique, the up-to-date green energy conservation technical products that develops in conjunction with the biological nano self-assembling technique simultaneously.This technology is the nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive and the technology of preparing that are widely used in engine, burning boiler, Industrial Stoves, industrial burner and large-scale coal-fired stove.
Above embodiment is described preferred implementation of the present invention; be not that scope of the present invention is limited; design under the prerequisite of spirit not breaking away from the present invention; various distortion and improvement that those of ordinary skills make technical scheme of the present invention all should fall in the definite protection domain of claims of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. fuel synergistic additive, it is made by weight ratio by following component:
Bionic self-organization molecule 0.5-5 part
Cellulase catalyzer 0.8-10 part
Nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent 2-15 part
Nanometer film coalescence aid 3-20 part
Interface modification dispersion agent 0.5-10 part
Deionization magnetized water 15-30 part.
2. according to the fuel synergistic additive of claim 1, it is characterized in that,
Bionic self-organization molecule 1 .2-1.5 part
Cellulase catalyzer 1.5-2.0 part
Nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent 4.0-4.5 part
Nanometer film coalescence aid 6.0-6.5 part
Interface modification dispersion agent 1.5-2.0 part.
3. according to the fuel synergistic additive of claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that described bionic self-organization molecule is one or more the combination in polyamide-amide, polyaniline, polypropylene imines, Polycarbosilane, polyethers or the petchem;
And/or
Described cellulase is one or more the combination in the cellulase catalyzer in various water soluble cellulose enzymes or the oil soluble cellulase series;
And/or
Described nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent is one or more the combination etc. in polyvinyl alcohol, Natvosol, the water soluble resin;
And/or
Described nanometer film coalescence aid is one or more the combination in polyalcohols, benzene sulfonamide acids, fatty acid or the aliphatic ether;
And/or
Described interface modification dispersion agent is one or more the combination in polymeric amide or the polyamines.
4. according to the fuel synergistic additive of claim 3, it is characterized in that,
Described polyvinyl alcohol, Natvosol, water soluble resin are molecular weight less than 1000 polyamino polymer;
And/or
Described polyalcohols is dibasic alcohol or trivalent alcohol, and fatty acid is a n-octadecanoic acid, and aliphatic ether is a n-butyl ether;
And/or
Described polymeric amide is a molecular weight less than 2000 homopolymerisation polyethylene acid amides.
5. according to the fuel synergistic additive of claim 4, it is characterized in that described dibasic alcohol is a propylene glycol, described trivalent alcohol is a hexanetriol.
6. the preparation method of the described fuel synergistic additive of claim 1-5 is characterized in that, this method in turn includes the following steps:
(1) preparation mother liquor: put into container inner control temperature after bionic self-organization molecule, two kinds of materials of cellulase catalyzer are mixed in proportion and under 40-70 ℃ and pressure 0.7-1.5 normal atmosphere, stirred 5-10 hour, carry out gamma ray, ultraviolet ray, high-energy electron beam irradiation simultaneously, irradiation dose is controlled at 0.001-10Gy.
(2) the auxiliary liquid of preparation: nano-encapsulated membrane-forming agent, nanometer film coalescence aid and three kinds of materials of interface modification dispersion agent are mixed in proportion, under normal temperature and normal pressure, through the low pressure seal reactor mix and individual hour of mechanical stirring 7-15 to uniform and stable mixed solution occurring.
(3) synthesis of nano bionic self-organizing fuel synergistic additive: speed stabilizing added above-mentioned mother liquor when auxiliary liquid that will prepare and deionization magnetized water stirred, small amount of precipitate can appear during beginning, quicken to stir until dissolving, after treating that the throw out dissolving disperses formation to stablize mixing solutions, can be packed as finished product.
7. each the application of fuel synergistic additive when prepare liquid fuel or solid fuel ignition of claim 1-5.
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| CN104893779A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 广德县新杭镇聚源新型材料压膜厂 | Preparation method for biomass granular fuel |
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| CN101058765A (en) * | 2007-05-16 | 2007-10-24 | 龚 | Nano bionic self-organization lubricating oil additive and preparation method thereof |
| CN101191086A (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-06-04 | 佐藤一男 | Petroleum combustion accelerating additive and preparation method thereof |
| WO2009134745A2 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Xyleco, Inc. | Processing biomass and petroleum containing materials |
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| CN101191086A (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-06-04 | 佐藤一男 | Petroleum combustion accelerating additive and preparation method thereof |
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