CN101802140A - 发电方法和系统 - Google Patents

发电方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN101802140A
CN101802140A CN200880101461A CN200880101461A CN101802140A CN 101802140 A CN101802140 A CN 101802140A CN 200880101461 A CN200880101461 A CN 200880101461A CN 200880101461 A CN200880101461 A CN 200880101461A CN 101802140 A CN101802140 A CN 101802140A
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carbon dioxide
gas
compressed carbon
fluid
synthetic gas
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马丁·奥廷格
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Zerogen Pty Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及发电方法和系统(10)，包括气化(12)含碳燃料源以产生合成气(17)；冷却合成气；从冷却的合成气(18)中去除二氧化碳，留下适用于发电的可燃气体(19)；压缩(20)去除的二氧化碳，以将其储存或封存；以及将至少一些压缩的二氧化碳用于冷却步骤。本发明还提供实施上述方法的系统，其包括合适的阀装置。

Description

发电方法和系统
技术领域
本发明涉及用于发电的方法和系统，特别涉及改进具有二氧化碳的捕获和相关的封存(associated sequestration)的气化发电站(power station)的操作的方法和系统。
背景技术
在本说明书中，当引用或讨论与知识(knowledge)有关的文献(documents)、会议文件(act)或短文(item)时，该引用或讨论并不是承认所述与知识有关的文献、会议文件、短文或其任何组合在优先权日：
(i)是公知常识的一部分；或
(ii)已知与解决说明书中涉及的任何问题的尝试相关。
在可预见的将来，无论是工业化国家还是发展中国家的相当一部分能源需求都将继续由燃煤发电站提供。然而，燃烧化石燃料(例如煤)会向大气中释放大量二氧化碳(CO2)，而现在公认的是这会潜在地促成灾难性的全球变暖。因此有必要开发有助于继续使用煤作为燃料源，但又能减少大气中的CO2释放量的技术。
二氧化碳的捕获与储存是这种技术的例子，其中燃煤发电站产生的CO2被捕获、压缩和储存，而不释放到大气中。已经提出利用地下的地质地层(subterranean geological formations)作为捕获的CO2的合适储存点，在实践中称为“地质封存(geosequestration)”。
气化发电站有助于在燃烧燃料源产生电之前将来自含碳燃料源的CO2捕获。然后捕获的CO2可以方便地运输到地质封存点。本领域技术人员公知的是，煤的煤气化(gasification)涉及使煤或其它含碳燃料源、氧化剂(例如空气或氧气)和水蒸汽在高温高压下反应生成主要由氢和一氧化碳(CO)组成的合成气(synthesis gas，syngas)。合成气被冷却(或骤冷)并除去当中所有不需要的物质(例如灰)，然后在水煤气变换反应中将CO转化为CO2，该反应还产生额外的氢。
CO2在气化器单元的合成气流中被捕获，然后被压缩成超临界流体以备后续的地质封存。剩余的富氢气体能够被燃烧，为燃气轮机(gas turbine)提供动力以产生电能，或者用于为燃料电池提供燃料。在联合循环发电设备(combined-cycle power plant)内，来自燃气轮机的废热也用于使蒸汽通过蒸汽轮机(steam turbine)产生额外的电能。使用合成气作为燃气轮机燃料源的联合循环发电设备被称为整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电设备。
进行CO2捕获和封存的气化发电设备(gasification-based power plants)是已知的，优化其中实施的发电方法的各种手段已描述于专利文献中。例如，第5,724,805号美国专利描述了将捕获的CO2进行再循环以提高燃气轮机效率的气化发电设备。第6,333,015号美国专利描述了利用再循环的CO2改善气化反应的气化发电设备。特别是，其中描述了主气化器和和副气化器，在主气化器中产生的合成气在碳源(例如焦炭床层)和CO2的存在下于副气化器中进一步反应。而在副气化器中产生的合成气随后用于为燃气轮机提供动力(同传统工艺)，从轮机废气中分离的CO2再循环回副气化器中。
第5,265,410号美国专利描述了从燃气轮机废气中分离CO2，再循环至燃烧室，以调整和维持其中燃烧的气体的温度。第6,877,322号美国专利进一步描述了使用“混合”气化循环(“hybrid”gasification cycle)的发电设备，其中来自蒸汽发生器的废气经压缩后再循环回气化器中以控制其内部温度并有助于气化反应。
如上所述，在气化器中产生的合成气在去除污染物、水煤气变换(water-shift)和分离CO2之前，先要进行骤冷。一般，骤冷发生在气化器的骤冷室内，其中热合成气可感知的热量(sensible heat)用于蒸发水。在第WO03/080503号专利申请中，水自发电过程的其它部分再循环以用作骤冷流体。
合成气可以部分骤冷(冷却至大约900℃的温度)或完全骤冷(冷却至大约200℃的温度)。
合成气骤冷也会受使用再循环的先经骤冷的合成气的影响。然而，再循环合成气骤冷需要使用专用的合成气压缩机，因此会降低整个发电工艺的效率。
因此，需要开发允许合成气骤冷的改进的气化发电方法。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面，提供了一种发电方法，其包括：
气化(gasifying)含碳燃料源以产生合成气；
冷却合成气；
从冷却的合成气中去除二氧化碳，留下适用于发电的可燃气体；
压缩去除的二氧化碳，以将其储存或封存；以及
将至少一部分压缩的二氧化碳用于冷却步骤。
本质上，本发明的方法单独使用高压二氧化碳或者将高压二氧化碳与来自气化器的冷却的合成气组合使用，使从气化器出来的极热合成气骤冷，可选择地，还可以将其与水基流体(例如雾化喷淋)组合使用。
本发明的方法无需提供用于再循环合成气的骤冷目的的骤冷流体专用压缩机。本发明代之利用已经压缩的流体源，也就是在运往封存点之前的经过压缩的二氧化碳形式的流体源，并以更符合工业经济的方式重新调配压缩的二氧化碳。
可选择地，本发明的方法包括下列步骤：
将压缩的二氧化碳与引出的冷却的合成气流组合以提高其压力，以及
在冷却步骤中使用压缩的合成气和二氧化碳。
根据本发明的这一实施方式，再循环的二氧化碳有效地代替了冷却的可燃气体压缩机，因而使气体的再循环骤冷无需专用的合成气压缩机。
二氧化碳的压力必须足够高，以提供组合的合成气/二氧化碳骤冷流，骤冷流的速率基本上不超过骤冷合成气所需的速率。方便的是，超临界流体形式的二氧化碳(例如在封存管线中发现的)的压力合适地高，可以与冷却的合成气组合，并用作骤冷流体。
优选地，组合步骤包括用压缩的二氧化碳引出冷却的可燃气体。
根据本发明的第二实施方式，提供了一种发电系统，其包括：
气化器，用于气化含碳燃料源以产生合成气；
冷却合成气的装置(means)；
从冷却的合成气中去除二氧化碳，以留下适于发电的可燃气体的装置；
压缩机，用于压缩去除的二氧化碳，以将其储存或封存；以及
将至少一部分压缩的二氧化碳再引向冷却装置的装置，用于冷却合成气。
优选地，该发电系统，包括：
发电设备(a power plant)；
用于运输储存或封存的压缩的二氧化碳的运输管线系统；以及
阀装置，其适合于在发电设备关闭(shutdown)时，将一定体积的压缩的二氧化碳保留在运输管线系统中，所述被保留的二氧化碳可以在发电设备启动期间用作骤冷流体。
该运输管线系统可以包括合适的储存装置，例如缓冲储存装置。
本发明的优选形式有助于改善使用合成气骤冷的气化发电设备的启动和/或关闭所涉及的问题，无论其是否带辅助的水喷雾(assisted wateratomisation)。
可选择地，该发电系统包括介于冷却装置和压缩机之间的引出器(eductor)，该引出器被设置成将冷却的合成气带往(entrain)冷却装置，以将压缩的二氧化碳再引向冷却装置。
根据本发明的优选实施方式，该系统包括用可燃气体发电的联合循环发电设备。
附图说明
以下将参照附图对本发明的实施方式作进一步的解释和说明，其中，
图1为说明本发明的第一实施方式的流程图，该实施方式是在具有二氧化碳的捕获和相关封存操作的气化发电设备内进行的；以及
图2为说明本发明的第二实施方式的流程图，该实施方式是在具有二氧化碳的捕获和相关封存操作的气化发电设备内进行的。
附图的详细说明
参照图1，所示出的为具有CO2的捕获和相关地质封存操作的整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电设备10。发电设备10适合进行基本负荷发电(baseload electricity generation)。
发电设备10包括夹带流气化器(entrained flow gasifier)12、合成气处理和CO2去除室18、CO2压缩机20和压缩的CO2的运输管线22。隔离阀(isolation valves)21、隔离阀23、隔离阀23A、隔离阀25和隔离阀27介于许多的这些组件之间，以下将对其功能作更详细的描述。
在一相关的例子中，运输管线22长220km，将压缩的CO2运输至昆士兰州北部的Denison Trough地区。该地区已被澳大利亚政府确认具有适合储存压缩的CO2的结构。值得注意的是，该区域含有天然气沉积，其已经具有较高水平的天然存在的CO2。而且，该地区在地震方面也是稳定的。
使用一系列的井和分配管线(未显示)，将CO2注入到地下距地面达2km的含盐蓄水层中进行永久封存。
本领域技术人员还会意识到，管线22可以不直接通向封存点，压缩的CO2可以进行中间的储存和运输，例如管线系统可以包括合适的缓冲储存装置，或者可以连接至另一储存装置，例如位于海上、铁路和公路上的容器以进一步将压缩的CO2运输至作为最终封存点的目的地。
本领域技术人员理应明白，发电设备10还包括起辅助作用的基础设施，例如煤处理装置、气体计量装置、火警探测装置、废物处理装置等，以及相关的基础设施建筑物，例如控制室、实验室、车间、仓库等。
含碳燃料源通过供料管线14进料到气化器12。随后气化燃料源(见下文)，残渣通过出口16从气化器中去除。
夹带流气化器12的含碳燃料源一般是在煤粉碎机(未示出)里产生的粉末状的煤。燃料源于气化器12中高压下，在氧气和水蒸汽(通过供料管线13输送)的存在下反应生成主要由氢气和一氧化碳组成的合成气。CO2也存在于合成气中，但通常量相当少。
在气化器12的出口17处，合成气的温度约为1500℃，这导致存在于合成气中的矿物物质为液态或粘性物质。为了保护下游的装置免受由这些液体和粘性物质沉积在装置表面而导致的污垢的影响，合成气必须冷却(或“骤冷”)到800至900℃的温度(部分骤冷)，或者在某些情况下，冷却到低至200℃。
经骤冷的合成气输入到合成气处理和CO2去除系统18，在那里首先去除不需要的物质，例如粉尘、含硫化合物和含氮化合物。
然后经过冷却和净化的合成气经历包括加入水和合适催化剂的水煤气变换反应。变换反应的结果是将一氧化碳的热值转移给氢气，并将一氧化碳转化为CO2。通过水煤气变换反应还产生额外的氢。
下一步，将CO2从合成气中分离出来。CO2的分离可以通过运用
Figure GPA00001011410700061
工艺实现，在该工艺中萨列克苏尔溶剂(Selexol solvent)在较高压力(一般为2.07至6.89MPa)下从合成气中溶解CO2。然后富含CO2的溶剂在压力和/或汽提下还原，以释放和回收CO2，氢作为单独流(separatestream)回收。
可以在CO2去除系统18中应用的其他可选择的或额外的CO2分离技术，包括使用下列物质的技术：
其他可选择的物理溶剂，例如
Figure GPA00001011410700062
胺-基化学溶剂，例如单乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)或甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)，或者
组合的物理/化学溶剂，例如
Figure GPA00001011410700063
分离CO2之后，氢含量高的合成气通过出口19从CO2去除系统18出来，并引入到联合循环发电设备，在燃气轮机(未显示)中燃烧并发电，或者引入到燃料电池发电。应当注意到，与燃烧含碳燃料源(例如煤)相比，在燃烧氢含量高的合成气的过程中，只有少量的CO2被释放至大气中。
而且，如本领域技术人员所知，IGCC发电设备还可以包括从由燃气轮机排出的废气中回收热量的装置(未显示)，所述热量用于产生水蒸汽以通过蒸汽轮机产生额外的电能。联合循环发电设备的能量效率比开放式循环发电设备(也就是没有回收废热为蒸汽轮机提供动力的循环发电设备)更高，每单位的CO2排放产生更多的电能。
据估计，气化、水煤气变换和CO2分离工艺能够将煤中的共约70％至95％的碳以分离和封存的CO2的形式来转化和回收。
经分离的CO2通过出口从分离系统18排出，引入压缩机20，压缩成超临界流体。
压缩之后，CO2沿着传送管线22运输到封存点，注入选定的地质地层中进行长期封存。
压缩的CO2输出流的一部分经由管线29引向气化器12的出口17。这样，压缩的CO2能够用作从气化器17出来的热合成气的骤冷流体。CO2的高载热能力使得骤冷特别有效，使得实现骤冷所需要的水的量明显减少。用作骤冷流体的压缩的CO2的量可以通过选择性的调整控制阀23，控制阀23A来控制。
现参照图2，其所示为本发明另一实施方式。该实施方式与图1所示的实施方式的不同之处在于，从CO2去除系统18排出的冷却的合成气流的一部分被引向位于管线29上的文丘里型(venturi-type)引出器31(其他的去往IGCC发电设备)，该管线将压缩的CO2由压缩机20导回气化器的出口17。
引出器31使用高压CO2将冷却的合成气流带到气化器出口17，从而产生用于从气化器12出来的热合成气的合成气/CO2组合骤冷液。
压缩的CO2可以提高合成气的压力(并因此提高其净质量流量)，无需专用的合成气压缩机，从而实现与传统方法相比具有更高能量效率的骤冷。
在发电设备10的正常操作中，每一隔离阀21、隔离阀23、隔离阀23A、隔离阀25和隔离阀27都是开启的，以允许发电设备的功能单元中的骤冷的合成气、氢气和压缩的CO2的自由流动。在发电设备关闭的时候，隔离阀21、隔离阀23、隔离阀23A、隔离阀25、隔离阀27是关闭的。这会导致大量的压缩的CO2保留在阀27下游的运输管线22系统中。因而，在发电设备10启动时，开启阀23和27，使系统里的压缩的CO2在启动期间与水一起使用或作为水的另一选择使用。
在启动期间使用高压CO2(单独使用或者与再循环的冷却的合成气组合使用)会减小在发电设备启动期间与单独使用水相关的风险。这些风险包括由于液态水接触组件表面而引起的对组件(例如气化器12、气化器出口管线17和合成气清洁系统(syngas cleanup system)18)造成的装置损坏。
在关闭期间，使用高压CO2(单独使用或者与再循环的冷却的合成气组合使用)能够减小类似的与水的使用相关的风险。
压缩的CO2还可以用作将粉末状的含碳燃料源沿管线14运输到气化器的动力气体(motive gas)源。
对本发明的修改和改进对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。这些修改和改进都将涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
在本发明的说明书和权利要求书中使用的“包括”一词和“包括”类的词语并不限制要求保护的本发明排除任何变型方式或其他内容。
对本发明的修改和改进对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。这些修改和改进都将涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (15)

1.一种发电方法，包括：
气化含碳燃料源以产生合成气；
冷却合成气；
从冷却的合成气中去除二氧化碳，留下适用于发电的可燃气体；
压缩被去除的二氧化碳，以将其储存或封存；以及
在冷却步骤中使用至少一部分压缩的二氧化碳。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发电方法，其中在冷却步骤中使用的压缩的二氧化碳为超临界流体状态。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的发电方法，其进一步包括控制在冷却步骤中使用的压缩的二氧化碳的量的步骤。
4.根据权利要求3所述的发电方法，其中在冷却步骤中使用的压缩的二氧化碳的量是通过使用阀装置来控制的。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的发电方法，其进一步包括将压缩的二氧化碳与第二流体混合以提高其压力和净质量流量的步骤，和在冷却步骤中使用该混合的压缩的二氧化碳和第二流体的步骤。
6.根据权利要求5所述的发电方法，其中所述第二流体是先前冷却的合成气的引出流。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的发电方法，其中的组合步骤包括用压缩的二氧化碳引出第二流体，从而将第二流体蒸汽带走用于冷却步骤的步骤。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的发电方法，其中的去除步骤包括进行
Figure FPA00001011410600011
工艺。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的发电方法，其中的去除步骤包括使用下列溶剂中的任何一种或多种：物理溶剂；胺-基化学溶剂；组合的物理/化学溶剂。
10.一种发电系统，包括：
气化器，其用于气化含碳燃料源以产生合成气；
冷却合成气的装置；
从冷却的合成气中去除二氧化碳，留下适用于发电的可燃气体的装置；
压缩机，用于压缩去除的二氧化碳，以将其储存或封存；以及
将至少一部分压缩的二氧化碳再引向冷却装置的装置，用于冷却合成气。
11.根据权利要求10所述的发电系统，其进一步包括在将压缩的二氧化碳再引向用于冷却合成气的冷却装置之前，将压缩的二氧化碳和第二流体组合以提高其压力和净质量流量的装置。
12.根据权利要求10所述的发电系统，其中所述第二流体是先前冷却的合成气的引出流。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的发电系统，其中的组合装置包括介于冷却装置和压缩机之间的引出器，该引出器被设置成用压缩的二氧化碳引出第二流体，从而将第二流体和压缩的二氧化碳的组合流带往冷却装置。
14.根据权利要求10至13中任一项所述的发电系统，其中从冷却的合成气中去除二氧化碳的装置包括进行
Figure FPA00001011410600021
工艺的装置。
15.根据权利要求10至14中任一项所述的发电系统，其进一步包括：
发电设备；
用于运输储存或封存的压缩二氧化碳的运输管线系统；以及
阀装置，其适合于在发电设备关闭时，将一定量的压缩的二氧化碳保留在运输管线系统中，所述保留的二氧化碳能在发电设备启动期间用作骤冷流体。
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