CN101783607B - 基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法 - Google Patents

基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法 Download PDF

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CN101783607B
CN101783607B CN201010110643.3A CN201010110643A CN101783607B CN 101783607 B CN101783607 B CN 101783607B CN 201010110643 A CN201010110643 A CN 201010110643A CN 101783607 B CN101783607 B CN 101783607B
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赵仁德
刘星
马帅
许强
何金奎
李海舰
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China University of Petroleum East China
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M7/53875Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output
    • H02M7/53876Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output based on synthesising a desired voltage vector via the selection of appropriate fundamental voltage vectors, and corresponding dwelling times
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H02M1/123Suppression of common mode voltage or current

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法。其技术方案是:以直流母线电压中点为输出电压的参考点,在三维αβγ坐标系下分析三相电压型PWM变换器输出的8个电压空间矢量的差模和共模分量;利用6个有效矢量在αβ平面上的投影来合成期望的差模输出电压,利用零矢量来实现对共模电压的抑制。该方法通过合理地分配零矢量的作用时间,使它们形成的零序电压冲量与两个有效电压空间矢量形成的零序电压冲量在一个开关周期内相互抵消,实现零序电压冲量在一个开关周期内平衡,使得共模电压在一个开关周期内总的作用效果为零,从而降低变换器输出的共模电压。

Description

基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法
一、技术领域:
本发明涉及一种基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法。
二、背景技术:
电压空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)技术因具有直流母线电压利用率高、输出差模电压的畸变小和便于数字实现等优点,在三相电压型PWM变换器中得到广泛应用。三相电压型PWM变换器在太阳能、风能、燃料电池等可再生能源并网发电系统及三相交流电机的控制系统中得到广泛应用。但它也带来了许多负面效应,输出共模电压就是其中之一。它会在电动机转轴上感应出轴电压,并形成轴承电流,使电动机的轴承在短期内损坏,缩短电动机使用寿命;或者引起并网漏电流,影响可再生能源并网发电系统的可靠运行。
目前主要有两种减小共模电压负面影响的方法,一是在主电路中增加额外的硬件电路;二是采取优化的调制技术。增加硬件电路的方法有:在三相PWM变换器的输出侧增加滤波电路,或者增加一相桥臂,这增加了系统的成本和控制的复杂性。优化PWM技术,可以减少输出的共模电压,目前的主要方法是在合成目标电压矢量的过程中,不使用零矢量,而用三个相邻的有效电压矢量代替两相邻有效电压矢量加零矢量的合成方式,尽管这在一定程度上减小了共模电压,但是导致变换器输出差模电压的波形变差,输出电流的谐波畸变率变大。另外,这些方法都是研究高频共模电压的抑制,而对于开关频率以下频段的共模电压,抑制效果不明显。
三、发明内容:
本发明的目的就是针对现有技术存在的上述缺陷,提供一种基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法,目的是消除开关频率以下频段的共模电压。
其技术方案是:以直流母线电压中点为输出电压的参考点,在三维坐标系下分析三相电压型PWM变换器输出的八个电压空间矢量的差模和共模分量;利用6个有效矢量在平面上的投影来合成期望的差模输出电压,利用零矢量来实现对共模电压的抑制;
零序电压冲量周期平衡是通过计算两个相邻的有效矢量在合成差模电压的过程中所形成的零序电压冲量,然后选择能够平衡它的零矢量并计算其作用时间,剩余的时间由两个零矢量均分,从而实现一个开关周期内,总的零序电压冲量平衡,即共模电压冲量为零。
通过合理地分配零矢量的作用时间,使它们形成的零序电压冲量与两个有效电压空间矢量形成的零序电压冲量在一个开关周期内相互抵消,实现零序电压冲量在一个开关周期内平衡,使得共模电压在一个开关周期内总的作用效果为零,从而降低变换器输出的共模电压。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明对开关频率以下频段的共模电压具有良好的抑制作用,使这些频段的共模电压谐波分量幅值接近于0,而且在抑制共模电压的同时,又没有影响到逆变器输出差模电压的波形。在调制算法中实现对共模电压的抑制,无需提高硬件成本。可以应用于三相太阳能、风能、燃料电池等可再生能源并网发电系统中,也可用于三相变频器系统,用来削弱共模电压带来的危害。
四、附图说明:
附图1是三相电压型PWM变换器接三相对称负载系统结构图;
附图2是αβγ坐标系下的电压空间矢量图;
附图3是αβγ坐标系下矢量合成图;
附图4是本发明的实现流程框图;
附图5(a1、a2、a3)、(b1、b2、b3)、(c1、c2、c3)分别是采用本发明的SVPWM、传统的均分零矢量SVPWM和单一零矢量SVPWM方法的输出共模电压和共模电压频谱图。
五、具体实施方式:
如图1所示三相电压型PWM逆变器交流电机驱动系统,Sa、Sb、Sc分别表示各相开关管开关状态,‘1’代表上桥臂开关管导通,‘0’代表下桥臂导通,三相功率开关器件有8种开关状态:000、100、110、010、011、001、101、1111,分别对应8个电压矢量,V0(000)、V1(100)、V2(110)、V3(010)、V4(011)、V5(001)、V6(101)、V7(111)。选取直流母线电压的中点O点为电压参考点分析电压空间矢量,以V2(110)为例,在abc坐标系下V2=[Vao2 Vbo2 Vco2]=[Vdc/2 Vdc/2 -Vdc/2]T,将其变换到αβγ坐标系下有:
V α 2 V β 2 V γ 2 = 2 3 1 - 1 2 - 1 2 0 3 2 - 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 V ao 2 V bo 2 V co 2 = V dc 3 V dc 3 V dc 6 - - - ( 1 )
同理得到另外7个电压矢量在αβγ坐标系下的分布情况,如图2所示(图中坐标都是Vdc的倍数)。由图可以看出8个电压矢量在αβ平面上的投影为其差模电压分量,在γ轴上的投影为其零序分量,两个零矢量V0和V7分别位于γ轴的正、负半轴上,没有差模分量。不同开关状态对应的零序电压分量为:
Figure GSA00000015488300022
由(1)式知零序电压分量可表示为
V γ = 1 3 ( V ao + V bo + V co ) - - - ( 3 )
而这正是PWM变换器输出共模电压的定义,所以电压矢量零序分量就是共模电压Vcm
Vcm=Vγ    (4)
传统的SVPWM技术在二维的αβ平面中进行电压空间矢量冲量的合成,只关注差模电压的合成效果,对共模电压并没有进行考虑,因而共模电压无法进行有效抑制。零矢量对于差模电压没有贡献,因而普遍认为零矢量是无效矢量,其作用只是消耗有效矢量剩下的时间,所以零矢量的选择和其作用时间的分配没有额外的约束,有较大的随意性,目前普遍采用的是两种最简单的方式:单一零矢量SVPWM和均分零矢量SVPWM。因没有考虑零矢量产生的共模电压,所以共模电压问题较突出。
而本发明恰恰注意到,零矢量虽然对差模电压没有作用,但因其全部是零序电压,所以对共模电压有较大作用。合理分配零矢量的作用时间,使其产生的零序电压冲量与有效电压空间矢量产生的零序电压冲量在一个开关周期内达到平衡,便可以有效抑制开关频率以下频段的共模电压。
以图3为例,在一个PWM周期Ts内,V1和V2各作用T1、T2时间,按照差模电压冲量等效的原则合成目标矢量,表达如下:
VrefTs=V1T1+V2T2    (5)
两边同除以Ts,得到对应于图3的占空比形式的合成表达式如式(6)所示
Vref=k1V1+k2V2      (6)
在此过程中,V1和V2产生的零序电压冲量分别为
Figure GSA00000015488300031
合成的零序电压冲量为(k2-k1)VdcTs/6。若T1+T2<Ts(即k1+k2<1),则剩余的时间须用零矢量来消耗掉。本发明考虑到零矢量V0和V7在γ轴上,只有零序分量,且方向相反,所以在有效矢量作用剩余的时间内,合理地分配两个零矢量的作用时间,使其产生的零序电压冲量和与两个有效矢量的产生的零序电压冲量大小相等,方向相反,即在一个PWM周期内,实现总的零序电压冲量平衡,则可以达到抑制共模电压的目的。
仍以图3为例,由前面的讨论知,合成Vref过程中有效矢量产生的零序电压冲量为
Figure GSA00000015488300033
可以判断:若T1>T2,则产生的零序电压在γ轴的负半轴上,应选取V7作为平衡零矢量,让V7比V0多作用Tph=(T1-T2)/3时间;若T1<T2,产生的零序电压在γ轴的正半轴上,应选取V0作为平衡零矢量,让V0比V7多作用Tph=(T1-T2)/3时间。T0中其余的时间仍由V0和V7均分。在这段多出的时间Tph内,零矢量产生的零序电压冲量大小为
Figure GSA00000015488300034
且与有效矢量产生的零序电压冲量符号相反,相互抵消,实现一个开关周期内零序电压冲量平衡。
以下将结合附图4对本发明的具体实现步骤做进一步详细说明,步骤如下:
1、设当前时刻为k,根据转速、电流双闭环调节器计算得到目标矢量Vref的两个参考电压分量Vα,Vβ,其中Vref=Vα+jVβ
2、扇区判断:根据参考电压Vα,Vβ的关系,通过扇区条件的判断,得出目标矢量所在的扇区,据扇区选择使用哪两个基本矢量作为有效矢量合成;
3、按照(5)式对应的合成矢量输出表达式,在不同的扇区内分别计算两有效矢量的作用时间T1和T2
4、比较T1与T2的大小,确定选取哪个零矢量作为平衡矢量,判断如下:
T2>T1时,有效矢量合成的零序电压冲量为
Figure GSA00000015488300041
大于0,选取V0做平衡零矢量,让V0比V7多作用时间
Figure GSA00000015488300042
零序电压冲量为
Figure GSA00000015488300043
抵消掉有效矢量产生的零序电压冲量;
若T2<T1,有效矢量合成的零序电压冲量
Figure GSA00000015488300044
选取V7做平衡零矢量,让V7比V0多作用时间
Figure GSA00000015488300045
零序电压冲量仍为
Figure GSA00000015488300046
抵消掉有效矢量产生的零序电压冲量;
5、饱和计算,保证时间T1+T2+Tph<Ts,若有超出,各时间段等比例缩放;
6、T0=Ts-T1-T2-Tph,然后将此时间均分给两个零矢量,判断确定将Tph加入到哪个零矢量作用阶段。
7、将得到的比较时间赋给比较器,与给定三角波比较,得到符合要求的PWM波;
8、转步骤1,进入下一PWM周期,循环执行。
参照附图5:(a1、b1、c1)、(a2、b2、c2)、(a3、b3、c3)依次是共模电压波形、全频段共模电压频谱和开关频率以下频段共模电压频谱。由图中可以看出,均分零矢量SVPWM共模电压3次谐波分量幅值约为45(相对于基准幅值1而言),5次、7次谐波幅值均在1以上;单一零矢量SVPWM共模电压谐波含量最多,平均幅值最大,3次谐波幅值达到120,5次谐波幅值约为45,7次、9次、11次等谐波分量幅值都在10以上,临近开关频率段谐波幅值又逐渐增大到20左右;本发明公开的SVPWM方法得到的开关频率以下频段的共模电压谐波分量幅值全部都在0.35以下,与上述两种传统的SVPWM方法比较,优势极其明显。

Claims (1)

1.一种基于零序电压冲量周期平衡的电压空间矢量脉宽调制方法,其特征是:
以直流母线电压中点为输出电压的参考点,在三维αβγ坐标系下分析三相电压型PWM变换器输出的8个电压空间矢量的差模和共模分量;利用6个有效矢量在αβ平面上的投影来合成期望的差模输出电压,利用零矢量来实现对共模电压的抑制;
零序电压冲量周期平衡是通过计算两个相邻的有效矢量在合成差模电压的过程中所形成的零序电压冲量,然后选择能够平衡它的零矢量并计算其作用时间,剩余的时间由两个零矢量均分,从而实现一个开关周期内,总的零序电压冲量平衡,即共模电压冲量为零。
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