CN101757984A - Beneficiation reagent and method for separating scheelite from complex tungsten ore - Google Patents
Beneficiation reagent and method for separating scheelite from complex tungsten ore Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a beneficiation reagent and a method for separating scheelite from complex tungsten ore; the beneficiation reagent adopts oxidized paraffin soap, kerosene, butyl xanthate, dithiophosphate BA as collectors, adopts sodium carbonate as modifier and terpenic oil as foaming agent, and also adopts one or the combination of Sodium silicate and ferrous sulfate or aluminum sulfate as inhibitor; the method employing the beneficiation reagent for separating scheelite from complex tungsten ore includes: desliming in normal temperature, carbon-sulfide bulk rough floatation, secondary tungsten rough floatation and quintic tungsten concentration, so tailings and tungsten concentrate product are obtained; besides, the invention has the advantages of high sorting efficiency, high yield rate, wide reagent resource, low price, low cost and dosage, simple and reliable process, easy operation and normal temperature working, and is particularly applicable to the beneficiation application of complex tungsten ores.
Description
One. technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of beneficiation reagent and method of separating white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore, the ore dressing that is particularly suitable for complicated tungsten ore is used.
Two. background technology
Complicated tungsten ore typically refers to the ore that comprises pyrite, stibnite, ferrotianium oxide fine particle, quartz, calcite, sericite, shale thing, cryptocrystalline carbon etc.Isolating cryptocrystalline carbon, calcite and scheelite and be acknowledged as one of ore dressing difficult problem always from complicated tungsten ore, also is the main cause that this class tungsten ore is difficult to utilize.Trace it to its cause: the one, exist in the ore with the similar calcium mineral of scheelite floatability such as calcite, fluorite and apatite etc. to cause the process of swimming complicated, the FLOTATION SEPARATION of scheelite and calcium mineral is the key factor that influences the scheelite sorting index; The 2nd, a large amount of carbonate minerals that complicated tungsten ore exists, the CO of its generation
3 2-Also there is very big influence in flotation to carbonaceous, sulfide.Technology that someone attempts adopting " desulfurization and decarburization-Bai tungsten heat flotation ", but fail to solve the separation problem of carbon sulphur-scheelite, scheelite-calcite.
The conventional method that scheelite separates with calcite has gravity separation method and floatation.Ratio of equilibrium settling velocity e=2.08~2.78 of gangue mineral in scheelite and the ore belong to the easily ore of gravity treatment, but because of the scheelite disseminated grain size is thinner, is milled to 0.2mm ability basic monomer and dissociates, thereby increase the gravity treatment recovery difficult.Be pressed into the characteristic of ore dressing stone fine size, can only be with the gravitational separation equipment that is suitable for sorting fine, spiral chute, fine sand or thin mud cutting shaking table etc.Because scheelite is crisp, the easy mistake pulverized, so should prevent overground in time with the scheelite discharge of monomer dissociation in grinding process; Simultaneously because the rate of recovery of scheelite gravity treatment is lower, and concentrate grade is not high, so utilization seldom separately in production practices.The most typical flow process of Scheelite Flotation is as adjusting agent with sodium carbonate or NaOH and sodium metasilicate, come the flotation scheelite with aliphatic acid as collecting agent, often the method that adopts has sodium metasilicate-enuatrol method, sodium metasilicate-slaine-enuatrol method, sodium carbonate-sodium metasilicate-enuatrol method, waterglass-NaOH-enuatrol and lime method.The characteristics of these methods all are to suppress fluorite and calcite under high basicity condition, the flotation scheelite, and because the enuatrol poor selectivity, relatively more difficult to the separation of calcic gangue mineral, therefore the separation for the calcic gangue mineral generally is the low-grade rough concentrate that obtains tungstenic earlier.At present, adopting more is that the Dinko Petrov method is the underflow high temperature method, and its mineral processing index is more stable, and is stronger to the adaptability of ore, but the ore pulp of need heating, the beneficiation cost height.External generally remove calcite and apatite in the bulk concentrate, then desulfurization and decarburization fubai tungsten ore again with the acid-hatching of young eggs.
The scheelite sorting has entered new medicament, parallel epoch of new technology, the emphasis of research has been transferred to by original separation index and has been paid attention in cost and the environmental protection, therefore seek and develop a kind of low pollution, low cost and tungsten ore recovery technology and floating agent efficiently, become domestic and international tungsten ore dresser author's operative orientation, its breakthrough has been had crucial meaning.
Three. summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of beneficiation reagent and method of separating white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore, it can have good sorting result, can make work simplification again, and reagent cost reduces.
For finishing this task, the present invention carries out in the following way:
A kind of beneficiation reagent that from complicated tungsten ore, separates white tungsten, this beneficiation reagent comprises that adopting oxidized paraffin wax soap, kerosene, butyl xanthate, butyl ammonium aerofloat is collecting agent, adopt sodium carbonate for adjusting agent, the employing terpenic oil is a foaming agent, also comprises adopting selecting of sodium metasilicate and ferrous sulfate or aluminum sulfate one to be combined as inhibitor.
Sodium metasilicate molecular formula: Na
2SiO
3
Ferrous sulfate molecular formula: FeSO
4
Aluminum sulfate molecular formula: Al
2(SO
4)
3
Sodium metasilicate is a widely used inhibitor in the flotation of oxide ore, nonmetallic ore, and being used of it and slaine can form close colloidal sol, strengthens the inhibition of gangue mineral, mixes with inorganic acid, can be made into acidified sodium silicate, the strong inhibition silicate mineral.
The described beneficiation reagent that separates white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore, this beneficiation reagent are to add 470~1350 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps, add 30~150 gram kerosene, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats, add 2000~4500 gram sodium carbonate, add 10~60 gram terpenic oils, add 3050~7000 gram sodium metasilicate and add 400~1300 gram ferrous sulfate or add 65~160 gram aluminum sulfate by raw ore per ton.
With described beneficiation reagent separates white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore method, be to be undertaken by following process sequence step and condition at normal temperatures:
(a) desliming drops into the raw ore after fragmentation, the rod milling in hydrocyclone or the desliming bucket, adds 300~1000 gram sodium metasilicate 6 by raw ore per ton and carries out desliming, removes mud;
(b) carbon sulphur mixes floating roughly selecting, raw ore after the desliming enters the flotation unit, add 20~100 gram kerosene, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats, add 5~40 gram terpenic oils and carry out carbon sulphur and mix floating roughly selecting by raw ore per ton, select carbon sulphur and mix floating ore deposit, the mixed floating rougher tailings of carbon sulphur roughly selected, remove sulfide and carbonaceous;
(c) tungsten roughly selects one, mix floating roughly selecting in the ore deposit at carbon sulphur and add 1500~3500 gram sodium carbonate, add 1500~3500 gram sodium metasilicate, add 300~1000 gram ferrous sulfate, add 300~1000 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps and carry out first time tungsten and roughly select, select a tungsten rougher tailings and a tungsten and roughly select the ore deposit by raw ore per ton;
(d) tungsten roughly selects two, roughly select in the ore deposit by raw ore per ton at tungsten and to add 500~1000 gram sodium carbonate, add 500~1000 gram sodium metasilicate, add 100~300 gram ferrous sulfate, to add 100~200 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps and carry out second time tungsten and roughly select, select secondary tungsten rougher tailings and secondary tungsten is roughly selected the ore deposit;
(e) tungsten is selected one, in the ore deposit that twice tungsten is roughly selected by raw ore per ton add 500~800 gram sodium metasilicate, adding 40~100 gram aluminum sulfate, to carry out first time tungsten selected, selects a tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of tungsten;
(f) tungsten is selected two, adds 200~400 gram sodium metasilicate, adds 20~50 gram aluminum sulfate by raw ore per ton in selected one concentrate, and it is selected to carry out second time tungsten, selects secondary tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten;
(g) tungsten is selected three, the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten is carried out tungsten is selected for the third time, selects three tungsten cleaner tailings and three selected concentrate of tungsten;
(h) tungsten is selected four, adds 50~100 gram sodium metasilicate, adds 5~10 gram aluminum sulfate by raw ore per ton in three selected concentrate of tungsten, and it is selected to carry out the 4th tungsten, selects four tungsten cleaner tailings and four selected concentrate of tungsten;
(i) tungsten is selected five, with four selected concentrate of tungsten carry out the 5th time selected, select five tungsten cleaner tailings and product tungsten concentrate.
Advantage of the present invention:
1. compare with gravity separation method or heating method, method of the present invention sorts the efficient height, yield is big.
2. the medicament of Cai Yonging is the production domesticization raw material, and low price, cost is low, consumption is little.
3. simple and reliable, the easy operating of technological process.
4. carry out under the normal temperature, need not heat.
Four. description of drawings
The concrete grammar and the equipment of invention are provided by the following drawings.
Fig. 1 Fig. 1 is a kind of normal temperature method of the proposition according to the present invention is separated scheelite from the tungsten ore that is rich in carbonaceous, calcite a beneficiation method process chart.
Each sign expression in the accompanying drawing:
1. kerosene 2. butyl xanthates 3. butyl ammonium aerofloats 4. terpenic oils 5. sodium carbonate 6. sodium metasilicate 7. ferrous sulfate 8. oxidized paraffin wax soaps 9. aluminum sulfate
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the embodiment of the invention is described in further detail.
Five. the specific embodiment
A kind of beneficiation reagent that from complicated tungsten ore, separates white tungsten, this beneficiation reagent comprises that adopting oxidized paraffin wax soap 8, kerosene 1, butyl xanthate 2, butyl ammonium aerofloat 3 is collecting agent, adopt sodium carbonate 5 for adjusting agent, adopting terpenic oil 4 be foaming agent, comprises that also selecting of employing sodium metasilicate 6 and ferrous sulfate 7 or aluminum sulfate 9 one is combined as inhibitor.
The described beneficiation reagent that separates white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore, this beneficiation reagent are to add 470~1350 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8, add 30~150 gram kerosene 1, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates 2, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats 3, add 2000~4500 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 10~60 gram terpenic oils 4, add 3050~7000 gram sodium metasilicate 6 and add 400~1300 gram ferrous sulfate 7 or add 65~160 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton.
As shown in Figure 1, the described beneficiation reagent of a kind of usefulness separates the method for white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore, is to be undertaken by following process sequence step and condition at normal temperatures:
(a) desliming drops into the raw ore after fragmentation, the rod milling in hydrocyclone or the desliming bucket, adds 300~1000 gram sodium metasilicate 6 by raw ore per ton and carries out desliming, removes mud;
(b) carbon sulphur mixes floating roughly selecting, raw ore after the desliming enters the flotation unit, add 20~100 gram kerosene 1, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates 2, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats 3, add 5~40 gram terpenic oils 4 and carry out carbon sulphur and mix floating roughly selecting by raw ore per ton, select carbon sulphur and mix floating ore deposit, the mixed floating rougher tailings of carbon sulphur roughly selected, remove sulfide and carbonaceous;
(c) tungsten roughly selects one, mix floating roughly selecting in the ore deposit at carbon sulphur and add 1500~3500 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 1500~3500 gram sodium metasilicate 6, add 300~1000 gram ferrous sulfate 7, add 300~1000 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 and carry out first time tungsten and roughly select, select a tungsten rougher tailings and a tungsten and roughly select the ore deposit by raw ore per ton;
(d) tungsten roughly selects two, roughly select in the ore deposit by raw ore per ton at tungsten and to add 500~1000 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 500~1000 gram sodium metasilicate 6, add 100~300 gram ferrous sulfate 7, to add 100~200 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 and carry out second time tungsten and roughly select, select secondary tungsten rougher tailings and secondary tungsten is roughly selected the ore deposit;
(e) tungsten is selected one, in the ore deposit that twice tungsten is roughly selected by raw ore per ton add 500~800 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adding 40~100 gram aluminum sulfate 9, to carry out first time tungsten selected, selects a tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of tungsten;
(f) tungsten is selected two, adds 200~400 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adds 20~50 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton in selected one concentrate, and it is selected to carry out second time tungsten, selects secondary tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten;
(g) tungsten is selected three, the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten is carried out tungsten is selected for the third time, selects three tungsten cleaner tailings and three selected concentrate of tungsten;
(h) tungsten is selected four, adds 50~100 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adds 5~10 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton in three selected concentrate of tungsten, and it is selected to carry out the 4th tungsten, selects four tungsten cleaner tailings and four selected concentrate of tungsten;
(i) tungsten is selected five, with four selected concentrate of tungsten carry out the 5th time selected, select five tungsten cleaner tailings and product tungsten concentrate.
Described method of from complicated tungsten ore, separating white tungsten, shown in dotted arrow among the figure, this method further comprises following process sequence step and condition:
(b1) carbon sulphur mixes floating scanning, and mixes in the floating rougher tailings at carbon sulphur to add 10~50 gram kerosene 1, add 5~20 gram terpenic oils 4 by raw ore per ton, carries out carbon sulphur and mixes floating scanning, and carbon sulphur mixes the floating ore deposit of scanning and returns (b) carbon sulphur and mix the floating operation of roughly selecting;
(c1) tungsten roughly selects one, a tungsten cleaner tailings is returned (c) tungsten roughly select a step, carries out tungsten and roughly selects one and subsequent step;
(d1) tungsten scans one, adds 50~100 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 by raw ore per ton and carry out a tungsten and scan in secondary tungsten rougher tailings, tells that tungsten is scanned mine tailing and a tungsten is scanned the ore deposit, and tungsten is scanned the ore deposit and returned (d) tungsten and roughly select two operations and subsequent step thereof;
(d2) tungsten scans two, scans in the mine tailing at tungsten to add 20~50 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 by raw ore per ton, carries out secondary tungsten and scans, and tells mine tailing and secondary tungsten is scanned the ore deposit, and secondary tungsten is scanned the ore deposit and returned (d1) tungsten and scan an operation, and remaining mine tailing is selected in circulation.
(e1) tungsten is selected one, and secondary tungsten cleaner tailings is returned the selected step of (e) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected one and subsequent step thereof;
(f1) tungsten is selected two, and three tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected two steps of (f) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected two and subsequent step thereof;
(g1) tungsten is selected three, and four tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected three steps of (g) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected three and subsequent step thereof;
(h1) tungsten is selected four, and five tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected four steps of (h) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected four and subsequent step thereof, and remaining tungsten concentrate is selected in circulation.
Selected medicament of the present invention and method and prior art are heated method for floating to carrying out flotation contrast with a kind of tungsten ore that is rich in carbonaceous, calcite with fatty acid collecting agent, through appropriate authority testing result such as following table:
As seen from the table, use the white tungsten fine ore WO of selected medicament of the present invention and method flotation
3Grade reaches 70.86%, WO
3The rate of recovery 66.82% is with the white tungsten fine ore WO of the floatation of heating with fatty acid collecting agent
3Grade 11.25%, WO
3The rate of recovery 64.64% has been compared significantly and has been improved.
Claims (4)
1. beneficiation reagent that from complicated tungsten ore, separates white tungsten, this beneficiation reagent comprises that adopting oxidized paraffin wax soap 8, kerosene 1, butyl xanthate 2, butyl ammonium aerofloat 3 is collecting agent, adopt sodium carbonate 5 for adjusting agent, adopting terpenic oil 4 be foaming agent, it is characterized in that also comprising that selecting of employing sodium metasilicate 6 and ferrous sulfate 7 or aluminum sulfate 9 one is combined as inhibitor.
2. the beneficiation reagent that separates white tungsten from complicated tungsten ore according to claim 1, this beneficiation reagent are to add 470~1350 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8, add 30~150 gram kerosene 1, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates 2, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats 3, add 2000~4500 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 10~60 gram terpenic oils 4, add 3050~7000 gram sodium metasilicate 6 and add 400~1300 gram ferrous sulfate 7 or add 65~160 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton.
3. method of separating white tungsten with the described beneficiation reagent of claim 1 from complicated tungsten ore is to be undertaken by following process sequence step and condition at normal temperatures:
(a) desliming drops into the raw ore after fragmentation, the rod milling in hydrocyclone or the desliming bucket, adds 300~1000 gram sodium metasilicate 6 by raw ore per ton and carries out desliming, removes mud;
(b) carbon sulphur mixes floating roughly selecting, raw ore after the desliming enters the flotation unit, add 20~100 gram kerosene 1, add 150~550 gram butyl xanthates 2, add 30~150 gram butyl ammonium aerofloats 3, add 5~40 gram terpenic oils 4 and carry out carbon sulphur and mix floating roughly selecting by raw ore per ton, select carbon sulphur and mix floating ore deposit, the mixed floating rougher tailings of carbon sulphur roughly selected, remove sulfide and carbonaceous;
(c) tungsten roughly selects one, mix floating roughly selecting in the ore deposit at carbon sulphur and add 1500~3500 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 1500~3500 gram sodium metasilicate 6, add 300~1000 gram ferrous sulfate 7, add 300~1000 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 and carry out first time tungsten and roughly select, select a tungsten rougher tailings and a tungsten and roughly select the ore deposit by raw ore per ton;
(d) tungsten roughly selects two, roughly select in the ore deposit by raw ore per ton at tungsten and to add 500~1000 gram sodium carbonate 5, add 500~1000 gram sodium metasilicate 6, add 100~300 gram ferrous sulfate 7, to add 100~200 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 and carry out second time tungsten and roughly select, select secondary tungsten rougher tailings and secondary tungsten is roughly selected the ore deposit;
(e) tungsten is selected one, in the ore deposit that twice tungsten is roughly selected by raw ore per ton add 500~800 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adding 40~100 gram aluminum sulfate 9, to carry out first time tungsten selected, selects a tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of tungsten;
(f) tungsten is selected two, adds 200~400 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adds 20~50 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton in selected one concentrate, and it is selected to carry out second time tungsten, selects secondary tungsten cleaner tailings and the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten;
(g) tungsten is selected three, the selected concentrate of secondary tungsten is carried out tungsten is selected for the third time, selects three tungsten cleaner tailings and three selected concentrate of tungsten;
(h) tungsten is selected four, adds 50~100 gram sodium metasilicate 6, adds 5~10 gram aluminum sulfate 9 by raw ore per ton in three selected concentrate of tungsten, and it is selected to carry out the 4th tungsten, selects four tungsten cleaner tailings and four selected concentrate of tungsten;
(i) tungsten is selected five, with four selected concentrate of tungsten carry out the 5th time selected, select five tungsten cleaner tailings and product tungsten concentrate.
4. method of from complicated tungsten ore, separating white tungsten according to claim 3, this method further comprises following process sequence step and condition:
(b1) carbon sulphur mixes floating scanning, and mixes in the floating rougher tailings at carbon sulphur to add 10~50 gram kerosene 1, add 5~20 gram terpenic oils 4 by raw ore per ton, carries out carbon sulphur and mixes floating scanning, and carbon sulphur mixes the floating ore deposit of scanning and returns (b) carbon sulphur and mix the floating operation of roughly selecting;
(c1) tungsten roughly selects one, a tungsten cleaner tailings is returned (c) tungsten roughly select a step, carries out tungsten and roughly selects one and subsequent step;
(d1) tungsten scans one, adds 50~100 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 by raw ore per ton and carry out a tungsten and scan in secondary tungsten rougher tailings, tells that tungsten is scanned mine tailing and a tungsten is scanned the ore deposit, and tungsten is scanned the ore deposit and returned (d) tungsten and roughly select two operations and subsequent step thereof;
(d2) tungsten scans two, scans in the mine tailing at tungsten to add 20~50 gram oxidized paraffin wax soaps 8 by raw ore per ton, carries out secondary tungsten and scans, and tells mine tailing and secondary tungsten is scanned the ore deposit, and secondary tungsten is scanned the ore deposit and returned (d1) tungsten and scan an operation, and remaining mine tailing is selected in circulation.
(e1) tungsten is selected one, and secondary tungsten cleaner tailings is returned the selected step of (e) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected one and subsequent step thereof;
(f1) tungsten is selected two, and three tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected two steps of (f) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected two and subsequent step thereof;
(g1) tungsten is selected three, and four tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected three steps of (g) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected three and subsequent step thereof;
(h1) tungsten is selected four, and five tungsten cleaner tailings are returned selected four steps of (h) tungsten, carries out tungsten selected four and subsequent step thereof, and remaining tungsten concentrate is selected in circulation.
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CN102357426A (en) * | 2011-08-03 | 2012-02-22 | 西北矿冶研究院 | Inhibitor for fluorite ore siliceous mineral and calcium carbonate mineral |
CN103736598A (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2014-04-23 | 会理县鹏晨废渣利用有限公司 | Copper smelting slag copper recovery and flotation technology |
CN104475264A (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-04-01 | 广东省工业技术研究院(广州有色金属研究院) | Scheelite beneficiation method |
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CN110142135A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-08-20 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of recovery method of white tungsten fine ore |
CN111266196A (en) * | 2020-03-12 | 2020-06-12 | 江西都昌金鼎钨钼矿业有限公司 | Combined type scheelite collecting agent for sorting ultra-low-grade tungsten and molybdenum ores and sorting and recycling process |
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CN111570081B (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2021-02-26 | 长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司 | Method for utilizing high-calcite type low-grade scheelite fluorite paragenic ore |
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US4046678A (en) * | 1975-09-09 | 1977-09-06 | James Edward Zajic | Flotation of scheelite from calcite with a microbial based collector |
US4366050A (en) * | 1981-01-19 | 1982-12-28 | Amax Inc. | Scheelite flotation |
US4488959A (en) * | 1981-09-21 | 1984-12-18 | Agar Gordon E | Scheelite flotation process |
CN101269353A (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2008-09-24 | 广州有色金属研究院 | Beneficiation method for recycling scheelite from tungsten ore rich in mispickel |
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CN104475264A (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-04-01 | 广东省工业技术研究院(广州有色金属研究院) | Scheelite beneficiation method |
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CN107583769A (en) * | 2016-07-06 | 2018-01-16 | 长春黄金研究院 | A kind of method that flotation tailing normal temperature selects tungsten |
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CN110142135A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-08-20 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of recovery method of white tungsten fine ore |
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CN111266196A (en) * | 2020-03-12 | 2020-06-12 | 江西都昌金鼎钨钼矿业有限公司 | Combined type scheelite collecting agent for sorting ultra-low-grade tungsten and molybdenum ores and sorting and recycling process |
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