CN101737088A - 汽轮机 - Google Patents

汽轮机 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101737088A
CN101737088A CN200910246841A CN200910246841A CN101737088A CN 101737088 A CN101737088 A CN 101737088A CN 200910246841 A CN200910246841 A CN 200910246841A CN 200910246841 A CN200910246841 A CN 200910246841A CN 101737088 A CN101737088 A CN 101737088A
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rotor
inner casing
steam turbine
stress relief
relief groove
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CN101737088B (zh
Inventor
T·莫库利斯
V·博里卡
G·扎纳兹
D·克里茨
H·-L·博克斯黑默
L·里帕蒙蒂
M·赫佐格
M·赖格尔
R·多布勒
J·德尔米克
J·陈
R·贝凯吉特
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General Electric Technology GmbH
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Alstom Technology AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/02Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
    • F01D5/08Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/08Cooling; Heating; Heat-insulation
    • F01D25/12Cooling
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D3/00Machines or engines with axial-thrust balancing effected by working-fluid
    • F01D3/04Machines or engines with axial-thrust balancing effected by working-fluid axial thrust being compensated by thrust-balancing dummy piston or the like
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/02Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
    • F01D5/08Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means
    • F01D5/081Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades
    • F01D5/082Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades on the side of the rotor disc
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/02Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
    • F01D5/08Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means
    • F01D5/081Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades
    • F01D5/084Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades the fluid circulating at the periphery of a multistage rotor, e.g. of drum type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/02Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
    • F01D5/08Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means
    • F01D5/085Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means cooling fluid circulating inside the rotor
    • F01D5/087Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means cooling fluid circulating inside the rotor in the radial passages of the rotor disc
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00Application
    • F05D2220/30Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/31Application in turbines in steam turbines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/20Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/20Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/231Preventing heat transfer
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/20Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/232Heat transfer, e.g. cooling characterized by the cooling medium
    • F05D2260/2322Heat transfer, e.g. cooling characterized by the cooling medium steam

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Abstract

汽轮机(10),尤其是高压-和中压范围的汽轮机有一个可围绕轴旋转放置的转子(11),该转子由内壳(12)有间距地同心包围着,其中在转子(11)与内壳(12)之间设计的是流通道(13),该流通道在输入端在轴向方向受安置在转子(11)上的平衡活塞(18)限制,涡轮叶片(15)和导向叶片(17)在流动方向交替地径向突出到该流通道中,和其中在流通道(13)的始端在内壳(12)上形成一个进汽蜗形室(14),通过该进汽蜗形室将蒸汽从外径向向内导入并在转向区域(27)中在轴向方向导向流通道(13)的入口。在这样一种汽轮机时,以这种方式去实现降低热负荷和应力,即在第一涡轮叶片列(15)之前的转向区域(27)中,为了降低第一涡轮叶片列(15)固定槽(16)中的应力,在转子(11)中设置应力消除槽(20);为了防护转子(11)不受高温,在应力消除槽(20)的区域中布置挡热盾(21)。

Description

汽轮机
技术领域
本发明涉及热力发动机领域。它涉及一种汽轮机。
背景技术
在图1中以很简化表示的片段反映的是高压(HP)和中压(HP)范围汽轮机的标准结构。图1的汽轮机26有一个可围绕轴线旋转支承的转子11,该转子由内壳12有间距地同心包围着。在转子11与内壳12之间设计的是一个(轴向的)环形的、通常安装了叶片的流通道13,通过该流通道在运行中将输入的蒸汽减压。流通道13在输入侧在轴向方向受安置在、尤其是成形在转子11上的平衡活塞18限制,该平衡活塞是为平衡轴向作用的力而设置的。平衡活塞18相对于内壳12通过活塞密封件19密封。涡轮叶片15和导向叶片17的凹缘在流动方向交替地径向伸到流通道13中。在流通道13的始端,在内壳12上形成一个(环绕的)进汽蜗形室14,通过该进汽蜗形室将蒸汽从外径向向内导入并在转向区域27中向流通道13的入口转向到轴向方向。导向叶片17以没有详细说明的方式固定在内壳12上。涡轮叶片15各用叶片跟部固定在转子11上环绕的固定槽16中。
在很高的工作温度时(例如在超-高临界(USC)蒸汽过程时和700℃-机器时),转子11中的热应力,特别是在涡轮叶片15固定槽16上那里的热应力很大。因此已经考虑到,在第一固定槽16之前在转子11的转向区域27中设置一个所谓的应力消除槽(在图2中的27),以便降低在这个区域中的热应力。然而,观察到的是,如果这样一个应力消除槽位于流动路径中,它造成高的空气动力学损失。如果相反将应力消除槽移动到活塞密封件19的区域,则要么减小密封的作用,要么必须将整个机器在轴向方向加长,或降低了通过应力消除槽的应力消除。
发明内容
因此,本发明的任务是创造一种中高压范围的汽轮机,该汽轮机将迄今解决方案的所述的缺点避免。尤其是应实现转子卸载在进汽区域的热应力,而不使机器的其它性能变坏。
任务通过权利要求1特征的总体来解决。本发明的主要之处在于,在第一涡轮叶片列之前的转向区域中,为了降低第一涡轮叶片列的固定槽中的应力,在转子中设置一个应力消除槽;为了防护转子不受高温影响,在应力消除槽的区域中布置一个挡热盾。通过应力消除槽和应力消除槽区域中的挡热盾的组合,同时将热应力降低并防护转子表面在这个区域中不受高温。除此之外,在挡热盾区域开辟了附加的密封和冷却可能性。
本发明的一种实施形式特征在于,为了将蒸汽从径向向轴向转向,挡热盾是弯曲设计的。
另一种实施形式的特征在于,挡热盾固定在内壳上和没有直接接触转子地插入到应力消除槽中。尤其是,对于内壳平衡活塞用活塞密封件来密封,对于转子挡热盾用一个附加的密封件密封。通过挡热盾上的附加密封件,至少可以将活塞密封件处可能的损失加以补偿。
但是,按照本发明的另一种实施形式也可设想,对于内壳平衡活塞用活塞密封件来密封,使挡热盾在形成环形缝隙的情况下贴靠在转子上,为了冷却转子,在应力消除槽区域中设置用于将冷介质,尤其是冷蒸汽,在高压下喷入到平衡活塞与挡热盾之间中间空间的输入管道。
本发明的另一种实施形式的特征在于,挡热盾从进汽蜗形室延伸至应力消除槽汽流的在下游的边缘,既齐平地连接在进汽蜗形室的区域中又齐平地连接在流通道的入口上,其中挡热盾修补了被应力消除槽改变的转子周边外形。
附图说明
在下面用实施例与附图结合详细阐述本发明。展示的有
图1高压或低压范围汽轮机标准结构简化图示的片段;
图2按照本发明的第一实施例,具有应力消除槽和挡热盾的汽轮机可与图1比较的图示;和
图3按照本发明的第二个实施例,具有应力消除槽和挡热盾的汽轮机可与图1比较的图示。
具实施方式
图2以可与图1比较的图示表示的本发明第一实施例。图2的汽轮机10与图1中汽轮机26的区别在于,在涡轮叶片15的第一列之前的转向区域27中,为了降低第一涡轮叶片列的固定槽16中的应力,在转子11中设置一个环绕的应力消除槽20。挡热盾21突入到应力消除槽20中,该挡热盾是为了防护转子11不受流入蒸汽的高温影响和改善空气动力学特性设置的。应力消除槽20降低第一涡轮叶片列的固定槽16区域中的热和机械应力,而尽管有应力消除槽20弯曲的挡热盾21还是尽可能不改变地得到进汽区域的几何形状,并在应力消除槽20的区域中使转子11有效地遮挡住高温。
挡热盾21可以-如在图2中所示-是单独的部件,该部件用螺钉或类似器件固定在内壳12上。但也可设想的是,将挡热盾21实施为内壳12的一个集成铸造件。
如果在挡热盾21与应力消除槽20的底部之间-如在图2中所示-设置一个附加密封件22,虽然活塞密封件19通过挡热盾21被缩短,与图1中配置相比的密封作用没有改变或甚至得到改善。
优选的是挡热盾21从进汽蜗形室14延伸至应力消除槽20的在下游的边缘,它既齐平地连接在进汽蜗形室14的区域中又齐平地连接到流通道13的入口上。由此,与图1相比空气动力学的关系只有极小或甚至没有改变。
由于在附加密封件22上的减压,通过附加密封件22流入到应力消除槽20中的蒸汽较凉。因此,在这个区域中转子表面的温度降低。与此无关,应力消除槽20的横截面轮廓关于在固定槽16中应力的降低可以最佳化。
像例如在WO-A1-2006/048401中公布的那样,可以附加地在入口区域设置一个径向的台阶。为此,就有可能必须将进汽蜗形室的直径放大。但是,代之而为的也可以相应地设计一个转子的入口台阶,以便匹配附加的流动均匀性。
按照图2的实施例有下列优点:
·基于应力消除槽降低转子中的应力;
·在转向区域中和应力消除槽中降低转子上的温度
·很好的密封作用。
与此相反,要求附加的部件,以及可能将机器变大和重新确定平衡活塞尺寸。集成径向台阶也要求附加成本。
在图3的实施例中,在那里的气轮机10′与图2的汽轮机相比将挡热盾21与应力消除槽20之间的附加密封件放弃,致使在两者之间有一个敞开的环形缝隙25。因此全部的蒸汽压力又到达平衡活塞18上,使得平衡活塞的补偿作用没有重新定尺寸地也完全保持下来。然而,另一方面通过去掉附加密封件,应力消除槽20区域中的温度又要升高。为了防止这个效应,可以按照图3设置将高压冷蒸汽24通过内壳12中的输入管道23喷入到应力消除槽20。通过喷入冷蒸汽24,在应力消除槽20和随后叶片固定的区域中达到转子表面特别好的冷却,因为冷蒸汽可以通过环形缝隙25排出到流通道13。尽管去掉了附加密封件22,为了达到如在图2的实施例时相同的密封作用,必须相应地将活塞密封件19在轴向方向延长。
因此,按照图3的实施例有下列优点:
·基于应力消除槽降低转子中的应力;
·在转向区域中和应力消除槽中降低转子上的温度;
·很好的密封作用;
·在平衡活塞保持尺寸不变的情况下可调节的轴向压力;
·挡热盾没有受轴向压力加载,因此可以做的较薄和
·显著降低迷宫式密封中的温度。
与此相反,要求附加的部件,以及可能将机器变大。集成径向台阶也要求附加成本,在过程之内必须额外分接或提供冷蒸汽。
附图标记列表
10,10′,26      汽轮机
11                转子
12                内壳
13                流通道(环形通道)
14                进汽蜗形室
15                涡轮叶片
16                固定槽
17                导向叶片
18                平衡活塞
19                活塞密封件
20                应力消除槽
21                挡热盾(弯曲的)
22                附加密封件
23                输入管道
24                冷蒸汽
25                环形缝隙
27                转向区域

Claims (7)

1.汽轮机(10,10′),尤其用于高压和中压范围,该汽轮机(10,10′)有可围绕轴线旋转支承的转子(11),该转子由内壳(12)间隔地同心包围着,其中在转子(11)与内壳(12)之间设计有流通道(13),该流通道在输入侧在轴向方向受安置在转子(11)上的平衡活塞(18)限制,涡轮叶片(15)和导向叶片(17)在流动方向交替地径向突出到该流通道中,并且在流通道(13)的始端在内壳(12)上形成进汽蜗形室(14),通过该进汽蜗形室将蒸汽从外径向向内导入并在转向区域(27)中向流通道(13)的入口转向到轴向方向,其特征在于,在第一涡轮叶片列(15)之前在转向区域(27)中,为了降低第一涡轮叶片列(15)的固定槽(16)中的应力,在转子(11)中设置应力消除槽(20);为了防护转子(11)不受高温影响,在应力消除槽(20)的区域中布置挡热盾(21)。
2.如权利要求1的汽轮机,其特征在于,为了将蒸汽从径向转向到轴向,挡热盾(21)是弯曲设计的。
3.如权利要求1或2的汽轮机,其特征在于,挡热盾(21)固定在内壳(11)上并且没有直接接触转子(11)地插入到应力消除槽(20)中。
4.如权利要求3的汽轮机,其特征在于,对于内壳(12)平衡活塞(18)用活塞密封件(19)来密封,对于转子(11)挡热盾(21)用附加的密封件(22)密封。
5.如权利要求3的汽轮机,其特征在于,对于内壳(12),平衡活塞(18)用活塞密封件(19)来密封,挡热盾(21)在形成环形缝隙(25)的情况下贴靠在转子(11)上,为了冷却转子(11),在应力消除槽(20)的区域中设置用于将冷介质,尤其是冷蒸汽(24),在高压下喷入到平衡活塞(18)与挡热盾(21)之间中间空间的输入管道(23)。
6.如权利要求2至5之一的汽轮机,其特征在于,挡热盾(21)从进汽蜗形室(14)延伸至应力消除槽(20)在下游的边缘,既齐平地连接在进汽蜗形室(14)的区域中又齐平地连接在流通道(13)的入口上。
7.如权利要求6的汽轮机,其特征在于,挡热盾(21)修补了被应力消除槽(20)改变的转子(11)周边外形。
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