CN101726716B - Method for measuring error of voltage transformer by nomography - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to detection techniques of power equipment, and relates to a method for measuring the error of a voltage transformer by nomography. The method comprises the following steps of: a. generating rectangular coordinates by using computer software, wherein the angular difference delta of the voltage transformer is used as the horizontal coordinate and the ratio difference f is used as the longitudinal coordinate for the rectangular coordinates; b. determining the idle error point A of the voltage transformer according to the ratio difference f0 and the angular difference delta0 on the coordinate axes when the power factor is under the idle condition; and determining the error point B of the voltage transformer according to the difference fn1.0 and the angular difference deltan1.0 when the power factor is under the condition of the rated load Sn; c. describing a circle by using A as the center of circle and using n% of the AB line segment as the radius; rotating the angle by using the vector quantity AB as the initial side and using point A as the starting point, thereby drawing a line segment with the same length as that of AB; obtaining the voltage transformer error point P by intersecting; and respectively making an vertical projection of the error point P onto the longitudinal coordinate and the horizontal coordinate to obtain the ratio difference fP and the angular difference deltaP of the voltage transformer. By adopting the invention, the actual error of the voltage transformer operating can be quickly and accurately detected on side.

Description

The method of measuring error of voltage transformer by nomography

Technical field

The invention belongs to the detection technique of power equipment, relate to a kind of method of measuring error of voltage transformer by nomography.

Background technology

The load that voltage transformer (VT) connect (mainly being electric energy meter) is very big to the error characteristics influence of voltage transformer (VT).Electric energy meter type, quantity and the power factor that voltage transformer (VT) inserts is often to change.Like the used voltage transformer (VT) of electricity power enterprise's online electric power meter; Rated capacity is pacified near hectovolt; The load that is connected to becomes and has only several electric multi-functional electric energy meters now from tens induction type electric energy meters (forward and reverse meritorious, idle) in past, and capacity has only several volt-ampere.These multifunctional meters are rotated along with the update of table meter again continually, import table meter and homemade table meter, and induction type and electronic type, type is various, and load capacity and power factor value differ greatly.Induction type active electric energy meter and internal phase angle are that 90 ° reactive energy-meter power factor is 0.2-0.3, and 60 ° of idle tables of internal phase angle are 0.4,0.5.Homemade multifunctional meter 0.5,0.6.Introduce according to DL/T448-2000 " electric power meter technical management rules ", have near 1 or even capacitive, make that so the actual secondary power factor of voltage transformer (VT) is complicated and changeable.Also there are these problems in the use that power supply enterprise, client are used for the voltage transformer (VT) of trade settlement.Although " technical management rules " regulations " power factor of the specified secondary power factor of voltage transformer (VT) and actual secondary load is approaching " can not accomplish that in actual motion mutual inductor along with table is counted frequent change, will waste great amount of manpower and material resources like this.

The type field voltage transformer error tester that uses at present; Can only draw the error of the respective point under the perfect condition; The voltage transformer (VT) of on-the-spot operation has only 25% to be near the test point of " voltage transformer (VT) rules " regulation simultaneously; Major part is outside the test point of rules regulations, to move, be difficult to convenient, measure operating voltage transformer error accurately.Therefore; The voltage transformer (VT) on-the-spot test method of using at present; It is qualified to judge whether substantially for the actual secondary load of on-the-spot voltage transformer (VT) and the error under the power factor condition, and can not test and calculate the error amount under its actual condition exactly.

Summary of the invention

Technical matters to be solved by this invention is, a kind of method of the measuring error of voltage transformer by nomography that can be quickly and accurately the actual error of moving on-the-spot voltage transformer (VT) be detected is provided.

Method of the present invention may further comprise the steps successively:

A. generate rectangular coordinate by computer software, this rectangular coordinate is a horizontal ordinate with the angular difference δ (angular error) of voltage transformer (VT), and ratio f (proportional error) is an ordinate; Initial point " 0 " top be-U ,-f (%), the below is U, f (%), initial point " 0 " left be-jU ,-δ, right-hand be jU, δ, on the longitudinal axis, lights in the ratio mark of setting from former, the initial point top marks ratio 0-0.3, marks ratio+0.3-0 below the initial point; On transverse axis with ratio be 0.29 length do angular difference 10 ' length, the unit of obtaining head is the angular difference scale on this basis; Said U is a voltage;

B. on coordinate axis, press power factor (PF)

The ratio f that records under the idle condition ₀, angular difference δ ₀Parameter, fix voltage transformer (VT) no-load error point A; By power factor

Nominal load S _nThe ratio f that records under the condition _N1.0, angular difference δ _N1.0Parameter, fix the error point B of voltage transformer (VT); Connect A, B 2 points, then in power factor

Under the condition, 0～100% rated load S _nThe margin of error be distributed on the vectorial AB;

C. being the center of circle with A, is that radius is drawn circle with number percent n% (0～100%) AB line segment, and this locus circle is n%S _nThe error profile track; With vectorial AB has been initial line, is starting point with the A point, (when load characteristic is perception) or counterclockwise (when load characteristic is capacitive) rotation in the clockwise direction

(power factor angle) angle is drawn and the isometric line of AB, promptly obtains power factor (PF)

The error profile track of (m=0～1.0).Can obtain at n%S through the intersection point of locus circle with this isometric line _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer error point P under the condition; Make vertical projection to ordinate and horizontal ordinate respectively at error point P, can obtain at n%S _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer (VT) ratio f under the condition _PWith angular difference δ _P

Method of the present invention is through verification experimental verification, and it is authentic and valid that its testing result is compared with the testing result that the traditional detection method that adopts the prior art rules obtains, and has proved the accuracy of its detection.And compare with classic method; Method of the present invention only needs no-load point error and fully loaded, power factor when detecting be two groups of data of 1 time error; Can calculate the error of other points; Testing process is simple, convenient, fast, can reduce the test duration effectively, reduces the danger prestige danger that possibly exist in the test; Can reduce in the measuring process other factors again to the interference of error, more accurate than conventional test methodologies; Conventional test methodologies is because of receiving the restriction of equipment such as load box; A lot of test points can't be measured error with the instrument simulation; The most outstanding is exactly on-the-spot actual error situation; The inventive method can utilize two conventional error points easily to calculate the error point that conventional test methodologies can't be measured, and guarantees the accuracy of error.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the angular difference of voltage transformer (VT) and the vector analysis synoptic diagram of ratio;

Fig. 2 is the synoptic diagram that angular difference converts;

Fig. 3 is that synoptic diagram is formed in the pressure drop of transformer;

Fig. 4 is the analysis principle figure of no-load transformer error;

Fig. 5 is that transformer has the analysis principle figure that carries error;

Fig. 6 is the principle analysis figure of nomography;

Fig. 7 is the analysis principle figure that nomography is applied to actual measurement;

Fig. 8 is the rectangular coordinate synoptic diagram of the embodiment of the invention.

Embodiment

As shown in Figure 8, embodiment of the invention process following steps:

A. generate rectangular coordinate by computer software, this rectangular coordinate is a horizontal ordinate with the angular difference δ (angular error) of voltage transformer (VT), and ratio f (proportional error) is an ordinate; Initial point " 0 " top be-U ,-f (%), the below is U, f (%), initial point " 0 " left be-jU ,-δ, right-hand be jU, δ, on the longitudinal axis, lights in the ratio mark of setting from former, the initial point top marks ratio 0-0.3, marks ratio+0.3-0 below the initial point; On transverse axis with ratio be 0.29 length do angular difference 10 ' length, the unit of obtaining head is the angular difference scale on this basis; Said U is a voltage;

B. on coordinate axis, press power factor (PF) The ratio f that records under the idle condition ₀, angular difference δ ₀Parameter, fix voltage transformer (VT) no-load error point A; By power factor

Nominal load S _nThe ratio f that records under the condition _N1.0, angular difference δ _N1.0Parameter, fix the error point B of voltage transformer (VT); Connect A, B 2 points, then in power factor

Under the condition, 0～100% rated load S _nThe margin of error be distributed on the vectorial AB;

C. being the center of circle with A, is that radius is drawn circle with number percent n% (0～100%) AB line segment, and this locus circle is n%S _nThe error profile track; With vectorial AB has been initial line, is starting point with the A point, (when load characteristic is perception) or counterclockwise (when load characteristic is capacitive) rotation in the clockwise direction

(power factor angle) angle is drawn and the isometric line of AB, promptly obtains power factor (PF)

The error profile track of (m=0～1.0).Can obtain at n%S through the intersection point of locus circle with this isometric line _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer error point P under the condition; Make vertical projection to ordinate and horizontal ordinate respectively at error point P, can obtain at n%S _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer (VT) ratio f under the condition _PWith angular difference δ _P

Do following the analysis in the face of the principle of the inventive method down:

One. utilize the theoretical derivation and the analysis of the on-the-spot calculating voltage transformer error of nomography

1.1 the notion of proportional error (ratio) and phase angle error (angular difference)

Fig. 1: tried the voltage transformer (VT) output voltage U _x ^&With the standard potential transformer output voltage U ₀ ^&Differ a Δ U ^&Amount, Δ U ^&Can resolve into and output voltage U ₀ ^&Δ U in the same way _f ^&Quadrature Δ U with it _δ ^&Two component of voltages.

Ratio

Angular difference

Ratio f and angular difference δ are relative errors, though δ representes that with minute (') it is the another kind of representation of relative error.

Suppose Δ U ^&=1.4V

so

is that magnitude of voltage with quadrature component is converted into radian in the angular difference formula, like Fig. 2:

Use and U ₀ ^&Isometric line segment cuts a round part, one fan-shaped, mathematical knowledge is told us; The arc corresponding angle isometric with radius is 1 radian, promptly 57.3 °, just 3438 ', we can know from sector diagram; The initial segment (very little) of camber line, we can regard it as straight line, and vertical with radius; According to this theory, the corresponding length of camber line can replace the Δ U than small component _δ ^&Length.This also is

can multiply by 3438 ' theoretical foundation.

Along with Δ U _δ ^&Increase, the error of δ value also will increase during formula calculates.Therefore, Δ U _δ ^&Need the relational expression ability that δ calculates in small range accurate.In general the δ value be no more than 120 ' could be comparatively correct.

The error when 1.2 voltage transformer (VT) is unloaded

Error when voltage transformer (VT) is unloaded is to utilize nomography to calculate first parameter of carrying time error is arranged, and from the principle of voltage transformer (VT), we know that one time winding is connected to U ₁ ^&Voltage, Secondary Winding just has U ₁ ^&The secondary voltage of/N (multiplying power).But because excitatory loss.Secondary voltage is than desirable U ₁ ^&/ N is little, in order to remedy this loss, often in Secondary Winding, adopts the compensation way that increases the number of turn, and surpasses excitation loss.When so voltage transformer (VT) is unloaded ratio show slightly on the occasion of.But angular difference generally is a negative value, and this also is the characteristic of turn compensation.

According to formula

It is thus clear that the secondary voltage after the compensation is converted primary voltage, on mathematics, be equivalent to primary voltage and reduced by a Δ U ₁ ^&Voltage.(in 10/0.1 voltage transformer (VT), second compensation is equivalent to 100 volts of single compensations for 1 volt).

According to compensation principle, make Fig. 3.Bucking voltage Δ U ₁ ^&, reduce exciting curent I at a winding ₀ ^&', I ₀ ^&' at R ₁Last minimizing loss of voltage U _OR ^&, at X ₁Last minimizing loss of voltage U _OX ^&, synthetic pressure drop U ₀ ^&'.In figure (four), the error when we can calculate the voltage transformer (VT) zero load:

f ₀＝f _OR+f _OX；δ ₀＝δ _OR+δ _OX。

1.3 the error analysis during the voltage transformer (VT) bringing onto load

Error during the voltage transformer (VT) bringing onto load can be thought no-load error and the stack of the error when carrying is arranged.

After the error analysis of making light condition, we have the error analysis of carrying.

Like Fig. 5, R ₂And X ₂Internal impedance for the voltage transformer secondary winding.Its U when unloaded ₀ ^&' difference, U ₀ ^&' be increment, be consumption here.Load is S ₁,

The time load current at internal impedance R ₂And X ₂Last generation voltage drop U _2R ^&And U _2X ^&, synthetic pressure drop is U ₀₂ ^&

In nomography, if power factor is constant, S increases or reduces, then U _2R ^&, U _2X ^&Synthetic pressure drop U ₀₂ ^&Then correspondingly increase pro rata or reduce.If load S is constant, power factor is changed to 0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5 from 1.0 ..., all values are constant but phase place moves 25.8 ° respectively clockwise, and 36.9 °, 45.6 °, 53 ° and 60 ° ...Like this, we just can obtain the voltage transformer error distribution vector figure after load variations and the power factor change.Vector magnitude changes and phase angle change is distributed in the area of a circle (seeing figure (seven)).

1.4 the formation of nomography and making

Like Fig. 6: with no-load voltage U ₀ ^&' and U ₀₂ ^&Stack make U ^&' vector.

Make rectangular coordinate.Initial point " 0 " top be-U ,-f (%), the below is U, f (%), initial point " 0,, left be-jU ,-δ, right-hand be jU, δ, on the longitudinal axis, lights by the preset proportion mark from former, the initial point top marks ratio 0-+0.3, marks ratio-0.3-0 below the initial point.On transverse axis with ratio be 0.29 length do angular difference 10 ' length, do cutting such as 10 branches such as grade then, the unit of getting head is angular difference 1 ' scale.From former light mark-10 of turning left ', mark+10 of turning right '.

We know the front

So pressure drop Δ U _f ^&Be the function of ratio f, that is to say that ratio is the proportional quantities of pressure drop;

Angular difference also is the proportional quantities of pressure drop.The ratio f of mutual inductor and angular difference δ can form the plural error γ=f+j0.0291 δ of mutual inductor

When voltage transformer secondary voltage is 100V, $\mathrm{\&Delta;\; U}=\sqrt{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="f"\; filenames="H2009102631411E00021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">f</figure-callout>}}^2+{\left(0.0291\mathrm{\&delta;}\right)}^2}---\left(V\right)$

So in coordinate diagram, initial point and error point promptly are similar to voltage drop Δ U with line than angular difference value perpendicular line intersection point ^&

When doing the voltage transformer (VT) test, measure its no-load error f earlier ₀And δ ₀, be assumed to be 0.2 and-1 '.Measure again at nominal load S _nWith

Error f under the condition _N1.0And δ _N1.0, be assumed to be-0.3 and-5 '.

In rectangular plots, decide it respectively and be A point and B point.Connect A, B 2 points, vectorial U _AB ^&Be the secondary voltage margin of error.It is unloaded over-compensation voltage U _0A ^&Be S with load _n, power factor is 1 o'clock voltage transformer (VT) internal drop U _0B ^&These two vectors are synthetic.

With the f that records ₀=+0.2, δ ₀=-1; f _N1.0=-0.35, δ _N1.0=-5.2 ' error parameter is made

S _n100%～S _nRatio, the angular difference map of each corresponding point in 10% scope.

Like Fig. 7, step:

1. make rectangular coordinate by preceding method;

2. on coordinate axis, press f ₀, δ ₀Parameter fix voltage transformer (VT) no-load error point A, press f _N1.0, δ _N1.0Parameter fix voltage transformer (VT) load S _nError point B during with power factor 1.0;

3. connect the AB voltage drop vector plot in the voltage transformer secondary winding that draws, vectorial AB is divided into 10 equal portions, mark 10% ~ 100%S _nEach point is the center of circle with A, is that radius is drawn circular arc with each number percent line segment.

4. being initial line with vectorial AB, is starting point with the A point, in the clockwise direction 25.8 °, 36.8 °; 45.6 °, 53 °, 60 °, 66 °; 72 ° of pictures and the isometric line of AB, promptly

is 0.9,0.8,0.7; 0.6,0.5,0.4,0.3 pressure drop vector;

5. press voltage transformer (VT) actual load number percent and actual power factor, on corresponding power factor vector, confirm the actual load point of voltage transformer (VT);

6. from load point to f axle, δ axial projection, can find your needed ratio, angular difference;

We can know from figure seven, and this voltage transformer (VT) all errors in 0～100% rated load, 0～1.0 power factor scope are distributed in the area of a circle of figure seven.We can calculate the actual motion error of this voltage transformer (VT) under arbitrary operating mode very easily.For example voltage transformer (VT) connects 90 ° of reactive energy-meters of internal phase angle, and load is 20%S _n, power factor is 0.3 o'clock, and can on f axle, δ axle, to find out than difference respectively be+0.15 from figure, and the angular difference value is+2.2 ', and for example voltage transformer (VT) connects multi-function wrist-instrument, and load is 50%S _n, power factor is 0.9 o'clock, and can to obtain it be-0.08 than difference from figure, and the angular difference value is 1.2 '.

1.5 the actual verification of nomography

When adopting said method that a transformer at scene is measured: can only measure the error f under nominal load S, power factor 0.8 condition under the field condition ₁₀₀And δ ₁₀₀And the error f under 25% nominal load S, power factor 0.8 condition ₂₅And δ ₂₅, and can't measure its no-load error.In order to draw no-load error f ₀And δ ₀, at this moment, can sum up the no-load error formula according to the principle of above argumentation, carry out no-load error with this formula and calculate, carry out nomography again.Formula is following:

$f_0=f_{100}-\frac{f_{100}-f_{25}}{75}\&CenterDot;(100-0)$

${\mathrm{\&delta;}}_0={\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{100}-\frac{{\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{100}-{\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{25}}{75}\&CenterDot;(100-0)$

Above-mentioned formula may extend to the ratio angular difference that calculates under the specified secondary load of arbitrary n%, as shown in the formula:

$f_n=f_{100}-\frac{f_{100}-f_{25}}{75}\&CenterDot;(100-n)$

${\mathrm{\&delta;}}_n={\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{100}-\frac{{\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{100}-{\mathrm{\&delta;}}_{25}}{75}\&CenterDot;(100-n)$

F in the formula _n---the ratio difference of the specified secondary load of n%

δ _n---the angular difference value of the specified secondary load of n%

f ₁₀₀---the ratio difference of specified secondary load

f ₂₅---the ratio difference of 25% specified secondary load

δ ₁₀₀---the angular difference value of specified secondary load

δ ₂₅---the angular difference value of 25% specified secondary load

Formula Parsing: ask the error of the specified secondary load of n%, with the error amount during 100% specified secondary load in the table, the margin of error when deducting (100-n) obtains.Unit number percent load residual quantity is that

unit residual quantity multiply by (100-n) and is the residual quantity that deducts.As ask the error of 3% nominal load to use f ₁₀₀(δ ₁₀₀) error deducts

Promptly deduct the error that 97% error residual quantity can obtain 3% nominal load.

To a model is JDZ-10, and rated load is 80VA, and class of accuracy is that 0.5 grade voltage transformer (VT) has carried out error testing in the laboratory with conventional test methods and nomography respectively.Record its no-load error f ₀=0.410, δ ₀=2.4 '; 100% rated load (80VA), power factor are 1.0 error f _N1.0=-0.169, δ _N1.0=6.8 '.Measurement result is seen table one.

Table one nomography and conventional test methodologies are the contrast of each test point error under 0.8 condition in power factor

Error contrast through table one or two kind of method is calculated out can be known: the error information that nomography is calculated out is authentic and valid; And it is two groups of data of 1 time error that nomography only needs no-load point error and fully loaded, power factor, can calculate the error of other points, and the method utilization is simple, convenient, fast, can reduce the test duration effectively, reduces the danger prestige danger that possibly exist in the test; Can reduce in the measuring process other factors again to the interference of error, more accurate than conventional test methodologies; Conventional test methodologies is because of receiving the restriction of equipment such as load box; A lot of test points can't be measured error with the instrument simulation; The most outstanding is exactly on-the-spot actual error situation; Nomography but can utilize two conventional error points easily to calculate the error point that conventional test methodologies can't be measured, and guarantees the accuracy of error.

Claims (1)

1. the method for a measuring error of voltage transformer by nomography, it is characterized in that: this method may further comprise the steps successively,

A. generate rectangular coordinate by computer software, this rectangular coordinate is a horizontal ordinate with the angular difference δ of voltage transformer (VT), and ratio f is an ordinate; Initial point " 0 " top be-U ,-f, the below is U, f, initial point " 0 " left be-jU ,-δ, right-hand be jU, δ, on the longitudinal axis, lights in the ratio mark of setting from former, the initial point top marks ratio 0--0.3, marks ratio+0.3-0 below the initial point; On transverse axis with ratio be 0.29 length do angular difference 10 ' length, the unit of obtaining head is the angular difference scale on this basis; Said U is a voltage;

B. on coordinate axis, press power factor (PF)

The ratio f that records under the idle condition ₀, angular difference δ ₀Parameter, fix voltage transformer (VT) no-load error point A; By power factor

Nominal load S _nThe ratio f that records under the condition _N1.0, angular difference δ _N1.0Parameter, fix the error point B of voltage transformer (VT); Connect A, B 2 points, then in power factor

Under the condition, 0～100% rated load S _nThe margin of error be distributed on the vectorial AB;

C. being the center of circle with A, is that radius is drawn circle with the AB line segment of number percent n%, and this locus circle is n%S _nThe error profile track; With vectorial AB has been initial line, is starting point with the A point, load characteristic for when perception in a clockwise direction or load characteristic rotate in a counter-clockwise direction during for capacitive

Angle is drawn and the isometric line of AB, promptly obtains power factor (PF)

The error profile track; Through the intersection point of locus circle, obtain at n%S with this isometric line _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer error point P under the condition; Make vertical projection to ordinate and horizontal ordinate respectively at error point P, can obtain at n%S _n, power factor (PF)

Voltage transformer (VT) ratio f under the condition _PWith angular difference δ _P

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