CN101702979A - Method for controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for controlling wheat take-all, in particular to a method for controlling the wheat take-all in a newly-reclaimed farmland. The method is characterized in that the farmland is used for growing garlic continuously for the first 3 years and then is used for growing wheat continuously, wherein the farmland is a newly-reclaimed farmland which is never used for growing any crops and has high soil salinity and alkalinity and insufficient fertility. The invention provides an excellent natural control technique mode which is simple and easy, and can control the wheat take-all in the newly-reclaimed farmland.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of preventing and treating take-all, especially relate to a kind of method of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland.
Background technology
Reclaim wasteland is to solve poor problem and guarantee one of important measures of grain security.Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region party committee, government are for making southern hill farmer and shake off poverty and realizing that I distinguish the rapid development once more of agricultural, build and extended and raised yellow engineering, area in newly-ploughed farmlands, ground such as Hong Sibao, Yanchi County, Huinong District and Pingluo County enlarges rapidly, only raise 1,300,000 mu of the just newly-increased irrigated areas in yellow irrigated area at Gu Hai, enforcement in future along with big willow engineering, the area in newly-ploughed farmland, Ningxia will increase greatly.Yet on newly-ploughed ground, the master plants the crop take-all and seriously takes place, according to our investigation, and 3 years wheats of newly-ploughed farmland continuous cropping, the underproduction reaches more than 20%; Continuous cropping is more than 5 years, the underproduction has greatly influenced newly-ploughed farmland ground benefit and DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT more than 50% even total crop failure, becomes the about factor of the exploitation newly-ploughed farmland important bundle in ground, arrived must solution stage.Take-all is mainly propagated by soil, and it is subjected to influence of various factors such as edaphon and physicochemical character, and preventing and controlling are difficulty very, is called as " cancer " in the plant disease, does not also have the highly effective method of preventing and treating in the production except that crop rotation.Newly-ploughed farmland is owing to soil depletion, and microbe species and negligible amounts, usually soil-borne disease: the generation of take-all etc. is serious, has caused very big difficulty for the sustainable development in newly-ploughed farmland, does not also have solution at present.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of best natural control technology pattern simple, easily row, the method that can prevent and treat a kind of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland of newly-ploughed farmland take-all are provided.
The present invention realizes in the following way:
A kind of method of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland is characterized in that: this method is 3 years continuous plantation garlics in the farmland, and then the continuous cropping wheat;
Described farmland was for never planting the newly-ploughed farmland that any crop, soil salt alkalescence are big, fertility is not enough;
Described farmland is to use on dead soil or the dry land wheat.
The present invention has following effect:
1) method uniqueness: the new technology that the invention provides a controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland, its principal character is as research object with take-all, open up wasteland farmland 3 years continuous crop planting models of planting garlic new as the best, and then the continuous cropping wheat.
2) prevent and treat take-all: its principle of method provided by the invention is the interaction principle that utilizes between the edaphon, regulate and set up the activity that soil microflora is coerced pathogenic microorganism, and then set up good crop pest and control the system of coercing naturally, to reach the purpose of preventing and treating take-all.The present invention can increase bacterium in the soil, fungi and actinomycetic kind and quantity fast, and its soil microflora is changed, and microbiologic population is abundant day by day, and resistance against diseases strengthens.In addition, the antagonism bacterium in the soil can effectively suppress the activity of gaeumannomyces graminis as Trichoderma, bacillus, antagonism actinomycetes, thereby reduces the generation of take-all.
3) volume increase, increase income: adopt method provided by the invention 3 years continuous plantation garlics, dead ears preventive effect and effect of increasing production to the succession crop take-all reach 85.8% respectively, 50.0%, garlic root secretion of the present invention has stronger fungistatic effect to gaeumannomyces graminis, bacteriostasis rate is soil microbial community structure generation marked change up to its reason of 32.8%., especially some antagonistic microbes obviously increase, cause the crop disease-resistant ability to strengthen. in addition, garlic root secretion is to the population structure of crop rhizosphere microorganism, the metabolism and the certain influence of having grown, it not only can secrete the growth that gaeumannomyces graminis was usually killed or suppressed in some sterilization, also can promote simultaneously in the soil gaeumannomyces graminis is had the activity of the microorganism of antagonism such as Trichoderma etc., thereby suppress growing of pathogen.
4) promote the growth of wheat: the present invention 3 years is the plantation garlic continuously, and the succession crop wheat is had growth promoting function, and its root length is than continuous cropping wheat, and 6 years, on average increase 1.8cm, plant height on average increases 5.7cm.The present invention can change and enrich soil microbial community structure and kind and quantity on the one hand, impel it to develop towards the direction that helps plant growth, the increase of antagonism bacterium can effectively suppress the pathogen activity in the soil on the other hand, garlic secretion both can be edaphon institute's energy requirement was provided, can kill or suppress the pathogen activity again, reduce take-all and take place, thus the growth of promotion succession crop.
5) simple, easy row: the invention using method is: newly-ploughed farmland 3 years continuous cropping garlics, and then plantation wheat.This pattern can effectively form take-all and control the system of coercing naturally.Using method of the present invention is simple, with low cost, highly effective and safe, benefit popularization, and this method mainly is applicable to newly-ploughed ground, also can be used for than dead soil or take-all more serious soil taking place, and mainly uses on dry land wheat.
Embodiment
Embodiment one:
Newly-ploughed agricultural land soil microflora is estimated
One, materials and methods
1.1 selection experimental field
The experimental field is arranged in Shizuishan City Huinong District tail lock township, Ningxia tail lock village 2 teams.This experimental field is newly-ploughed ground, and area is 1043.7 (49 * 21.3) m
2, soil salt alkalescence is bigger, the fertility deficiency, and irrigation condition is more convenient.
1.2 the main structure of community of newly-ploughed agricultural land soil microorganism is formed
1.2.1 sample time: on September 10th, 2002
1.2.2 sampling method
Soil sample adopts 5 samplings, and the sampling soil depth is respectively 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm, with the soil sample mixing of the same level of different loci, airtight, takes back the laboratory and carries out assay determination.
1.2.3 mensuration content and method
Aerophile bacterium, fungi, actinomycetes, bacillus, good gas azotobacter adopt dilution-plate method to survey number (viable count); Ammonification bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria adopt dilution frequency method (MPN) to survey number.
1.2.4 measure the medium of usefulness
Bacterium is used the beef extract-peptone agar medium; Fungi is used the martin agar medium; Actinomycetes are with improveing the Gause I agar medium; Bacillus with beef extract with the maltose agar medium; Ammonification bacteria is used protein culture medium, and nitrifying bacteria is used the Si Difenxun medium of improvement; Denitrifying bacteria is used the denitrifying bacteria medium; Good gas azotobacter is with improveing No. 77 medium of Waksman.
Two, result of the test
2.1 newly-ploughed agricultural land soil microflora is estimated
2.1.1 newly-ploughed agricultural land soil micro organism quantity and vertical change (it the results are shown in Table 1)
Table 1: newly-ploughed agricultural land soil microorganism vertical distribution table 2002 year Huinong
As shown in Table 1: all kinds of microbial numbers deepen to reduce with soil layer in the soil, have showed the vertical distribution characteristics of upper strata more than lower floor.Top layer (0-15cm) edaphon distributes at most, accounts for 47.03% of three layers of microbial count; Subsurface stratum (15-30cm) edaphon accounts for 41.60% of microbial count; The 3rd layer of (30-45cm) edaphon is minimum, only accounts for 11.37% of microbial count.From the measurement result of each quasi-microorganism of soil also as can be seen: bacterium has comparative advantage sum, on average accounts for total bacteria count 89.22% in three layers of soil; Actinomycetes take second place, and account for 10.75% of total bacteria count; Fungi is minimum, only accounts for 0.03% of total bacteria count.
2.1.2 newly-ploughed farmland nitrogen physiological group microbial numbers and vertical change (it the results are shown in Table 2)
Table 2: newly-ploughed farmland nitrogen physiological group microorganism vertical change (0-45cm) Huinong in 2002
As seen from Table 2: nitrogen physiological group microbial numbers also reduces with the intensification of soil layer in the soil, has all showed the vertical distribution characteristics of upper strata more than lower floor.Nitrogen physiological group microbial profile is maximum in the soil of top layer (0-15cm), is subsurface stratum (15-30cm) secondly, and the 3rd number of plies amount is minimum.Edaphon nitrogen physiological group aggregate level shows the characteristic distributions of ammonification bacteria＞denitrifying bacteria＞bacillus＞nitrifying bacteria＞good gas azotobacter.
Embodiment two:
The Different Crop cropping pattern reaches the edaphon diversity take-all is made a difference
One, materials and methods
1.1 for examination soil
Take from the soil after the newly-ploughed field-crop of Shizuishan City Huinong District tail lock township, Ningxia tail lock village 2 teams is planted.
1.2 experimental scheme
Selected newly-ploughed 7 sub-districts that experimental field on average are divided in 2002 were planted wheat, flax, corn, garlic, rape, 7 kinds of crops of broad bean respectively in 2003, every sub-district area is 128.45 (6.5 * 21.3) m
2, normal management is carried out in the field; Experimental plot 128.45 (6.5 * 21.3) m of wheat, corn, broad bean, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, rape, garlic, flax will be planted in 2004 in 2003
2Be divided into two respectively, half continues the plantation crop identical with last year, and second half plants wheat, normal management; Sub-district (1/2) with plantation wheat, corn in 2004, flax, garlic, broad bean, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, rape was divided into two respectively again in 2005, and half continues the plantation crop identical with last year, and half plants wheat; Half sub-district (1/2) continuous cropping plantation wheat still in addition; Sub-district (1/4) and other plantation sub-district of plantation wheat, corn in 2005, flax, garlic, broad bean, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, rape all planted into wheat in 2006～2008 years, amount to 19 experimental plots.More than all behind crop-planting, every month soil sampling once in design.
1.3 sampling method
Adopt five point samplings respectively the soil of each experimental plot to be taken a sample, the soil depth of adopting is 0～15cm, and is airtight behind each soil sample difference mixing with different districts, takes back separation and mensuration that edaphon is carried out in the laboratory.
1.4 measure content and method
1.4.1 bacterium, fungi and actinomycetic quantitative measurement and kind are identified in the Different Crop cropping pattern soil
Adopt dilution-plate method.Selective medium is all selected in the separation of edaphon for use, and bacterium is used the beef extract-peptone agar medium; Fungi is used the martin agar medium; Actinomycetes are with improveing No. 1 medium of Gao Shi.
1.4.2 the influence that the Different Crop cropping pattern takes place take-all
Adopt five point samplings, investigate each growth period wheat emergence rate, root length, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight, milk ripe stage dead ears and wheat yield during results.
Two, result of the test
By carried out wheat, corn, broad bean, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, rape, garlic, the experimental study of 7 kinds of Different Crop cropping patterns of flax in continuous 6 years in the field, the result shows: the plantation garlic, especially 3 years plantation garlics, can make newly-ploughed agricultural land soil microflora take place obviously to change, the ability of resisting take-all of wheat strengthens greatly, back stubble wheat growth is better, and is existing that its concrete result of the test performance is as follows:
2.1 the Different Crop cropping pattern reaches the influence that take-all is taken place to the edaphon diversity
2.1.1 the Different Crop cropping pattern is to the multifarious influence of edaphon
Table 3 Different Crop cropping pattern edaphon quantitative measurement result Huinong in 2008
Table 3 measurement result shows: there is significant difference in micro organism quantity in cropping pattern of 3 years plantation garlics and the soil under two kinds of patterns of 6 years wheats (contrast) of continuous cropping.The former with the latter is compared, and bacterial number increases by 6.52 * 10 in the soil
6Individual/the g dry ground, fungi quantity increases by 7.53 * 10
2Individual/the g dry ground, actinomycetes quantity increases by 22.14 * 10
4Individual/the g dry ground.The crop planting model that garlic-garlic-garlic-wheat-wheat-wheat is described can make that microbial numbers increases sharply in the soil.
2.1.2 the soil fungi kind is identified under the Different Crop cropping pattern
Main fungi qualification result Huinong in 2008 in the table 4 Different Crop cropping pattern soil
Can find out by table 4 soil fungi qualification result: under above-mentioned two kinds of different cropping patterns, the kind significant difference of each experimental plot soil fungi, wherein experimental plot soil fungi kind and the quantity of 3 years plantation garlics are respectively 24 kinds, 136, and mainly with Fusarium (Fusarium), trichoderma (Trichoderma), Alternaria (Alternaria), fungi ubiquity in soil of Penicillium (Penicilium), shared ratio is bigger, and the pattern soil fungi kind and the quantity of continuous cropping 6 years wheat (contrast) have only 11 kinds, 54, both differences and remarkable, especially the quantity showed increased of Trichoderma.
2.1.3 the influence that the Different Crop cropping pattern takes place take-all
2.1.3.1 the Different Crop cropping pattern is to the influence of wheat growth characteristic
Table 5 Different Crop cropping pattern is to wheat growth properties influence measurement result Huinong in 2008
Table 5 measurement result shows: under two kinds of different cropping patterns, there is evident difference in testing indexs such as each experimental plot wheat emergence rate, root length, plant height, bright dry weight.Each testing index is all than continuous cropping wheat height under garlic-garlic-garlic-wheat-wheat-wheat pattern, wherein emergence rate, root length, plant height, bright plant and do kind increase by 7.4% respectively, 1.8cm, 5.7cm, 31.0g/30 strain, 5.5g/30 strain.
2.1.3.2 the Different Crop cropping pattern is to the shadow of take-all dead ears and output
Table 6 Different Crop cropping pattern influences measurement result Huinong in 2008 to take-all dead ears and output
Table 6 measurement result shows: garlic-garlic-garlic-wheat-wheat-wheat planting pattern
Take-all is had remarkable prevention effect, and wherein the dead ears preventive effect reaches 85.8%, and effect of increasing production reaches 50.0%.Illustrate that this cropping pattern can obviously improve the newly-ploughed ground wheat ability of anti-full rot.
Embodiment three: Different Crop cropping pattern soil microbial community diverse in function Journal of Sex Research
One, materials and methods
1.1 for examination soil
Take from newly-ploughed ground, Shizuishan City Huinong District tail lock township, Ningxia for examination soil, soil specimen is the experimental plot soil of 19 Different Crop cropping patterns.The crop-planting kind is wheat, flax, corn, garlic, rape, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, broad bean.
1.2 sample time and method
Be on June 30th, 2008 sample time.Soil sample adopts five point samplings, and the sampling soil depth is 0-15cm, and with the soil sample mixing of the same level of different loci, the airtight laboratory of taking back, soil specimen all is placed on 4 ℃ interior preservation of refrigerator, and the Biolog method is measured in 48h.
1.3 assay method
Adopt Biolog-ECO microplate method.Concrete test method: take by weighing the bright soil of 10 grams (measuring water content before the weighing), add in the 90ml stroke-physiological saline solution and dilute, jolting is 30 minutes in shaking table, quiescent setting 3～5min, carry out 100 times of dilutions then, add in the microwell plate with every hole 150 microlitre dilutions, pour the bacteria suspension for preparing into aseptic moving in the liquid bath, use the octal pipettor that it is inoculated in 96 holes of microplate.The microplate that inoculation is good is put in the plastic casing that is covered with six layers of wet gauze, and plastic casing wraps up with preservative film, pricks several ommatidiums with injection needle on the preservative film, and the microplate lucifuge is cultivated.
1.4 minute
The ecological plate of Biolog-ECO is put into 30 ℃ of constant temperature culture, respectively on Biolog microwell plate readout instrument, reading data (the mensuration wavelength is 590nm) in 24,48,72,96,120,144,168,192 hours.Biolog MICROSOFT full automatic microorganism evaluation classification system is measured.
1.5 data statistic analysis
Utilize EXCEL and DPSv3.11, CANOCO software that ECO is hardened and really carry out statistical analysis.
Two, result of the test
2.1 the whole carbon sources of Different Crop cropping pattern soil microbial community utilization utilize situation
Utilized the Biolog-ECO technology that wheat, corn, broad bean, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, rape, garlic, 7 kinds of Different Crop cropping patterns of flax soil microbial community functional diversity are carried out system research in 2008, the result shows: under the Different Crop cropping pattern, edaphon exists difference to the utilization of 6 class carbon sources, from overall trend, they are higher relatively to the utilization of polymer, carboxylic acids, amino acids, carbohydrate, aminated compounds, and minimum to utilizing of phenolic compound.Especially the pattern soil microbial community of 3 years plantation garlics to carbon source utilize ability the strongest, the physiological metabolism activity is the highest, so this cropping pattern has the greatest impact to soil microbial community structure and functional diversity.
2.2 Different Crop cropping pattern soil microbial community functional diversity is analyzed
Table 7 Different Crop planting patterns soil microbial community diverse in function sex index
Different monoid microorganisms have selectivity to separately the carbon source matrix of preferentially utilizing in the soil in incubation, thereby make the soil microbial community functional diversity produce difference.Can find out from table 7: compare with contrast (G), each is handled and shown difference on richness, dominance, diversity indices and the uniformity, but is not remarkable especially, and this is identical with planting soil type, tillage method and field management measure relevant.Relatively overall, dominance, diversity indices and the cloud test index of 3 years plantation garlic (B2) patterns are the highest relatively, illustrate that this crop planting model has the greatest impact to soil microbial community 26S Proteasome Structure and Function diversity.
Estimate from the whole test research contents: plantation garlic (especially 3 years plantation garlics) metabolic activity is stronger, and is closely related with the contribution of fungi and actinomycetes (comparison is according to increasing significantly) probably to a certain extent.By continuous 3 years plantation garlics, after planting wheat again, newly-ploughed ground edaphon kind, structure of community and interaction and nutriment condition have obtained very big change, carried out the transition to microbial activity state high-level, non-steady state from low-level, stable state, improve the crop disease-resistant ability, effectively improved the dystrophic situation of soil.
Embodiment four: the Different Crop root exudates is to the influence of gaeumannomyces graminis
One, materials and methods
1.1 test material
1.1.1 sand
Sharp sand is sieved for several times, clean back 180 ℃ of high-temperature sterilizations 1 hour, pack in the aseptic beaker by equivalent respectively after the taking-up with running water.
1.1.2 seed
Be wheat, corn, oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, flax, garlic, broad bean, the rape seed of selected mistake.
1.1.3 gaeumannomyces graminis bacterial classification
Separate preservation by this institute.
1.2 test method
1.2.1 the collection of Different Crop root exudates
Method: with wheat, corn, the oil certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, flax, garlic, broad bean, rape seed was with 75% alcohol disinfecting 3 minutes, and be placed on for 3～4 times with aqua sterilisa flushing in 25 ℃ the insulating box and germinate, select the seed preferably that germinates after 2 days, plant respectively in aseptic sand beaker with the 15cm * 15cm of pickling, 5 bottles of every kind of crop-plantings, every bottle 10 strain, in process of growth, constantly add inorganic nutrient solution, cultivate after 30 days, take out seedling, with aseptic sand in 150 ml sterile waters flushings young root and the cup 2～3 times, use the filtering with microporous membrane of 1.2um then, concentrate standby.
1.2.2 root exudates is to the influence of gaeumannomyces graminis
Method: with wheat, flax, garlic, rape, the oil certain herbaceous plants with big flowers, the root exudates of broad bean and corn gets 0.5 with the suction pipe of sterilization, 1.0,1.5,2.0ml inject different sterilization culture dishes respectively, the 15mlPDA that every ware is poured into about 45 ℃ evenly mixes, after the cooling, with diameter is the gaeumannomyces graminis inoculation that plate cultivates of making even of the card punch of 0.5cm, to add sterile water in contrast, each is handled and repeats 3 times, putting into 25 ℃ of insulating boxs cultivates, respectively at 3,6,7,8,9, waited the diameter of measuring bacterium colony in 10 days, till having bacterium colony to cover with whole culture dish.
1.2.3 the computing formula of bacteriostasis rate
Two, result of the test
Table 8 Different Crop root exudates is measured 2005 to the influence of take-all bacteria growing
Annotate: the diameter average out to 8.5cm of culture dish;-expression germ is contaminated.
From table 8 measurement result as can be seen: from 3d, garlic, broad bean, maize root system secretion have shown the obvious suppression effect to gaeumannomyces graminis, and increase along with root exudates, bacteriostasis strengthens gradually, especially garlic root secretion is the strongest to the inhibitory action of total eclipse germ, when the root exudates soakage was 2ml, its bacteriostasis rate was up to 28.2～46.7%; The root exudates of flax, wheat is to gaeumannomyces graminis unrestraint effect, and on the contrary, germ is well-grown on the PDA medium, and bacterium colony covers with substantially in the time of 9 days; The root exudates of rape and oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers does not have obvious inhibitory action to gaeumannomyces graminis.
A kind of method of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland is characterized in that: this method is 3 years continuous plantation garlics in the farmland, and then the continuous cropping wheat;
Described farmland was for never planting the newly-ploughed farmland that any crop, soil salt alkalescence are big, fertility is not enough;
Described farmland is to use on dead soil or the dry land wheat.
Claims (3)
1. the method for a controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland is characterized in that: this method is 3 years plantation garlics continuously in the farmland, and then the continuous cropping wheat.
2. the method for a kind of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described farmland was for never planting the newly-ploughed farmland that any crop, soil salt alkalescence are big, fertility is not enough.
3. the method for a kind of controlling wheat take-all in newly-reclaimed farmland as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described farmland is to use on dead soil or the dry land wheat.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN106576550A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-04-26 | 郭高升 | Method and fertilizer for preventing and treating wheat take-all |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106576550A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-04-26 | 郭高升 | Method and fertilizer for preventing and treating wheat take-all |
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Open date: 20100512 |