CN101680278A - 用于钻探井孔的系统 - Google Patents

用于钻探井孔的系统 Download PDF

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CN101680278A
CN101680278A CN200880018535A CN200880018535A CN101680278A CN 101680278 A CN101680278 A CN 101680278A CN 200880018535 A CN200880018535 A CN 200880018535A CN 200880018535 A CN200880018535 A CN 200880018535A CN 101680278 A CN101680278 A CN 101680278A
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B·J·H·梵登布雷凯尔
G·格林伯格
M·M·沙德
M·M·舒斯特
A·L·M·武本
D·H·泽斯林格
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Abstract

提供一种用于向地层中钻探钻孔的系统,其包括:设置在钻孔中的套管,延伸通过套管内部到达钻孔下端部分的钻柱,和延伸进入套管内的钻探流体主体,在利用钻柱钻探钻孔的过程中,所述套管的内表面由于与钻柱外表面的摩擦接触而易于磨损。所述系统还包括用于减少所述套管内表面摩损的设施,所述设施包括在所述套管内表面上的硬化层、在钻柱外表面上的减摩擦层和包含在钻探流体主体内的润滑复合物中的至少一种。

Description

用于钻探井孔的系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于向地层中钻探钻孔的系统,其包括:设置在钻孔中的套管和延伸通过套管内部到达钻孔下端部分的钻柱,在利用钻柱钻探钻孔的过程中,所述套管的内表面由于与钻柱外表面的摩擦接触而易于磨损。
背景技术
在旋转钻探井孔的过程中,通过钻探设备上的回转台,钻柱从地面旋转以加深井孔,因而旋转的钻柱通常与套管的内表面及井孔壁摩擦接触。通常,在钻柱和套管/井孔壁之间积累的摩擦力随着钻孔深度、弯曲度及倾斜度的增加而增大,因此导致回转台扭矩增大。另外,钻柱与套管之间的摩擦接触可能导致钻柱及套管的磨损。在传统的钻探应用中,套管在井孔的选定深度间隔处安装,因此,通常周围地层的压裂压力和孔压力是上述各深度间隔的长度的决定因素。除了地面套管外,各套管均通过先期安装的套管下降并从地面延伸到接近新钻探的深度间隔的下端。因此,后续套管的直径必然逐渐缩小。所形成的嵌套的套管设置暗示着各套管通常只在钻探下一个深度间隔过程中与旋转钻柱摩擦接触。因此,针对这种应用,套管磨损通常不是大问题。
EP-1044316-B1公开了一种井孔系统,其中后续套管不会延伸至地面。相反,各新的井孔间隔利用从前一套管下端延伸至接近新钻探的井孔间隔的套管提供。另外,各套管在降低至所需深度后在井孔中径向膨胀,从而使井孔可以沿着其长度以基本均匀的直径钻探。
已知井孔系统的问题在于各套管在长时间内由于与旋转钻柱摩擦接触而招致磨损。因此,本发明宣布提供一种用于钻探井孔的改进系统,该系统克服了现有技术的问题。
发明内容
按照本发明,提供了一种用于向地层中钻探钻孔的系统,其包括:设置在钻孔中的套管,延伸通过套管内部到达钻孔下端部分的钻柱,和延伸进入套管内的钻探流体主体,在利用钻柱钻探钻孔的过程中,所述套管的内表面由于与钻柱外表面的摩擦接触而易于磨损,其中所述系统还包括用于减少所述套管内表面摩损的设施,所述设施包括在所述套管内表面上的硬化层、在钻柱外表面上的减摩擦层和包含在钻探流体主体内的润滑复合物中的至少一种。
测试表明各种所述设施有效保护所述套管内表面避免磨损,由此套管的硬化内层保护套管避免钻探流体内包含的小颗粒的磨蚀作用,和钻柱的减摩擦层及钻探流体内的润滑复合物保护套管避免由于与钻柱直接接触的高摩擦力。对于一些应用而言,如果所述系统包括三种减少磨损设施即在所述套管内表面上的硬化层、在钻柱外表面上的减摩擦层和包含在钻探流体主体内的润滑复合物中的每一种,则获得最佳结果。
合适地,在所述套管内表面上的硬化层具有第一硬度和钻柱外表面具有第二硬度,和其中所述第一硬度大于所述第二硬度。例如,所述第一硬度与第二硬度的比为1-5。优选地,所述第一硬度值为150-600Hv。
合适地,钻柱的减摩擦层包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)。所述减摩擦层可以以施涂到钻柱外表面上的涂层的形式提供。
在一种例举应用中,所述润滑复合物包含64.25-90.89wt%的基油,例如天然的甘油三酯油、鱼油、动物油、植物甘油三酯油、葵花籽油、大豆油、油菜籽油、菜籽油、棕榈果油、棕榈油、橄榄油、油菜籽油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油、花生油、大豆油、棉籽油、葵花籽油、南瓜籽油、椰子油、玉米油、蓖麻油、胡桃油、天然或合成油或酯。
合适地,所述润滑复合物包含0.02-0.05wt%的金属减活剂,例如三唑或苯并三唑衍生物,如甲苯三唑。
有利地,所述润滑复合物包含0.5-3.0wt%的抗氧化剂,例如芳族胺抗氧化剂和/或受阻酚抗氧化剂,如2,6-二(叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚,BHT)。可商购产品实例为:来自Ciba-Geigy Corp的辛基化、丁基化二苯胺抗氧化剂(Irganox L 57);来自PMC,Inc的2,6-二(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基酚(BHT);和来自Ciba-Geigy Corp的苯丙酸3,5-二(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-硫二-2,1-乙烷二酯(Irganox 1035)。
所述润滑复合物优选包含4-12wt%的硫化天然油如硫化植物或动物油,天然油的硫含量为9-21%,例如13.5-17.5%。可商购产品实例为:来自Rhein Chemie Corporation的硫化植物油(Additin RC-2515);和来自Ferro Corporation的硫化猪油(HSL)。
所述润滑复合物可以包含4-12wt%的磷酸酯,如乙氧基化脂肪族酯(C12-C15)醇磷酸酯,优选乙氧基化月桂醇磷酸酯与乙氧基化十三烷醇磷酸酯的混合物。可商购产品实例为来自Houghton International的乙氧基化月桂醇磷酸酯与乙氧基化十三烷醇磷酸酯(Houghton 5653)。
所述润滑复合物可以包含0.4-1.5wt%的磷酸,如乙氧基化脂肪族酯(C12-C15)醇磷酸酯,优选乙氧基化月桂醇磷酸酯与乙氧基化十三烷醇磷酸酯的混合物。可商购产品实例为来自Houghton International的乙氧基化月桂醇磷酸酯与乙氧基化十三烷醇磷酸酯(Houghton 5653)。
所述润滑复合物合适地包含0.08-1.5wt%的粘度调节剂,如聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、改性的乙烯基吡咯烷酮/甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚丁烷、烯烃共聚物、苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物、聚醚,如苯乙烯或丁二烯-苯乙烯聚合物。可商购产品实例为来自LubrizolCorporation的苯乙烯烃聚合物(
Figure G2008800185354D00031
7440S)。
所述润滑复合物合适地包含0.1-0.5wt%的降凝剂,如聚甲基丙烯酸酯、烷基化萘降凝剂衍生物如烷基酯共聚物。可商购产品实例为来自Lubrizol Corporation的烷基酯共聚物(Lubrizol 6662)。
所述润滑复合物合适地包含0.01-0.2wt%的消泡剂,如硅基消泡剂。可商购产品实例为来自Ultra Additives的硅基消泡剂(Foam Ban 103)。
所述润滑复合物可以包含0-5wt%的羧酸皂,如单或二元脂肪酸的碱、烷醇胺、烷基胺或烷氧基化酸皂胺盐或它们的混合物。可商购产品实例为作为妥尔油脂肪酸(来自Arizona Chemical Co.的
Figure G2008800185354D00041
D3OLR)和三乙醇胺(来自Huntsman Corporation的TEA 99)之间反应产物原位形成的皂。
测试多种钻探流体以确定各种润滑复合物对钻柱磨损、套管磨损、以及钻柱和套管之间的摩擦系数的影响。测试的钻探流体有:流体1--含有3wt%的膨润土的水基钻探流体;流体2--含有3wt%的重晶石的水基钻探流体;流体3--含有3wt%的由Houghton International Inc.制造的Cosmolubric ETL的水基钻探流体;流体4--含有3wt%的由Halliburton制造的Torque Trim的水基钻探流体;流体5--含有3wt%的由Oleon制造的Oleon的水基钻探流体;流体6--含有3wt%的由Leonard Andersen利用Mobil油组合物和PTFE颗粒制造的Anderson的水基钻探流体;流体7--含有G-密封的水基钻探流体。
所述钻柱和套管由VM 50钢制造。
测试结果列于下表1中,其中钻柱磨损和套管磨损以mm/km表示,指的是在钻柱和套管的接触表面之间每km相对运动的壁厚缩小(mm)。
表1
  钻柱磨损(mm/km)   套管磨损(mm/km)   摩擦系数
 流体1   0.035   0.47   0.45
 流体2   0.009   0.09   0.21
 流体3   0.004   0.03   0.16
 流体4   0.003   0.05   0.16
 流体5   0.006   0.06   0.27
 流体6   0.002   0.03   0.16
 流体7   0.057   0.41   0.6
另外,针对施涂于钻柱外表面的各种涂层进行测试以确定所述涂层对钻柱磨损、套管磨损、以及钻柱和套管之间的摩擦系数的影响。测试的钻柱涂层有:涂层1--由Victrex Peek Coating制造的Victrex涂层(Houston TX,USA);涂层2--由Kersten Kunstofcoating制造的RubyRed(Netherlands);涂层3--由Metal Coating Corp.制造的MC涂层(涂层(Houston TX,USA);涂层4--由Freecom INC.制造的Ceram涂层(涂层(Houston TX,USA);涂层5--由Endura Coating制造的Green涂层(Warren MI,USA);涂层6--由Hitemco Southwest制造的H329涂层(涂层(Houston TX,USA);涂层7--由Hitemco Southwest制造的T15涂层(涂层(Houston TX,USA);涂层8--由Hitemco Southwest制造的T90green(涂层(Houston TX,USA)。
所述钻柱由VM 50钢制造,和所述套管由VM 50钢制造。所述钻探流体为水基的和包含膨润土和重晶石作为摩擦降低化合物。
测试结果列于表2中,其中钻柱磨损和套管磨损以mm/km表示,指的是在钻柱和套管的接触表面之间每km相对运动的壁厚缩小(mm)。
表2
  钻柱磨损(mm/km)   套管磨损(mm/km)   摩擦系数
 涂层1   0.02   0.08   0.2
 涂层2   0.01   0.02   0.08
 涂层3   0.079   0.82   0.3
 涂层4   0.06   0.75   0.3
 涂层5   0.06   1.1   0.6
 涂层6   0.08   1.1   0.31
 涂层7   0.055   0.96   0.8
 涂层8   0.011   0.3   0.23
附图说明
下面通过实施例的方式参照附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1示意性描述了利用本发明的钻探系统的实施方案钻探的井孔;
图2示意性描述了在连续钻探井孔过程中图1的井孔;和
图3示意性描述了钻探完成后图1和2的井孔。
具体实施方式
参照图1,其中给出了在利用带有钻头5的钻柱4钻探的过程中在地层2中形成的井孔1。钻柱4从地面8的钻探设备6延伸到井孔1的底部10,和配有流动通道(未示出)用于泵送钻探流体从钻探设备6经流动通道至钻头5并从钻头5至井孔1。井孔1的上部12配有第一钢制套管14,其具有直径增大的下端部分15以在其中接收第二套管(见下文)。第一套管14径向膨胀和具有硬化内表面16,其硬度大于钻柱4的外表面的硬度。
钻柱4配有聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)涂层18形式的外层。合适地,PTFE涂层18包括由Kersten Kunstofcoating(Netherlands)作为
Figure G2008800185354D00061
PFA涂料销售的Ruby Red Teflon。
图2中给出了钻探另一部分后的井孔1,其中第二钢制套管20设置在井孔1中第一套管14下方。第二套管20以短距离延伸入第一套管14的下端部分15,以提供两套管14、20之间的密封连接。与第一套管14类似,第二套管20径向膨胀和具有硬化内表面22,其硬度大于钻柱4的外表面的硬度。另外,第二套管20具有直径增大的下端部分24以在其中接收第三套管(见下文)。
在图3中给出了钻探完成后的井孔1,其中钻探设备6已经由井口26代替。第三套管28设置在井孔1中第二套管20下方。第三套管28以短距离延伸入第二套管20的下端部分24,以提供两套管20、28之间的密封连接。与第一和第二套管类似,第三套管28径向膨胀和具有硬化内表面30,其硬度大于钻柱4的外表面的硬度。
在正常操作过程中,钻柱通过钻探设备6的回转台(未示出)旋转,以钻探井孔1的上部,之后钻柱被收回和第一套管14被安装在井孔上部。
随后,井孔被钻得更深,从而钻柱4通过第一套管14并进入钻探的新的井孔部分。同时泵送钻探流体通过钻柱4的流动通道进入井孔1的下部。钻探流体一方面通过在井孔壁和套管14之间形成的环形空间32和另一方面通过钻柱4返回地面。钻探流体配有植物油形式的润滑复合物以降低旋转钻柱4和套管14及井孔壁之间的摩擦力。
在新的井孔部分已经钻探至选定深度后,钻柱4被收回至地面和第二套管20被安装在新钻的井孔部分内。第二套管20以短距离延伸入第一套管14的下端部分15,以提供两套管14、20之间的密封连接。
在下一步中,钻探进一步的井孔部分,其中钻柱4通过第一套管14、第二套管20和进入钻探的进一步的井孔部分。同时钻探流体向下通过钻柱4和向上一方面通过钻柱4和另一方面通过井孔壁和套管14、20之间的环形空间32循环。钻探流体配有所述植物油以降低旋转钻柱4和套管14、20及井孔壁之间的摩擦力。
在进一步的井孔部分已经钻探至选定深度后,钻柱4被收回至地面和第三套管28被安装在井孔1中第二套管20下方。第三套管28以短距离延伸入第二套管20的下端部分24,以提供两套管20、28之间的密封连接。
按要求重复上述步骤多次以钻探井孔1至所需深度。
依靠各套管14,20,28的硬化内表面16,22,30、钻柱4外表面上的PTFE涂层和钻控流体中的润滑复合物,一方面实现了钻柱4与各套管14,20,28的内表面16,22,30之间的摩擦力最小。另外,实现了各套管14,20,28的内表面16,22,30由于与旋转钻柱4接触的任何磨损限于最小。后一效果是特别重要的,这是因为各套管段14,20,28的大部分在钻探过程中不会与任何其它套管段重叠,从而各套管段14,20,28在长期钻探中与钻柱4摩擦接触。这与传统井孔钻探不同,在传统井孔钻探中套管以嵌套方式设置致使各后续套管通过前一套管延伸至地面,从而前一套管在进一步的井孔钻探过程中不再与钻柱摩擦接触。
代替使用在钻探各井孔部分后收回至地面的传统钻柱,可以使用在选定的井孔部分已经钻探后转变成套管的钻柱。这种方法通常称为“套管钻井”或“尾管钻井”。例如,钻柱可以形成可膨胀的管状元件,该元件在新钻探的井孔部分内径向膨胀以在其中形成套管。据设想本发明方法对于这些“套管钻井”或“尾管钻井”应用是特别有利的,这是因为钻柱(有待于转变为套管的)不具有如传统钻柱中的径向收缩,其可以另外设计使钻柱和钻孔壁/套管之间的摩擦以及套管的磨损最小化。另外,据设想对于“套管钻井”或“尾管钻井”应用来说降低钻柱和钻孔壁/套管之间的摩擦是特别重要的,因为这有助于降低由于相对于钻孔直径相对较大的旋转“套管”或“尾管”直径导致的旋转扭矩增大。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于向地层中钻探钻孔的系统,其包括:设置在钻孔中的套管,延伸通过套管内部到达钻孔下端部分的钻柱,和延伸进入套管内的钻探流体主体,在利用钻柱钻探钻孔的过程中,所述套管的内表面由于与钻柱外表面的摩擦接触而易于磨损,其中所述系统还包括用于减少所述套管内表面摩损的设施,所述设施包括在所述套管内表面上的硬化层、在钻柱外表面上的减摩擦层和包含在钻探流体主体内的润滑复合物中的至少一种。
2.权利要求1的系统,其中所述套管内表面上的硬化层具有第一硬度和钻柱外表面具有第二硬度,和其中所述第一硬度大于所述第二硬度。
3.权利要求2的系统,其中所述第一硬度与第二硬度的比为1-5。
4.权利要求2或3的系统,其中所述第一硬度值为150-600Hv。
5.权利要求1-4任一项的系统,其中所述钻柱外表面上的减摩擦层包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)。
6.权利要求5的系统,其中所述外层形成施涂到钻柱外表面上的涂层。
7.权利要求1-6任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含64.25-90.89wt%的基油。
8.权利要求7的系统,其中所述基油选自天然的甘油三酯油、鱼油、动物油、植物甘油三酯油、葵花籽油、大豆油、油菜籽油、菜籽油、棕榈果油、棕榈油、橄榄油、油菜籽油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油、花生油、大豆油、棉籽油、葵花籽油、南瓜籽油、椰子油、玉米油、蓖麻油、胡桃油、天然或合成油和酯。
9.权利要求1-8任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.02-0.05wt%的金属减活剂。
10.权利要求1-9任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.5-3.0wt%的抗氧化剂。
11.权利要求1-10任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含4-12wt%的硫化天然油。
12.权利要求1-11任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含4-12wt%的磷酸酯。
13.权利要求1-12任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.4-1.5wt%的磷酸。
14.权利要求1-13任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.08-1.5wt%的粘度调节剂。
15.权利要求1-14任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.1-0.5wt%的降凝剂。
16.权利要求1-15任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0.01-0.2wt%的消泡剂。
17.权利要求1-16任一项的系统,其中所述润滑复合物包含0-5wt%的羧酸皂。
18.权利要求1-17任一项的系统,其中所述套管由多个套管段形成,各套管段至少部分不与任何其它套管段重叠。
19.权利要求18的系统,其中所述套管可径向膨胀,所述系统还包括用于使所述多个套管段的第一套管段径向膨胀的设施和用于降低所述多个套管段中的第二套管段在所述第一套管段径向膨胀后通过所述第一套管段的设施。
20.基本上如前文参照附图所述的系统。
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